Example of inductive reasoning in nursing

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This is a graded discussion: 25 points possible due Aug 3 at 1:59am

Week 4 Discussion: Distinguishing Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

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Required Resources Read/review the following resources for this activity:

Click on the following tabs to review the concepts that will be addressed in this activity:

The Basic Structure of Deductive and Inductive Arguments Click on the following links to view argument examples:

Link: Deductive Argument Example

Link: Inductive Argument

Initial Post Instructions For the initial post, address the following:

Textbook: Chapter 8, 9, 17 (Introduction) Lesson Minimum of 1 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook)

Find and post examples of deductive and inductive arguments. For each example, evaluate its logical strength, using the concepts and ideas presented in the textbook readings, the lesson, and any other source you find that helps you to evaluate the validity (deductive) or strength (inductive) of the argument. You can use examples from the text, or you can find examples elsewhere.

Editorials and opinion columns are a good source, as are letters to the editor. Blogs will also often be based on arguments.

A valid structure is the way in which an argument is put together that assures it will pass the test of logical strength.

Valid Argument Structures Deductive Inductive

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Follow-Up Post Instructions Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. Further the dialogue by providing more information and clarification. Do you agree with their analysis – be very specific about why you agree or disagree.

Writing Requirements

Grading This activity will be graded using the Discussion Grading Rubric. Please review the following link:

Course Outcomes (CO): 3, 4

Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Wednesday Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday

Is it inductive or deductive? Explain why. Does it pass the tests of validity and strength? Explain.

Use mapping and evaluative techniques to make sure it is an argument.

Minimum of 3 posts (1 initial & 2 follow-up) Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and an outside source) APA format for in-text citations and list of references

Link (webpage): Discussion Guidelines

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) Jun 22, 2020

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Greetings Students:

You are only required to post an initial answer post and ONE follow-up post in each required discussion, each week.

Please make your TWO posts each week between Monday and Sunday. Your posts must occur on different days with the first post occurring by Wednesday. If there are extenuating circumstances, please communicate with your professor.

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Edited by Sonja Sheffield (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891) on Jun 22 at 12:39pm

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When determining whether an argument is inductive or deductive, you must assume that all premises are true. Then you must see whether the conclusion would probably or necessarily follow. You are not determining whether the premises are true but judging the kind of reasoning based on the argument’s structure. In other words, you "deduce".

Example Inductive:

In 2010, an oil drilling rig leased by British Petroleum (BP) was damaged from an explosion, and oil began gushing out of a broken pipe into the Gulf of Mexico. In the six months after the accident, more than 600 sea turtles have been found dead along the Gulf Coast. Since this is a much higher amount than what is typical for the season, it is reasonable to conclude that the sea turtle deaths are a result of the oil spill.

The issue is whether the 600 sea turtle deaths are caused by the 2010 British Petroleum oil spill. The conclusion is that the 600 sea turtle deaths are caused by the 2010 British Petroleum oil spill. The first premise is that in 600 sea turtles have been found dead along the Gulf Coast within six months of the 2010 British Petroleum oil spill. The second premise is that 600 dead sea turtles is a much higher amount than what is typical for the season. This is inductive.

Example Deductive:

Why wouldn’t a woman consider herself a feminist? Even my husband calls himself a feminist. If he can call himself that, then every woman should be able to call herself that. Every woman should consider herself a feminist.

The issue is whether every woman should consider herself a feminist. The implied conclusion is that every woman should consider herself a feminist. The first premise is that my husband calls himself a feminist. The second premise is that if my husband considers himself a feminist, then every woman should consider herself a feminist. This is a deductive argument.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) Tuesday

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Students,

Check out this video on Deductive vs. Inductive Arguments

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) Tuesday

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FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS PLEASE!!

Editorials and opinion columns are a good source, as are letters to the editor. Blogs will also often be based on arguments.

Use mapping and evaluative techniques to make sure it is an argument.

Is it inductive or deductive? Explain why.

Does it pass the tests of validity and strength? Explain.

In other words,DO NOT go to a website and provide an argument that has already informed of the type of argument that it is.

For example if you went to this type of website (https://examples.yourdictionary.com/deductive-reasoning-examples.html (https://examples.yourdictionary.com/deductive-reasoning-examples.html) ) you would find the following:

Deductive Reasoning Examples - DO NOT GO

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HERE!

Instead, go to Op Ed (NY Times and others) or Letters to the Editor or a Blog based on an argument for your post where "YOU" have to determine the type of argument it is.

Prof. Sheffield

Inductive Reasoning: My mother is Irish. She has blond hair. Therefore, everyone from Ireland has blond hair. Deductive Reasoning: My mother is Irish. Everyone from Ireland has blond hair. Therefore, my mother has blond hair.

Inductive Reasoning: Most of our snowstorms come from the north. It's starting to snow. This snowstorm must be coming from the north. Deductive Reasoning: All of our snowstorms come from the north. It's starting to snow. Therefore, the storm is coming from the north.

Inductive Reasoning: Maximilian is a shelter dog. He is happy. All shelter dogs are happy. Deductive Reasoning: Maximillian is a shelter dog. All shelter dogs are happy. Therefore, he is happy.

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Ashley White (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/148682) Tuesday

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Hi Professor and Class!

First example:

It’s sunny in Singapore. If it’s sunny in Singapore, then he won’t be carrying an umbrella. So, he won’t be carrying an umbrella(Fieser, 2018).

This example is a deductive argument. It has logical strength because it's sunny so he won't be carrying an umbrella. Both premises are valid to the conclusion that comes after "So". It passes the test of validity because it's sunny in Singapore and if it's sunny he won't be carrying an umbrella provide support for the conclusion.

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Second example:

Every time I’ve walked by that dog, it hasn’t tried to bite me. So, the next time I walk by that dog it won’t try to bite me(Fieser,2018).

This example is an Inductive argument. Its strength depends on its premises. For example, the argument would be stronger the more times the person walked by the dog and didn't get bit. Its logic to think the dog has never tried to bite him, so he won't next time. The argument could get stronger or weaker if certain circumstances changed in the premises. Inductive arguments can change based off of different evidence and deductive arguments don't.

