Enculturation begins with the development of self-awareness, which may be defined as

Identity, Roles and Groups

“For most of us,

Social interaction is unconscious and automatic. We associate with other people from the time we are born.

Of course we experience moments when we feel socially awkward or out of place, but generally, we learn to act toward others with confidence.”

We get “enculturated” into our societies….

What is “enculturation”?

Enculturation

is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture.

What would you learn if born into a polyandrous family in northern Nepal…or into a poverty-stricken female-headed household in Bom de Jesus in Brazil or into a high rise dilapidated tenement projects in the midwest US?

Trading places

Two wealthy stock brokers bet $1 on a “social experiment”

Enculturation: The Self and Social Identity

Human children are biologically ill-equipped to survive without culture.

There are several case studies around the world of “feral” children, none of which had happy endings.

10 yr old boy Syrian desert, 1946

Wild child of Aveyron

(b. 1785 –d.1828)

Humans are “social animals”

What would you be like in a world

Without “kin”?

Without (good) social relations?

Without language, care, attention of parents, grandparents, aunts/ uncles, close family friends, teachers, mentors, etc?

“Genie”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zb_W1IePnIY

Enculturation begins with the development of self-awareness

or the ability to:

Identify oneself as an individual.

To reflect on oneself.

To evaluate oneself.

Self-awareness does not come all at once.

In modern industrial and postindustrial societies…self and nonself are not clearly distinguished until a child is about 2 years old, lagging behind other cultures.

Mirror stage

Https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=youtube+twins+talking

As individuals develop and mature…

Self-Awareness develops in concert with

neuromotor development, which is known to proceed at a slower rate in infants from industrial societies than infants in many small scale farming or foraging communities.

the amount of human contact and stimulation that infants receive appears to play a role.

Skeels and Dye experiment, 1939

In the majority of the world’s societies,

infants routinely sleep with their parents, or at the minimum their mothers.

They are carried most of the time

Any cry or fuss is quickly responded to with the offering of the breast

Example: a Ju/’hoansi child is with their mother 70% of the time and an American child is with their mother 20% of the time (in close contact).

Tabula Rasa

John Locke’s An Essay on Human Understanding (1689)

Tabula rasa theory

Do you know any groups that might vehemently disagree with this? That is, they have beliefs contrary to this idea?

Childbearing and Gender among the Ju/’hoansi

Foragers Settled villages

Non-industrial/ Industrial & Post-industrial societies

Dependency training

Co-habitation with extended families is a necessity.

Family members all actively work to help and support each other, rather than one doing the work for the whole family.

Independency training

Traits (independence and self reliance) are best for success, if not for survival.

Competition/ Winning

Infants in these societies typically spend less time with their parents than in non-industrial societies.

EACH culture

provides different opportunities and has different expectations for ideal or acceptable behavior

Beng of West Africa

Ideas of “extended kin” network

Babies as “Old souls”

Patterns of Culture (1934)

Anthropologists of Note

Margaret Mead

Ruth Benedict

Her most famous book

The purpose of Anthropology is “to make the world safe for human differences.”

Patterns of Culture

Kwakiutl (Dionysian)

Norwest coast, Canada

Zuni (Apollonian)

Nat. American Pueblo

New Mexico

Dobuans (Paranoid)

Dobu Island, Papua New Guinea

Strengths and weaknesses?

“Modal”…such patterns are of “dominance”

Not universal

Example: the Yanomami Indians of the Amazon

Masculine ideal “waiteri”

Courageous, fierce, humorous, generous, heroic

Yet other types individuals

Point is what pattern is “typical”

National character studies

“Culture and personality” studies

Italian Prime Minister….German Chancellor

How can awareness of national stereotypes influence international meetings?

Do such stereotypes have a basis?

Does such a thing as national character exist?

National Character Studies (1930s-40s)

Focused on the modal characteristics of modern countries.

National character studies were flawed

generalizations based on limited data,

relatively small samples of informants, and

questionable assumptions about developmental psychology.

Although still debatable in their relevance they DID help to shift focus to modern cultures as opposed to traditional non-industrial small scale societies.

