Loading...

Messages

Proposals

Stuck in your homework and missing deadline? Get urgent help in $10/Page with 24 hours deadline

Get Urgent Writing Help In Your Essays, Assignments, Homeworks, Dissertation, Thesis Or Coursework & Achieve A+ Grades.

Privacy Guaranteed - 100% Plagiarism Free Writing - Free Turnitin Report - Professional And Experienced Writers - 24/7 Online Support

Dupont gevity

27/03/2021 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 2 Day

Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 100 (2012) 69–96

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells

0927-02

doi:10.1

n Corr

fax: þ4 E-m

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/solmat

Review

Building integrated photovoltaic products: A state-of-the-art review and future research opportunities

Bjørn Petter Jelle a,b,n, Christer Breivik b, Hilde Drolsum Røkenes b

a Department of Materials and Structures, SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway b Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 21 December 2010

Received in revised form

14 December 2011

Accepted 19 December 2011 Available online 3 February 2012

Keywords:

Building integrated photovoltaic

BIPV

State-of-the-art

Review

Future

48/$ - see front matter & 2011 Elsevier B.V. A

016/j.solmat.2011.12.016

esponding author at: Department of Mate

7 73 593380.

ail address: bjorn.petter.jelle@sintef.no (B.P. J

a b s t r a c t

Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) are photovoltaic (PV) modules integrated into the building

envelope and hence also replacing traditional parts of the building envelope, e.g. the roofing. In this

context, the BIPVs integration with the building envelope limits the costs by serving dual purposes.

BIPVs have a great advantage compared to non-integrated systems because there is neither need for

allocation of land nor stand-alone PV systems. This study seeks to outline various commercially

available approaches to BIPVs and thus provides a state-of-the-art review. In addition, possible future

research opportunities are explored.

The various categories of BIPVs may be divided into photovoltaic foils, photovoltaic tiles, photo-

voltaic modules and solar cell glazings. Silicon materials are the most commonly used, and a distinction

is made between wafer-based technologies and thin-film technologies. In addition, various non-silicon

materials are available. The main options for building integration of PV cells are on sloped roofs, flat

roofs and facades. The evaluation of the different BIPV products involves, among others, properties such

as solar cell efficiency, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, maximum effect and fill factor.

It is expected that the BIPV systems will improve in the years to come, regarding both device and

manufacturing efficiency. The future seems very promising in the BIPV industry, both concerning new

technologies, different solutions and the variety of BIPV options.

& 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

2. Solar cell concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

2.1. Silicon based photovoltaic cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

2.2. Non-silicon based photovoltaic cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

2.3. Solar cell production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

2.4. Building integration of photovoltaic cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

2.5. Architectural aspects of BIPVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3. State-of-the-art building integrated photovoltaic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.2. Building integrated photovoltaic related standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.3. Building integrated photovoltaic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.3.1. BIPV foil products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.3.2. BIPV tile products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.3.3. BIPV module products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.3.4. Solar cell glazing products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.3.5. Building attached photovoltaic products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.3.6. Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

ll rights reserved.

rials and Structures, SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway. Tel.: þ47 73 593377;

elle).

www.elsevier.com/locate/solmat
www.elsevier.com/locate/solmat
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.12.016
mailto:bjorn.petter.jelle@sintef.no
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.12.016
B.P. Jelle et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 100 (2012) 69–9670

3.4. Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.5. Energy payback time for photovoltaic systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4. Future research opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4.1. New materials and solutions for BIPVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4.1.1. New materials and technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4.1.2. New solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4.1.3. Further integration of photovoltaic cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

4.2. Long-term durability of new materials and solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

4.3. Visions for the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Appendix A. BIPV foil products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Appendix B. BIPV tile products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Appendix C. BIPV module products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Appendix D. Solar cell glazing products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Appendix E. BAPV products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

1. Introduction

Currently, the world is using fossil fuel at an alarming rate that not only will strain the sources in the near future, but will result in a great amount of pollution as well. The power industry emissions were 10.9 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (GtCO2e) per year in 2005, i.e. 24% of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, and this is expected to increase to 18.7 GtCO2e per year in 2030 [41]. ‘‘Carbon dioxide equivalent is the unit for emissions that, for a given mixture and amount of greenhouse gas, represents the amount of CO2 that would have the same global warming potential (GWP) when measured over a specified timescale (generally 100 years)’’ [41].

Homework is Completed By:

Writer Writer Name Amount Client Comments & Rating
Instant Homework Helper

ONLINE

Instant Homework Helper

$36

She helped me in last minute in a very reasonable price. She is a lifesaver, I got A+ grade in my homework, I will surely hire her again for my next assignments, Thumbs Up!