References

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3 . Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.

Fieser, J. (2018). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved July 28, 2020, from https://iep.utm.edu/ded-ind/

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Ashley White (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/148682) Tuesday

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Hi Professor,

I'll give it another shot!

This example from the book I believe is deductive because it has two true premises and then a true conclusion. Everyone who owns a car needs car insurance is premises 1 and Joe just purchased a car is the 2nd premises. Conclusion would be he needs insurance.

EX: Everyone who owns a car needs car insurance. Joe just purchased a car. Therefore Joe needs car insurance.

I think the example below is an example of an Inductive argument because just like the one above the argument could get weaker or stronger if things changed in the premises.

EX: The cat scratches me everytime I walk by it. Tomorrow when I walk by the cat will scratch me.

References

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3 . Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.rd

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) Yesterday

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Hello Ashley, thank for your repost.

Remember, when identifying premises the first premise is premise (without the s); the same for the second.

The first argument is positively deductive. The second argument is inductive since there is a good chance that that cat will probably scratch when you walk by since it has occurred so many times in the past.

We are learning that there are two crucial thinking skills. In the first, inductive reasoning, one observes a set of facts from several viewpoints. Leaving out some facts or adding new ones might lead to some particular interpretation. Inductive reasoning helps to make a generalized conclusion based on individual reflections or datasets. For example, the observation, "this tree has a shadow" is an individual observation. The generalized conclusion that "all trees have shadows" helps us approach some specific problems and derive an answer.

In deductive reasoning, you go the other way around. You start at some general premise. This could be anything from mathematical physics such as "the sum of the internal angles of a quadrilateral is 360°. This is the way critical thinking works. You find out how to solve the questions with the help of your teammates. Here again one needs to check opinions based on your assessment of the situation. Also, if you study the assumptions that led to the situation, you might discover a lot of fallacy.

Determine if the following are inductive or deductive:

1. If God exists there is good in the world. God exists, so there is good in the world. 2. Many inexplicable phenomena have eventually been explained by science, so

consciousness will eventually have a scientific explanation. 3. Since every action has an equal and opposite reaction, this action will have an equal and

opposite reaction. 4. Which of the two argument types (i.e. deductive or inductive) seem to add something new

to the premises? Which seems to have its conclusion contained within its premises?

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Britney Parkerton (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/138709) Tuesday

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Hello Professor Sheffield and class,

Inductive Example

“The sun rose yesterday, the day before yesterday, the day before the day before yesterday, and 1,000,000 days before that. Therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow” (Johnson, 2016, pg.5).

The issue is that the sun will rise tomorrow. The claim is that the sun will rise tomorrow. The premise is that the sun rose yesterday, the day before yesterday, the day before the day before yesterday, and 1,000,000 days before that. According to Facione (2016), “We use inductive reasoning skills when we draw inferences about what we think is probably true” (pg. 176). This is inductive reasoning because it is probable that the sun will rise tomorrow, but it is not for certain.

Deductive Example

“All muscles are made out of living tissue. All humans have muscles. Therefore, all humans are made out of living tissue” (Wilson, 2016).

In our textbook Facione (2016) discusses how we use deductive reasoning to “assume truth of a set of beliefs to a conclusion which cannot be false if those beliefs are true” (pg. 156).This is an example of a deductive argument. The conclusion is that all humans are made from living tissue. The first premise is all muscles are made from living tissue. The second is that all humans have muscles, and therefore all humans are made from living tissue. If we assume that the two premises are true, then the claim is true as well.

Reference

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically (3 Edition). Pearson Education, Inc.

Johnson, G.S. (2016) Argument and Inference. An Introduction to Inductive Logic. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books? hl=en&lr=&id=8yDYDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=%22inductive+argument%22+examples&ots= 5BL7lsSIYM&sig=gVifJeZWiI_MqWtcuzSTYRV11iw#v=onepage&q=%22inductive%20argument%22% 20examples&f=false (https://books.google.com/books? hl=en&lr=&id=8yDYDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=%22inductive+argument%22+examples&ots=5BL7lsSIYM&s ig=gVifJeZWiI_MqWtcuzSTYRV11iw#v=onepage&q=%22inductive%20argument%22%20examples&f=false)

Wilson, R. (2016). Deductive and Inductive Reasoning. Retrieved from https://www.mscc.edu/documents/writingcenter/Deductive-and-Inductive-Reasoning.pdf (https://www.mscc.edu/documents/writingcenter/Deductive-and-Inductive-Reasoning.pdf)

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Britney Parkerton (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/138709) Yesterday

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Hello Professor Sheffield and class,

Here are examples of inductive and deductive reasoning from opinion articles. I apologize for misunderstanding the instructions.

Inductive Example

“The economy isn't driven by stock prices or corporate profits — it only works because of workers. If they're doing well, the economy is doing well” (Linden, 2020).

The claim is that if workers are doing well, the economy is doing well. The first premise is that the economy isn’t driven by stock prices or corporate profits. The second is that the economy only works because of workers. According to Facione (2016), “We use inductive reasoning skills when we draw inferences about what we think is probably true” (pg. 176). This is inductive reasoning because it is it is probably true that the economy is driven by workers, and not the stock prices or corporate profits, however, it is not for certain. This argument would need more solid evidence to prove that the claim is true. I do not believe this argument has a strong validity.

Deductive Example

“Amazon is making a killing from this crisis. Almost literally. Jeff Bezos’s net worth has grown by more than $24 billion (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/amazon-jeff-bezos-gains-24bn- coronavirus-pandemic) since the crisis started since everyone is at home trying to avoid going to the store and ordering everything online” (Cummings, 2020).

The is that Amazon is making a killing from this crisis. The first premise is that Jeff Benzo’s net worth has grown by more than $24 billion since the crisis started. The second premise is that everyone is at home trying to avoid going to the store and ordering everything online. In our textbook Facione (2016) discusses how we use deductive reasoning to, “assume truth of a set of beliefs to a conclusion which cannot be false if those beliefs are true” (pg. 156). This is deductive reasoning because if it is true that Jeff Benzo’s net worth has grown more than $24 billion since the crisis, and everybody is ordering everything online, then Amazon is most definitely making a killing from the crisis. I do believe this argument has strong validity. The author provided us with the amount of money Benzo’s next worth has grown since this crisis started, and it is highly probable that a lot of people are avoiding the stores right now to avoid contracting COVID-19.