Alternative Studies: Core Values

Allows for the fact that not ALL personalities will conform to cultural ideals.

Studying the Core Values or values promoted by a particular culture can be a way to study a group of people.

Francis Hsu……Chinese…. “kin ties” and “cooperation” (138)

Self-reliance not a source of pride

North Americans and western Europeans…

Core values…at the heart of this election cycle?

Cultural standards that define normal

Determined by society

What may be considered normal and acceptable (if not popular) in one society is often considered unacceptable – ridiculous, shameful and sometimes even criminal in another

Recent global report

State-sponsored homophobia

78 out of 193 countries have laws criminalizing same sex sexual acts between consenting adults….death penalty

Meanwhile So Africa…and the US

Traditional Western society

emphasizes that men should be tough, aggressive, assertive, and self-reliant

whereas women have been expected to be gentle, pliable and caring.

Are these traits “natural” or “learned”?

Anthropologist Margaret Mead made significant contributions with regards to answering that question….

Biology is not destiny

1930s Papua, New Guinea

Arapesh

Mundugamor

Tchambuli

Gender is not dominantly fixed in our human “nature”

Socially constructed (133)

Social Identity through Naming

Personal names are important devices for self-definition in all cultures.

A personal name establishes a child’s birthright and social identity.

Some cultures wait until birth or soon after and other’s might pick a name before the child is born (typical in the United States).

Naming ceremonies are special events or rituals that mark the naming of a child.

Naming Practices Across Cultures

While naming practices and timing vary cross-culturally, names can also be changed after birth.

People may change their names into more culturally accepted names by mainstream society to avoid racial discrimination or ethnic stigmas.

EG: Yvgeny, Fyodor… “Gene”

EG: Damrongsak… “Dan”

Tuareg of Niger naming ceremony.

Child is named on 8th day.

People come from neighboring villages to celebrate in the naming process and see the new member of the clan.

An animal might also be sacrificed.

How does this compare to your own observations and experiences of any naming ceremonies affiliated with social groups you belong to?

The Self & the Environment

There are four main orientations that must be learned by an individual as they mature into their culture and natural environment.

Object Orientation

Spatial Orientation

Temporal Orientation

Normative Orientation

Orientation

Object Orientations are when individuals must learn about all objects in the world and then they tend to ignore or lump together those which are deemed unimportant by their culture.

Spatial Orientations are when one must remember or recall how to travel from one place to another; incorporates placing yourself in a geographical context.

Orientation

Temporal Orientation allows people to have a sense of their place in time. Also a part of the behavioral environment.

Normative Orientation deals with the understanding of moral values, ideals, and principles which are relative to one’s culture.

“Our unconscious ease…

Masks an enormously complex process.” (178)

“For MOST of us, social interaction is…

Unconscious and

Automatic

When we enter a social situation, how do we know what to do? What should we say?

How are we supposed to act?

Are we dressed appropriately?

Are we talking to the right person? (178)

Charles Frake…

“Without knowing it, we have learned

A complex set of cultural categories for social interaction that enables us to estimate the situation,

Identify the people in it,

Act appropriately and recognize larger groups of people.” (178)

Key terms

Status

Roles

Social situations

Social groups

Social networks

Status

Categories of different people that interact (178)

Single, married, divorced, widowed

Occupations , majors

Wealthy/ affluent, middle-class, working-class, poor, underclass, homeless

Roles

Rules for action associated with particular statuses

Used to interpret and generate social behavior (178)

Professors/ students/ administrators

Parents/ children

Doctors/ patients

Learning to play one’s role on the stage of daily life

“Feels natural”….

But people internalize the culture

Social situation

“the settings in which social interaction takes place” (178)

Times

Places

Objects

Events

Classrooms, Stethoscopes…

Cultural cues

Social groups

Kinship groups

Ethnic groups

Age

Gender

Occupational and interest groups (common goals and interests)

Groups can be organized around social hierarchy

Inequality

Stratification

Class

Caste

Egalitarian societies

Rank societies

Would you prefer to live in a relatively egalitarian society or a highly stratified one? Why?

