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L IVING RELIGIONS

M A R Y PAT F I S H E R R O B I N R I N E H A R T

T E N T H E D I T I O N

ISBN-13: ISBN-10:

978-0-13-416897-5 0-13-416897-6

9 7 8 0 1 3 4 1 6 8 9 7 5

9 0 0 0 0

Mary Pat Fisher lives in New Delhi at the Gobind Sadan Institute for Advanced Studies in Comparative Religions. She is the author of ten editions of Living Religions, three editions of A Brief Introduction to Living Religions (2002, 2009, 2012), three editions of An Anthology of Living Religions (with Lee Bailey, 2000, 2008, 2012), and Women in Religion (2007), as well as art textbooks co-authored with Paul Zelanski.

Robin Rinehart is Professor of Religious Studies and Dean of the Faculty at Lafayette College in Easton, PA. She is the author of One Lifetime, Many Lives: The Experience of Modern Hindu Hagiography (1999) and Debating the Dasam Granth (2011), and editor of Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice (2004).

www.pearsonhighered.com

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LIVING RELIGIONS

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LIVING RELIGIONS

CONSULTANTS

CAROL ANDERSON Kalamazoo College

GEORGE D. CHRYSSIDES University of Birmingham, UK

JAMES COX University of Edinburgh

MARTIN FORWARD Aurora University

MAXINE GROSSMAN University of Maryland

BRETT HENDRICKSON Lafayette University

JEFFERY D. LONG Elizabethtown College

NEELIMA SHUKLA-BHATT Wellesley College

PASHAURA SINGH University of California

JACK WASCHENFELDER University of Alberta

SIMON MAN-HO WONG The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

HOMAYRA ZIAD Trinity College, Connecticut

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco

Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto

Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

T E N T H E D I T I O N

M A R Y PAT F I S H E R • R O B I N R I N E H A R T

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Editor-in-Chief: Sarah Touborg-Horn Senior Sponsoring Editor: Helen Ronan Editorial Assistant: Victoria Engros Media Project Manager: Amanda Smith Program Manager: Barbara Cappuccio Project Manager: Marlene Gassler

Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on pages 555–56.

Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2013 Mary Pat Fisher.

Published by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fisher, Mary Pat, 1943- Living religions / Mary Pat Fisher, Robin Rinehart ; consultants, Carol Anderson, Kalamazoo College, George D. Chryssides, University of Birmingham, UK, James Cox, University of Edinburgh, Martin Forward, Aurora University, Maxine Grossman, University of Maryland, Brett Hendrickson, Lafayette University, Jeffery D. Long, Elizabethtown College, Neelima Shukla-Bhatt, Wellesley College, Pashaura Singh, University of California, Jack Waschenfelder, University of Alberta, Simon Man-ho Wong, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Homayra Ziad, Trinity College, Connecticut. -- Tenth Edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-13-416897-5 -- ISBN 0-13-416897-6 1. Religions. I. Title. BL80.3.F57 2016 200--dc23 2015022261

This book was designed and produced by Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London www.laurenceking.com

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders, but should there be any errors or omissions, Laurence King Publishing Ltd would be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgment in any subsequent printing of this publ