Reference

Cummings, R. (2020, May 5). Working at Amazon was Always Painful. Now it’s Terrifying. Buzzfeed News. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/rinacummings/amazon-warehouse- was-grinding-me-down-then-coronavirus

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(https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/rinacummings/amazon-warehouse-was-grinding-me-down-then- coronavirus)

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically (3 Edition). Pearson Education, Inc.

Linden, Michael. (2020, April 10). Opinion: When People Can’t Work, You See What The Economy Really Is. Buzzfeed News. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/michaellinden/coronavirus-shows-us-workers-are-the- economy (https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/michaellinden/coronavirus-shows-us-workers-are-the- economy)

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) Yesterday

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Brittney, thank you for reposting. And no worries. These days most of us have so much to think about.

The first argument is absolutely inductive; the second deductive. I know for sure about the second one since I have Amazon stock and it is going up (YAY).

Can you see the different ways the premises support the conclusion in the following arguments?

Deductive All philosophers have a brain. Bob is a philosopher. Therefore, Bob has a brain.

Inductive Most philosophers have a brain. Sam is a philosopher. So, Sam probably has a brain.

This distinction describes how the premises support the conclusion. In deductive arguments, the truth of the premise(s) guarantees the conclusion. That is, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false if we assume the premises are true in a good/valid deductive argument.

In inductive arguments, the premise(s) provide probabilistic support. That is, it is improbable, but possible, that the conclusion is false in good/strong inductive arguments.

Argument 1 is a deductive argument because the conclusion must follow if we assume the premises are true. In example 1, it is impossible for the conclusion (i.e. Bob has a brain) to be false if the premises are assumed true. So, it is a valid deductive argument.

In Argument 2, it’s improbable that the conclusion is false if we assume the premises are true.

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It’s possible, but unlikely, that Sam doesn’t have a brain.

Identify the following arguments as inductive or deductive

1. In my experience, most people are happier when they have the Epicurean goods of friends, self-sufficiency, and time for reflection. Therefore, I think you will probably be happier if you focus on getting these three goods.

2. You cannot achieve peace of mind until you recognize what is under your control and what isn't under your control, and then not worry about what isn't under your control. What others think of you isn't ultimately under your control precisely because it's their thinking. Therefore, don't worry about what others think of you (Stoicism).

3. All tigers are animals. Tigger is a tiger. Therefore, Tigger is an animal. 4. Humans usually use new technologies in times of war to destroy instead of build. The

atomic bomb is a great example. Therefore, we will probably use strong artificial intelligence to destroy in times of war (if we ever invent it).

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Britney Parkerton (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/138709) 5:23pm

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Hello Professor Sheffield,

Argument 1:

The claim is that if you focus on the three goods listed that you will probably be happier. The premise is that most people are happier when they have the Epicurean goods of friends, self- sufficiency, and time for reflection. I would say this argument is inductive because it is probable that having goods like friends, self-sufficiency, and time of reflection would make a person happier, therefore, if we assume that the probability that the premises are true, then the conclusion is most likely true as well, but it is not certain.

Argument 2:

The claim is that you should not worry about others think of you. The first premise is that you cannot achieve peace until you recognize what is under your control, and what isn’t under your control, and then not worry about what isn’t under your control. The second premise is that what others think of you isn’t ultimately under your control precisely because it’s their thinking. I believe this example is deductive reasoning. This is because if we assume that the two

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premises are in fact true, then the claim that you shouldn’t worry about what others think of you is true as well.

Argument 3:

This argument is deductive reasoning. The claim is that Tigger is an animal. The first premise is that all tigers are animals. The second is that Tigger is a tiger. If both premises are true, then that would make the claim true as well.

Argument 4:

The claim is that we will probably use strong artificial intelligence to destroy in times of war (if we ever invent it). The first premise is that humans usually use new technologies in times of war to destroy instead of build. The second is that the atomic bomb is a great example. This is an inductive argument because the premises are probably true, but it is not certain that if we do invent strong artificial intelligence, we would use it to destroy in times of war.

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Chloe Williams (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/143371) Tuesday

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Chloe Williams

Week 4 Discussion

Inductive Argument:

We are currently under going a pandemic in today's world because of the Coronavirus. I know that you guys are very familiar with this. This virus has caused many different hardships challenges around the world, including people being out of work. When the U.S. hit an all time high in the number of cases of the virus, it was discovered that over 40 million Americans have filed for unemployment (Cohen, 2020). Since the unemployment cases have never been that high, it is reasonable to conclude that those cases are a result from the high rise of Coronavirus cases.

The issue is whether the 40+ million unemployment cases are causes behind the high number in the Coronavirus cases. The conclusion is that the 40+ million unemployment cases are caused by the high rise of Coronavirus cases. The first premise is that there was over 40 million Americans filing for unemployment once America was hit hard with the Coronavirus. The second premise is that 40+ million unemployment cases is extremely high and is not normal on a regular basis. This is inductive.

Deductive Argument:

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Why doesn't everyone from Louisiana know how to cook Gumbo? I'm only 23 and even I know the ingredients and instructions to a good Gumbo dish. Louisiana is known for it's Southern Creole foods, especially Gumbo. If I can cook gumbo and creole foods, everyone that was born and raised in Louisiana should be able to cook Gumbo and other popular creole foods.

The issue is whether everyone from Louisiana should be able to cook Gumbo and other creole foods. The implied conclusion is that everyone from Louisiana should be able to cook Gumbo and other creole foods. The first premise is that I'm only 23 and knows how to cook Gumbo. The second premise is that if I can cook Gumbo, everybody else that's from Louisiana should be able to cook Gumbo as well. This is a deductive argument.

References

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3 . Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.