Social networks:

People with whom we interact regularly

Networks are NOT groups

Defined in relation to a particular individual

The articles in the chapter explore these terms and concepts

Status

Roles

Social situations

Social groups

Social networks

Inequality

Stratification

Class/ Caste

Rank

*

Journal entries….

#20. Negotiating Work and Family in America by Shandy and Moe ,

#21. Becoming Muslim in Europe by Rogozen-Soltar,

#22. Mixed Blood by Fish AND

#23. Motorcycles, Membership, and Belonging by David W. McCurdy.

“Symbols of Category Membership” by Penelope Eckert

“Symbols of Category Membership” by Penelope Eckert

Main idea

Identity, roles and groups (chapter 6)

Social construction of identity

The “jocks” , “burnouts” and “in-betweeners”

Differences in:

clothing

behavior

language

spaces used

Core concepts:

“Communities of Practice”

“Oppositional identities”

Basic concepts

Communities of Practice: develop around shared activities in which people engage in together, and their shared objectives and attitudes.

Oppositional identities: individuals derive meaning from social groups they affiliate with (who they consider themselves ‘like’) as well as who they consider themselves different from

Building on the “Symbols of Category Membership” essay

What are some factors that contribute to and shape YOUR social and cultural identity?

What social spaces you hang out in reveal some of who you are?

Neighborhoods/ houses where your family lives?

Clothes you wear?

Objects of significance?

Language use (not just regional accent, but vocabulary and manner of use)

#20. Negotiating Work and Family in America by Shandy and Moe

How did the authors research this topic?

What were some of their main “findings”?

What are some points they make in this essay?

Opening scene?

And what do YOU do?

Class, status and Ernestine Freidl?

Washo

Hadza of Tanzania

Tiwi

Inuit

Returning home

“Baby boomers” vs “GenXers” vs “Millennials”

Gender and generational influences

Who drops out?

Why do women opt out?

“Pushes” and “pulls” of going home?

Pushes/ pulls…going home

Pushes

100 hour couple

Child care

The second shift

The glass ceiling

Pulls

Being with children

Lower stress

Sense of responsibility

Nostalgia

Group support

Living within our means

Financial costs

Returning to work

Maintaining status

p. 186-

*

p. 186-

Negotiating Work and Family in America

Concerns how women navigate work and home life after becoming mothers

Argues that professional women face significant structural barriers in an attempt to balance work and family

Examines factors that "push" and "pull" some women out of the workforce

Concept of the “second shift”

Questions:

1. What is the relationship between occupation, class and social identity in the U.S?

2. Shandy and Moe describe Ernestine Friedl’s work on the degree to which males dominate females. What is Friedl’s main argument and what “evidence:” does she use to support it?

3. How does the US compare to other countries when it comes to supporting motherhood?

4. What are some factors that push women to “head home” instead of continuing to work?

5. What factors pull women to do so?

6. How do women who have left work to raise their children at home cope with the apparent loss of gender equality that comes with their domestic identity over the occupational one?

#21. “Becoming Muslim in Europe” by Mikaela Rogozen-Soltar

Who is Maria Martinez

and how does her story illustrate matters of identity, roles and groups and religious conversion?

How did Muslims react to Maria’s status as a Muslim?

Maria and Jasmina’s experiences?

Why did she convert?

How did her family respond to her conversion… their perception of Islam and how it differed from the way that Maria perceived its meaning?

Significance of Granada….in the story?

Maria’s strategies for bridging religious and national identities

1) Spanish history

What historical factors shape the relationship between Islam and Spanish national identity?

2) Islam’s “everydayness”

3) Talking to people about her faith

What is noted as significant Islam in Europe, and in the world?

What was involved in Maria’s conversion to Islam?

How does this tie into the “five pillars of Islam”? What are the five pillars of Islam?

Five Pillars of Islam

Globalization

Two aspects of globalization discussed in this essay are:

(im)migration

conversion

Becoming Muslim in Europe

Describes how a Catholic, Spanish woman made the loaded decision to convert to Islam

Discusses what happens when identities come into contact through globalizing processes like immigration

Advocates for the ability of others to inhabit a separate religious and national identity simultaneously

#22. Mixed Blood by Jefferson M. Fish

Question:

What is Jefferson Fish’s main point about the way Americans define “race”?