Order & Get This Solution Within 3 Hours in $25/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 3 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 6 Hours in $20/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 6 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 12 Hours in $15/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 12 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

6 writers have sent their proposals to do this homework:

Essay Writing Help
Top Essay Tutor
Financial Assignments
Smart Accountants
Professional Accountant
Assignment Guru
Writer Writer Name Offer Chat
Essay Writing Help

ONLINE

Essay Writing Help

I will cover all the points which you have mentioned in your project details.

$89 Chat With Writer
Top Essay Tutor

ONLINE

Top Essay Tutor

I am known as Unrivaled Quality, Written to Standard, providing Plagiarism-free woork, and Always on Time

$15 Chat With Writer
Financial Assignments

ONLINE

Financial Assignments

Give me a chance, i will do this with my best efforts

$83 Chat With Writer
Smart Accountants

ONLINE

Smart Accountants

Give me a chance, i will do this with my best efforts

$41 Chat With Writer
Professional Accountant

ONLINE

Professional Accountant

You can award me any time as I am ready to start your project curiously. Waiting for your positive response. Thank you!

$89 Chat With Writer
Assignment Guru

ONLINE

Assignment Guru

Hello, I an ranked top 10 freelancers in academic and contents writing. I can write and updated your personal statement with great quality and free of plagiarism

$76 Chat With Writer

Let our expert academic writers to help you in achieving a+ grades in your homework, assignment, quiz or exam.

Similar Homework Questions

I have three assignment due in the next three days - Application data sheet instructions - Nathaniel hawthorne interesting facts - Organize - Speciality packaging corporation case study solution - Force mass x acceleration - English paper - Wk 6 discussion ethics - Seven eleven japan co case study pdf - Susan sontag regarding the pain of others sparknotes - Discussion Post T6-Q2 Business Strategy - Correction vs corrective action - Omran company oman - A dump truck is being filled with sand - Sifting property of dirac delta function - Craven road medical centre - April fools day poem by kenn nesbitt - Governor elect plural - Discussion question #1-4 When submitting work, be sure to include an APA cover page and include at least two APA formatted references (and APA in-text citations) to support the work this week. All work must be original (not copied from any source). - You are the head of the project selection team at simsox - Principle of effective communication - Health policy issues an economic perspective seventh edition pdf - Arbonne protein powder ingredients - Dr sumi sexton arlington va - What are the three steps of the blanchard peale model - Mexican restaurants near cumberland mall - Mohr circle excel template - The claim is that the proportion of drowning deaths - With your ingenuity crochet dress in white - Difference between nema ve1 and ve2 - Imago dei meaning in christianity - Assessment 3: Transitional Care Plan - What are the four key attributes of strategic management - " now presenting" - 100 narodna banka srbije - Taming the anger monster by anne davidson - Adhd and reading fluency - Week 1 project - Cnh australia st marys - Biostatistics Case 3 - Social work process recording supervisor comments - Assignment: Diversity, Equity, and Social Justice - List of earthquakes and volcanoes by latitude and longitude - Belmore boy high school - Commonlit the lost generation assessment answers - REPLY 1 Tof PN - Documenting reality 9 11 - Msu mcs urine test - A surveyor measures the distance across a straight river - The longest memory context - Bis 155 week 8 final exam - Lead info tech planning - Streaming Analysis : Podcast - Conflict Managment Dis 3 - Access ch 1 independent project 1 5 - Organ Leader - Was freddie mercury religious - Acetylation of aniline mechanism - Breezypythongui - Kitchen equivalents worksheet answers - We have scorched the snake not killed it - The influence of leadership - TQM Strategy - 25th of October, by Sunday morning please! - Quinonoid theory of acid base indicator - Criminal Justice System - Operations management problems case study - You can survive jere franklin pdf - Add 3 references - Finding nemo essay topics - DB 1 - Similarities between mathematics and numeracy - The presence of indivisible inputs explains the - Factors affecting solubility lab - Math(linear algebra) - To find the distance across a pond - Sidlaw view primary school - Scm - Similar triangles worksheet grade 10 - Marion church of christ - Junie b jones dad - Deep gladness and the world's deep hunger - Pedagogy of the oppressed chapter 2 - Internet Of Things (IoT) - Certified energy manager exam questions - Assessing risk sbe id 503 - Beer pong cup setup - App developers inc enters into a contract with carmen - Quality dimensions worksheet - Cairn medical practice inverness - Estate planning 2.7 2 a2 answer key - The patriot reverend oliver - Culture in Nursing DQ 14 student reply Martha Gomez - Long term care and Pharmacueticals - Tele-health - Newt dis 8 - Gcu doctrinal statement - Nesa all my own work - Seal skin wetsuits penrith - Laplace transform of sint cost - Sace business and enterprise stage 2