Cohen, Patricia. 2020. Still Catching Up: Jobless Numbers May Not Tell Full Story. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/business/economy/coronavirus- unemployment-claims.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/business/economy/coronavirus- unemployment-claims.html)

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) Yesterday

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Chloe, thank you for your post for this week and providing examples of both deductive and inductive arguments. Also, thank you for providing a story from the New York Times.

I would absolutely agree that the first argument on COVID-19 is probably true but not necessarily and, as a result, makes it inductive. The second argument (I like the argument very much!), is deductive. As an aside is it strong or valid?

Identify the following arguments as inductive or deductive:

1. We are going to have at least one day in which the temperature rises above 100 in Austin because this has happened in Austin for at least the last 300 years.

2. Consciousness is either a physical thing or a nonphysical thing. Since it is not a physical thing, it must be nonphysical.

3. Since the universe is like a watch, it is probably designed. 4. There are only two people in this house: Blaise and Catherine. Neither wear glasses.

Therefore, Blaise doesn't wear glasses.

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Danin Sibert (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/138071) Tuesday

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Hello class,

My first example is a letter to the editor of the Washington Post titled, Maryland’s online option for receiving mail-in ballots could overwhelm election workers. In this letter, Gina M. Angiola explained the issues that may arise in Maryland come election time. Her argument was essentially that:

Online ballots have to be hand copied by election officials. Last year it took Montgomery County 5 days to count their ballots. This year there will be more mail in ballots than last year (because of COVID). We are only allowed 10 days to count all votes. So only the citizens that are in rural areas and have no other option but online voting should be able to place online votes.

I labeled this argument as inductive. It is inductive because although the facts stated were noteworthy, there could be different factors that could change the conclusion. Facione and Gittens (2016) explain, "As long as there is the possibility, however remote, that a highly probable conclusion might be mistaken even though the evidence at hand is unchanged, the reasoning is inductive" (p 176). Due to COVID, the government might hire more election officials to process the online ballots therefore making it beneficial for more citizens to participate in online voting. Since I was able to find a counterexample I do not feel that the argument is valid.

My second example I found was an op-ed on USA Today. Paul Rosenzweig argued why William Barr is an unethical lawyer. One of the articles arguments was that:

William Barr is an attorney general. All lawyers are bound to follow the ethical rules adopted by the State Bar Association where they are licensed to practice law. Barr has been dishonest and deceitful, and has also interfered with the administration of justice. Therefore, Barr’s license to practice law should be revoked.

I labeled this as deductive. This is deductive because all three premises rely on each other and it is a logical argument. "Deductive reasoning moves with exacting precision from the assumed truth of a set of beliefs to a conclusion which cannot be false if those beliefs are true" (p 159). Assuming that all the premises were true, the conclusion followed accordingly and the argument was valid.

Angiola, G. M. (2020, July 28). Opinion | Maryland's online option for receiving mail-in ballots could overwhelm election workers. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/letters-to-the-editor/marylands-online-option-for- receiving-mail-in-ballots-could-overwhelm-election-workers/2020/07/28/1939d6b8-d020-11ea-826b-

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cc394d824e35_story.html (https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/letters-to-the-editor/marylands-online- option-for-receiving-mail-in-ballots-could-overwhelm-election-workers/2020/07/28/1939d6b8-d020-11ea-826b- cc394d824e35_story.html)

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3rd. Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.

Rosenzweig, P. (2020, July 28). The unethical William Barr: 27 lawyers, 4 powerful allegations of dishonesty and deceit. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/07/28/william-barr-unethical-deceitful-attorney- general-column/5517466002/ (https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/07/28/william-barr-unethical- deceitful-attorney-general-column/5517466002/)

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) Yesterday

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Danin, thank you for posting for this week and providing arguments from the Washington Post editorial.

Yes, I can go with the first argument being inductive some people living in Maryland should "probably" submit an online ballot. The second argument.

So many students what is the purpose of logic? Well let's think about for a moment since a branch of philosophy )critical thinking) is a form of logic.

Logic is a tool for discovering the truth and why things are connected through lines of inference. These lines of inference allow us to make determinations on truth and falsehood, validity and invalidity, and much more. Most arguments are composed of two important parts: premises and conclusions which delineate deductive and inductive arguments.

It is often best that students do a formal analysis (determining premise(s) & conclusion) for arguments since it not only reinforces argument analysis skills but also provides the best means for correctly identifying fallacies.

Determine the type of fallacies for the following: Indicate the issue first and then premise(s) and conclusion followed by the type of fallacy.

#1 Smoking is harmful to your health. Smoking is bad for you.

#2 Smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases.

#3 There is no reason why you should not buy a life insurance policy. You should buy a life insurance policy.

#4 No plan is in place to ensure that all troops are safe from sexual assault. Women should not try to

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enter the military at this time.

Reference

Cengage Learning: Critical Thinking eText.

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Monica Hernandez (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/118358) Yesterday

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Good Morning Professor and Class,

A deductive argument is an argument that is intended by the arguer to be deductively valid, that is, to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion provided that the argument’s premises are true(Cline 2019). This point can be expressed also by saying that, in a deductive argument, the premises are intended to provide such strong support for the conclusion that, if the premises are true, then it would be impossible for the conclusion to be false. All arguments are either valid or invalid, and either sound or unsound; there is no middle ground, such as being somewhat valid.

The author Facione (2016) does a great job of breaking down the definition as, “assume truth of a set of beliefs to a conclusion which cannot be false if those beliefs are true” (pg. 156).

Inductive Reasoning:

All cars in this town drive on the right side of the street (https://image-seeker.com/s/?q=street) . Therefore, all cars in all towns drive on the right side of the street (https://image-seeker.com/s/?q=street)

This is inductive reasoning because it makes the claim from the specific to the general- which is the cars on the right side and the rule of the street (https://image-seeker.com/s/?q=street) .

Strength: The conclusion is true. Since the premise is base on the fact that cars drive on the right side of the street (https://image-seeker.com/s/?q=street) . The possibility of the conclusion being wrong as in driving on the right is not there. Therefore the strength of the argument is good.

Deductive reasoning:

All cats have a keen sense of smell. Fluffy is a cat (https://image-seeker.com/s/?q=cat) , so Fluffy has a keen sense of smell.