Key concepts

Race as biology does NOT exist; race is NOT a fixed trait; it is a social (and cultural) construction

American/ Brazilian notions of race

Avocado analogy

Heritage of parents; belief of “In the blood”…rule of Hypodescent

“Tipos” (one family, many types)

Brazilian folk taxonomy of tipos

Branca

Light skin, eyes of any color, hair of any color and texture except very tight curls, not broad nose, not thick lips.

Morena

Brown or black hair, wavy or curly, nose not narrow, not thin lips.

Mulata

Looks like a morena but with slightly darker hair and skin color

Preto

black hair, dark eyes, dark skin

Sarara

tight curly blonde or red hair, light skin, blue or green eyes

Cabo verde

Straight black hair, dark skin, brown eyes,

Loura- straight blond hair, blue or green eyes, light skin color, narrow nose

One “race” one species (human)

Why do we look so different?

Out of Africa”…one human race; one human species

Racial” differences

Mixing, mating, migration over time…

1)Mutation

random

2)Natural selection

Adaptive value

3)Genetic drift

Random changes in

frequencies of existing genes

What evidence challenges the view that races are biologically defined types?

What evidence would have to exist to prove that the human species is genetically divided into races?

Race in the 21st century

Changes in the census

Changing the question from what race (black, white, etc) to “where” & “when”

With the election of Barack Obama…are we living in a post-racial America?

Why does Fish feel it is important to understand that race as Americans define it does not represent an ideological reality?

Mixed Blood

Argues that race is a cultural construction, not a biological fact

Notes that race in America is conferred on the basis of one's parents' race, no matter what one looks like

Describes the racial classifications in Brazil, which are based on what people look like

Author concludes that his daughter can change her race by taking a plane from the U.S. to Brazil.

#23. “Motorcycles, Membership, and Belonging” by David W. McCurdy

GWRRA…or GW

You meet the nicest people on a Honda commercial (1966)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysmG_NfQVb0

Honda…in the late 50s-early 60s

Launched a motorcycle advertising campaign

Why?

What did they achieve?

Shift to Gold Wing…touring in safety and comfort

Concepts

The Honda Golden Wing

The GWRRA

Cultural themes

GW Members should tour

Couples are valued members

Safety is essential

Participation is important

Pride in the machine

Members should have fun

Maintaining the association

Motorcycles

Before the turn of the last century

1920s

Transportation

Declined in popularity when cars became cheaper

1950s

Outlaw image

American society at your doorstep

How are the groups in the US different from the groupsMcCurdy describes in rural India?

Questions

What is David McCurdy’s main point about what groups like Golden Wing Road Riders “do” for Americans who participate in them?

How are the groups in the US different from the groups McCurdy describes in rural India?

What kinds of groups can you think of that knit together individual situations on college campuses or members of a community? How does the process of maintaining Golden Wing Road Raiders Association mimic or differ from what happens in other groups?

What applications does an in-depth analysis of a consumer product have for those who make and sell motorcycles?

Motorcycles, Membership, and Belonging

Shows a source of social aggregation based on shared interest

Argues that the Gold Wing Road Riders Association (GWRRA) gives its members a comfortable and secure place in which to express social needs

Demonstrates that the sense of self-worth and slightly risqué notoriety from being a motorcycle rider fulfills members' social needs

Works Cited:

Eckert, Penelope. “Symbols of Category Membership”. In Investigating Culture: An Experiential Approach to Anthropology by Carole Delaney. Blackwell publishing.

Hostetler, John. From Amish Society. In Readings for Sociology. Seventh edition. Edited by Garth Massey, pp: 469-477.

Haviland, William, et al Prins, McBride and Walrath Cultural Anthropology / Edition: 14TH by (Cengage)

McCurdy, David W., Dianna Shandy and James Spradley. Conflict and Conformity: Readings in Cultural Anthropology. Fifteenth edition. Boston: Pearson (2016)

Powell, Albrecht. Amish 101: Amish Culture, Beliefs, Lifestyle. Accessed April 13, 2013. http://pittsburgh.about.com/cs/pennsylvania/a/amish.htm

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