This is a deductive argument because its premise is based on general or universal and explains a specific case.

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The argument is valid because Fluffy being a cat (https://image-seeker.com/s/?q=cat) makes him have a keen sense of smell. The conclusion is base on the premise that cats have a keen sense of smell. The chances of the conclusion being illogical from the premise are not there. Therefore, it is a valid argument.

References:

Cline, A., 2019. The Difference Between Deductive And Inductive Reasoning In Arguments. [online] Learn Religions. Available at: [Accessed 29 July 2020].

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3 . Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.

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Dijana Rahmanovic (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/64315) Yesterday

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Exampe 1

“There is not a single era in U.S. history in which the police were not a force of violence against black people. Policing in the South emerged from the slave patrols in the 1700 and 1800s that caught and returned runaway slaves. In the North, the first municipal police departments in the mid-1800s helped squash labor strikes and riots against the rich. Everywhere, they have suppressed marginalized populations to protect the status quo” (Kaba, 2020).

This argument is deductive. The argument is: “there is not single era in the U.S. history in which the police were not a force of violence against black people”. The supporting sentences provide data from different eras and areas in the U.S. that the police existed. Without each of these supporting reasons, the argument’s claim that “there is not a single era” would fall flat, as only one era or one moment in history would be used as an example. The more examples of specific times in history the police were weaponized, the stronger the speaker’s claim. This argument passes the test of validity. The supporting reasons all match the conclusion and none of them are questioned for accuracy.

Example 2

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“In Tanzania alone, 1.4 million people are living with HIV and in Africa as a continent as much as 26 million people are suffering from this disease… In Sub-Saharan Africa women represent 58% of all people living with HIV or AIDS and for women in their reproductive years this is the most common reason why they die, either because of illegal abortions or from complications during childbirth… The failure to provide young people proper sex education and information about and access to contraceptives in countries like Tanzania is resulting in devastating consequences” (Ring, 2016).

This argument is inductive. The argument is “the failure to provide young people proper sex education and information about and access to contraceptives in countries like Tanzania is resulting in devastating consequences”. The supporting sentences are used to back up this claim. They can also stand alone- without each other- in order to still provide adequate support to the claim. This argument passes the test of strength. The supporting arguments give little room for the conclusion to be counter-argued.

References

article 1: Kabba, M. (2020). Yes we mean literally abolish the police. New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/opinion/sunday/floyd-abolish-defund-police.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/opinion/sunday/floyd-abolish-defund-police.html)

article 2: Ring, A. (2016). Let's talk: the importance of sexual education. Girl's Globe. Retrieved from: https://www.girlsglobe.org/2016/03/23/lets-talk-about-sex-the-importance-of-sexual-education/ (https://www.girlsglobe.org/2016/03/23/lets-talk-about-sex-the-importance-of-sexual-education/)

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3 . Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) Yesterday

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Hello Dijana, thank you for providing arguments from either a news feed or a blog.

I concur that the order of your arguments, i.e., deductive first, and then inductive.

Determine the fallacy of each of the following:

1. We should either pay our teachers better salaries or admit that we don't care about our children's education. (False Dilemma)

2. Of course she's rich! Just look at that diamond ring she is wearing. (Hasty Generalization) 3. I love visiting Wyoming because I enjoy traveling in the West. (Begging the Question) 4. He went to college and came back a pothead; college corrupted him. (Post Hoc)

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Jasmine Burgess (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/154614) Yesterday

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Deductive Reasoning

“We just learned yesterday that an Amazon executive resigned over an unfair firing of whistleblowers who are trying to keep themselves and their workers safe. Amazon does not need much of an excuse to fire us; it happens all the time. Anyone can be fired without any notice or reason- being a few minutes late, getting written up for not making rate, demanding more gloves and masks (Cummings, 2020).

The conclusion is that anyone can be fired without notice or reason. The first premise is being a few minutes late for the work shift. The second premise is getting written up for not making rate. The third premise is asking for more essential supplies like gloves and masks. Deductive reasoning is, “to identify and secure elements needed to draw reasonable conclusions” (Facione & Gittens, 2016, p. 34). The opinion in this article uses deductive reasoning because the writer feels that Amazon fires their employees very quickly over what she believes to be minor reasons.

Inductive Reasoning

“Australia is an early test case of how the world’s affluent societies will bend, or buckle, or rebuild under the pressure of temperature changes likely to hit the rest of the well-off world later in the century” (Mack, 2020).

This article is inductive reasoning. The writer believes that because of temperature changes that are happening in Australia are creating fires and causing structural damage, the rest of the world will experience these changes as well. “Decision making in terms of uncertainty is considered inductive reasoning” (Facione & Gittens, 2016, p. 176). How can the author assume that just because Australia is experiences natural disasters because of temperature changes that the rest of the countries in the world will fall subject to the same conditions? This opinion does not yield certainty.

Cummings, R. (2020, May 5). Working at Amazon was Always Painful. Now It’s Terrifying. Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 7/29/20 from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/rinacummings/amazon-warehouse-was- grinding-me-down-then-coronavirus

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Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically (3 Edition). Pearson Education, Inc.

Mack, D. (2020, January 25). Opinion: My Country Is on Fire. Soon the Whole World Will be. Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 7/29/20 from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/davidmack/australia-on-fire-soon- whole-world-will-be

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) 9:14am

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Hello Jasmine, thank you for posting this week and providing examples of inductive and deductive arguments.

Regarding your deductive argument: When I read the argument consider that what you indicated at the at the first premise, "being a few minutes late for the work shift", that's not really the premise. Premises are complete sentences or overweight statements. For example the actual premise is anyone can be fired without any notice or reason. A second premise is anyone can be fired being a few minutes late. Another premise is anyone can get written up for not making rate. In the final premise is anyone can be fired who demand more gloves and masks. Does this make sense? Do you have a better understanding?

For your inductive argument: you did not identify the premises for that particular argument on Australia.

In the following, identify the type of fallacy.

1. "America: love it or leave it." 2. "Since scientists cannot prove that global warming will occur, it probably won't." 3. "If we pass laws against fully automatic weapons, then it won't be long before we pass laws

on all weapons, and then we will begin to restrict other rights, and finally we will end up living in a communist state. Thus, we should not ban fully automatic weapons."

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Brittany Varnes (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/129972) Yesterday

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Hi Professor and Class,

Inductive Reasoning

When I visited this company last Monday, all employees had ties. Today is Monday and the employees are wearing ties. The employees wear ties every Monday.

This statement is an example of inductive reasoning because it concludes that the company employees wear ties on Mondays. According to Chamberlain (2020), an argument is strong if both its premises and conclusion are true; also known as a cogent argument. It can be observed that it is customary for employees to wear ties on Mondays, hence the premises are true. This is also true for the conclusion that the employees will have ties next Monday. Therefore, the argument is strong. Doyle (2019) asserts that inductive reasoning accounts for repeated patterns, from which it narrows down to make a hypothesis that can be evaluated.

Deductive Reasoning

Bachelors comprise of unmarried men. Socrates is a bachelor. Socrates is an unmarried man.

Sound statements require that both premises of an argument must be true for it to be valid. According to Facione and Gittens (2016), a deductively valid statement is made up of two premises that are true and are joined to make a true conclusion. The example above has true premises, hence the conclusion is also true. The argument is therefore valid.

References

Chamberlain. (2020). Week 4 Lesson: Logical Reasoning – How to Do It. https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/pages/week-4-lesson-logical-reasoning-how-to-do-it? module_item_id=9052136

Doyle, A. (2019). Inductive Reasoning Definition and Examples. Balance Careers.

https://www.thebalancecareers.com/inductive-reasoning-definition-with-examples 2059683

Facione, P. A., & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Think critically (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) 3:26pm

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Thanks Brittany, for your post for this week. Nice arguments and identified correctly.

Let's look at validity, strength or weakness.

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Indicate whether the following arguments are valid, invalid, strong or weak:

1 Audrey Hepburn was a great actor. All female actors, if they were great, were beautiful. Therefore artery have burned was beautiful.

2 The cat is genetically healthy, fit well, provided with water and treated with affection. Therefore the cat is striving.

3 If the plant is treated well and given the right nutrients it will thrive. The plant is thriving. Therefore the plan is being well treated and given the right nutrients.

4 The man at the station, and the taxi driver, have both been wonderful. I am going to love everyone in this town.

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Wei Wen Chiang (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/99157) Yesterday

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Inductive Example

“The EU insists that if the UK wants tariff-free access to the EU's enormous internal market, then it must make commitments to obey certain EU laws” (McGee, 2020). This example is an inductive argument because it requires new premises to determine the conclusion. If UK makes commitment to obey EU laws, then UK can access EU’s internal market for free; but we do not know what UK will do. I think this argument is valid we can determine the conclusion on the facts.

Deductive Example

“Indian Matchmaking itself offers a window into the lifestyles of an elite class of Indians who can enlist the service of a top-tier matchmaker, and in some cases, fly them to the other side of the world. This is not something regular families do, so status is already built into the narrative” (Sangal, 2020). This is a deductive example. Regular family does not offered matchmaking in India. Indian matchmaking is only for elite classes. If you are offered matchmaking, you must be in the elite class. This argument is valid because the conclusion matches the premise.

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3 . Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.

McGee, L. (2020, July 29). Unfortunately for Boris Johnson, much of Europe has moved on from Brexit. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/29/uk/eu-brexit-intl-gbr/index.html

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(https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/29/uk/eu-brexit-intl-gbr/index.html)

Sangal, A. (2020, July 23). 'Indian Matchmaking' presents painful truths about skin color and love in Indian culture but does nothing to challenge them. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/style/article/indian-matchmaking-netflix-intl-hnk-beauty/index.html

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) 9:27am

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Ann, thank you for your post for this week and identifying deductive and inductive arguments from CNN news.

Let me just tell you that when you use abbreviations, for example EU, one must first write out what those two letters mean and then in the rest of the sentence or paragraph they can use the abbreviation. For example European Union needed to be written out first.

Is your argument "the EU insist that if the UK want carefree access to the EU's enormous internal market…" Even after reading the entire article I could come up with premises and conclusion. Also you did not identify any premises or conclusion. So it's difficult for me to determine whether it is a doctor or not.

I also read the article from Sangal, and I came up with several premises and several conclusions.

I would recommend that you reread both of those articles and provide the premises and the conclusion. That will help to determine whether it's inductive or deductive or not.

Determine the fallacies in the following:

1. "Government is like business, so just as business must be sensitive primarily to the bottom line, so also must government."

2. "A book is pornographic if and only if it contains pornography." 3. "We should not believe President Clinton when he claims not to have had sex with Monica

Lewinsky. After all, he's a liar."

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Adilene Alvarez (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/127931) Yesterday

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Hello,

Example 1: John is ill. If John is ill, then he won’t be able to attend our meeting today. Therefore, John won’t be able to attend our meeting today (Fieser, 2018).

This is an example of deductive argument. Both premise of this argument is valid to the conclusion. The argument passes the Test of Logical Strength, because John is ill and he won’t be able to attend the meeting today. According to the textbook, a valid argument passes the Test of Logical Strength (Facione,2016).

Example 2: The police said John committed the murder. So, John committed the murder. (Fieser, 2018).

This is an example of inductive argument. It is inductive because there could be other factors that could change the conclusion. The argument is invalid. The police made an educated guess.

Reference: Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3rd. Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA. Fieser, J. (2018). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/ded-ind/

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Melissa Shetto (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/152005) Yesterday

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Hello Professor and class,

Distinguishing between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Trump’s personal and political interests are aligned with Russia’s.

In the electoral context, Trump is perfectly fine with Russia attacking U.S. democracy if it benefits

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him. This is of course not to say Trump is fine with Russian bounties on U.S. troops. He very well might sincerely believe it isn’t happening.

Rather, the point is that Trump has reasons for generally not wanting to probe too deeply into stories that might expose Russian intentions toward the U.S. in a particularly malign light when he may be hoping to gain from more Russian undermining of U.S. democracy. Those reasons prioritize self-interest over the national interest. That’s a key context for explaining his sheer disinterest in getting to the bottom of the bounties.

This portion of this article indicates that it is an Inductive argument because the writer’s premises are not based on concrete facts or proven truths but rather lean towards a possible truth. They certainly seem to support the claim that President Trump is ignoring some information about Russia’s interference because it may serve his own political interests in the long run. The writer may actually be shading light on something that is possibly true and therefore readers, may be required to seek further information about this claim before ruling it as true or false. The writer’s premises seem truthful, make logical sense are relevant to his claim, and seem to support the claim.

Inductive reasoning as explained by Facione & Gittens (2016) simply means that as long as there is a possibility, regardless of how remote it is, then a conclusion is probably true.

Deductive Reasoning

I have no patience with those declaring workers cast from their jobs by COVID-19 will shirk work if given unemployment benefits. As if “they” need to be cattle-prodded out of their lethargy.

If we’re so desperate to reignite our economy, let’s recall that more than 70% of it is based on consumer spending and that millions of those “consumers” are going broke and facing imminent eviction. Homeless folks don’t make great customers.

Let’s give people work rebuilding our infrastructure, not punish them for events beyond their control. That’s the job of an effective government.

The above statement reflects a Deductive Argument whereby the writer is highlighting that our economy largely depends on consumer spending to thrive and therefore unemployment benefits will ensure people have purchasing power, thus be able to reboot our economy after the COVID- 19 pandemic is over. I say it is a Deductive argument because the first premise is a solid fact that can easily be proven to be true which proves the truth of the conclusion that unemployment benefits will have a positive impact on our economy in the long run.

References

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1. Sargent, G. (2020, July, 29). Three big takeaways from Trump’s awful new admission about Putin. The Washington Post.https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/29/three-big- takeaways-trumps-awful-new-admission-about-putin/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/29/three-big-takeaways-trumps-awful-new-admission- about-putin/)

2. Facione, P. & Gittens, C., A. (2016). Think Critically.(3 ed.). Pearson.

3. Monroe, B., K. (2020, July, 29). Unemployment benefits: Demeaning attitude. The Seattle Times.https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/unemployment-benefits-demeaning-attitude/ (https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/unemployment-benefits-demeaning-attitude/)

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) 3:22pm

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Melissa, thank you for your post for this week and providing the various arguments. Good examples and they are correct.

Some arguments offer one or more examples and support overgeneralization. Consider this: women in earlier times were married very young. Julia in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet was not even 14 years old. In the middle ages, 13 was the normal age of marriage for Jewish woman. And doing Roman times, many Roman women were married at age 13 or younger.

How could this argument be improved?

Derek Weatherby took a job at Schrock's, a grocery store in St. Louis, to help pay his way through college. As a student debt mounted, he took a break from school, planning to go back when his financial situation improved. But with the economy still stagnant years after the financial crisis, Derek has found that many of the other employees at Schmocks are college graduates themselves, some with degrees from prestigious schools. It seems that lots of college graduates can't find work that pays any better than the job that Derek already has.

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Aliyah Castleberry (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/95642) Yesterday

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Professor and Class,

Example 1:

All of the managers at my office have associates degrees. Therefore, you must have an associate’s degree to become a manager.

This is an example of inductive reasoning. In this example, the worker is assuming that because all of the managers at her office have associate degrees, that in order to become a manager there, you must have an associates degree as well. In this example, the person speaking is using the information that is available to them, even if it is not complete. Based upon this information, the person will try to determine the most likely outcome.

Example 2:

My boss said the person with the highest sales would get a raise at the end of the month. I have the highest sales, so I am looking forward to a raise.

This is an example of deductive reasoning. In this example there are two statements that have true pieces of information. There is also an assumption that is based on the two pieces of information. As long as the first two pieces of information are true, the assumption should also be true.

References:

Deductive Reasoning: Definition and Examples. (2019, May 7). Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/deductive-reasoning

Facione, P. A., & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Think critically (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) 9:19am

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Hello Aliya, thank you for your post for this week.

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Edited by Sonja Sheffield (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891) on Jul 30 at 3:11pm

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The first example you provided, "All of the managers at my office have college degrees. Therefore, you must have a college degree to become a manager." comes directly from a website that identifies the argument. This is not what you were asked to do.

Reconstruct the following argument. Identify those that are instances of a correct inductive form and those that are fallacious. If the background knowledge required to evaluate the argument is missing, discuss what would be needed.

Both the American Medical Association and the American dental Association have formally endorsed fluoridation of drinking water. Fluoridation promotes dental welfare and is not generally harmful to people’s health.

Thanks.

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Ashlyn Nichols (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/145323) Yesterday

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Hello Everyone,

Before starting this assignment I did research on deductive and inductive arguments because I felt like I was lacking some knowledge. It's a bit confusing at first but after breaking the definitions down and reading multiple examples I finally understand the concept. "An inductive argument is an argument that is intended by the arguer to be strong enough that, if the premises were to be true, then it would be unlikely that the conclusion is false" (Deductive and Inductive Arguments). "A deductive argument is an argument that is intended by the arguer to be deductively valid, that is, to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion provided that the argument’s premises are true" (Deductive and Inductive Arguments). Taking those definitions and developing examples.

Example Inductive:

Michael Phelps says olympic system neglects mental health. Phelps managed to earn 28 olympic metals across five games labeling him as the poster child. Phelps stated "I don’t think anyone jumped in to ask us if we were OK. As long as we were performing, I don’t think anything else really mattered" (Futterman, M., 2020). After years of competing in the olympics he grew to learn he wasn't the only one facing these challenges. Since then many Olympians have come forward to explains they also have struggled with mental health. "The metaphor I like to use is when it comes to the spectrum of sports performance, we think the top is hitting a grand slam to win the game and the bottom is striking out, when

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in fact the actual bottom is not wanting to be alive" (Futterman, M., 2020).

The issue is Olympians are put under a great amount of stress neglecting their mental health. Over the course of their training and performance more olympians speak up about the stress they are put under which neglects their mental health. Since they individuals are held to higher standards and their bodies are pushed to the extreme, it is reasonable to conclude that the olympics is damaging peoples mental health.

Example Deductive:

Going through elective college classes can be challenging due to the lack of motivation. But, political science all of the quizzes have been easy. Therefore, the final exam will be easy. I have taken every quiz and received an 90% or better. My classmates are also passing each quiz with a B+ or higher.

The issue is that every quiz has been easy to where everyone is passing the class with ease. The implied conclusion is that the final exam will be easy. The first premise all of the quizzes in political science have been easy. The second premise is the final exam will be easy, taking into consideration my classmates and I are all passing each quiz with a B+ or higher.

References:

Deductive and Inductive Arguments. (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://iep.utm.edu/ded-ind/

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3 . Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.

Futterman, M. (2020, July 29). Michael Phelps: 'I Can't See Any More Suicides'. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/29/sports/olympics/michael-phelps-documentary-weight-of- gold.html?action=click

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) 2:25pm

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Ashlyn, thank you for providing both deductive and inductive arguments from the New York Times.

It is understandable that deductive and inductive are difficult but if you had an opportunity to review the video I provided on the differences, I think you would understand a bit better. The differences between the two are quickly identified: For example, a deductive argument a conclusion that is supported by the premises to be determined as true. Whereas an inductive argument the conclusion based on the premises is probably true.

In your examples of deductive and inductive arguments, can you detail the premise(s) and the conclusion for each please. You forgot that part. Thank you.

Decide whether the following argument is an acceptable inductive generalization or a fallacy. Identify the premises and the conclusion of the argument. In the case of a fallacy, explain what is wrong. Discuss what sort of additional background information, if any, is needed.

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Most lab tests [for rabies] only bats that are submitted because they are rabies suspect. Results often reported in a manner that implies that these bats are representative of bats in general. An extreme case involved a claim that 50% of the stated bats were rabid because one of only two bats examined tested positive.

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Christine Mercado (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/140314) Yesterday

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Hi Professor and Class,

Deductive Example

All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human, therefore, Socrates is a mortal.

In this example, the speaker asserts that the premises are true and therefore, the conclusion must be true. This passes the test of validity. A deductive argument is valid such that a conclusion must be true if the premises are true. A valid argument passes the logical strength test

Inductive Example

After studying only one night beforehand, I’ve aced the last three quizzes in this class. So even though I’ve studied only one night for this class’s upcoming quiz, I’ll probably ace it, too.

In this example, the person is presenting their evidence that by studying only night before an has led to them acing the last three quizzes, thus, these premises support the probable truth of the conclusion. The argument is inductive because there is a good chance that the person will ace the next quiz, after studying one night beforehand, since it has happened for all the three past quizzes.

References

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3 . Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.

Gutting, G. (2011, July 6). Arguing From the Facts. The New York Times. https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/06/arguing-from-the-facts/.

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(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) 2:13pm

Edited by Sonja Sheffield (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891) on Jul 30 at 3:12pm

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Christine, thank you for providing both a deductive and an inductive argument from the New York Times.

Decide whether the following argument is an acceptable inductive generalization or a fallacy. Identify the premises and the conclusion of the argument. In the case of a fallacy, explain what is wrong. Discuss what sort of additional background information, if any, is needed.

At the University of Pennsylvania, psychiatrists conducted a study to determine the social factors that affect the well-being of coronary patients. There were 93 patients in the study; slightly more than 50% of them had pets of some kind (dogs, cats, fish, and one iguana). At the end of a year, one third of the patients who did not own pets died, but only three animal owners succumbed. The psychiatrists concluded that pet ownership may have a positive effect on the health of humans.

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Juliana Shahly (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/154119) Yesterday

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Hello Professor and class,

Inductive Argument example:

"All sunflowers are attracted to bees. Therefore, all bees attract sunflowers."

According to Facione and Gittens (2016), inductive type of reasoning is used when inferences are drawn about what may be probably true, which in this case is bees attracting sunflowers.

Based on logical strength, this argument presents a fact, which is, “All sunflowers are attracted to bees” and then a conclusion is made about the argument, which is, “Therefore, all bees attract sunflowers.” The conclusion here is based on the fact that “All sunflowers are attracted to bees.”

In regard to inductive reasoning, the observation of facts is first and then the conclusion is made based on those facts (Shin, 2019).

Deductive Argument example:

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"All Syrian women cook and clean. My sister Sara is a Syrian woman, so she cooks and cleans."

This is a deductive argument because this argument states a fact that is true, which is, “All Syrian women cook and clean” and the conclusion has to be accepted, which is, “My sister Sara is a Syrian woman, so she cooks and cleans.” This makes the argument valid because Sara being a Syrian woman cooks and cleans, which is based on the fact that, “All Syrian women cook and clean.”

References:

Facione, P. & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Thinking critically. 3 . Ed. Pearson:Boston, MA.

Shin H. S. (2019). Reasoning processes in clinical reasoning: from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Korean journal of medical education, 31(4), 299–308. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2019.140

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Caitlyn Pienkowski (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/102153) 11:38am

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Hi Juliana,

The examples you provided were great! You were precise with the connection of the example and left no room for openness! Some examples I came across were open-ended, where within the example of "If the river continues to rise, then the carpet will get wet", anything can make the carpet wet, which left the statement open. However with your examples, it is known that bee's are attracted to sunflowers, which is a precise inductive argument!

Good post!

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor) 2:39pm

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Juliana, thank you for your post.

Reconstruct the following argument. Identify those that are instances of a correct inductive form and those that are fallacious. If the background knowledge required to evaluate the argument is missing, discuss what would be needed.

Reconstruct the following argument. Identify those that are instances of a correct inductive

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Edited by Sonja Sheffield (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891) on Jul 30 at 3:13pm

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form and those that are fallacious. If the background knowledge required to evaluate the argument is missing, discuss what would be needed.

For at least 30 years, even as oil has more than doubled and tripled in cost, economic advisors to both major political parties have agreed that the best way to make consumers conserve energy is to impose taxes, ranging from $0.50 per gallon of gas to five dollars a barrel on imported oil. Higher taxes on gas and oil use will be the best way to encourage conservation.

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