Fail safe vs fail secure cissp

Assingment On Protecting Security Of Assets CISSP

PII, PHI and Sanitize SSDs -Written Lab review pg 356

Read Chapter 5

Foreword: NIST recommends that drivers are wiped several times to ensure that deleted data cannot be recovered hence the term "sanitize"

Research a drive sanitization software program that is compliant with NIST 800-88 regarding media sanitation

https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-88/rev-1/final

Do not use this one find another one -->For starters Sledge Hammer

http://www.datadev.com/sledge.html

Task:

Find a program that sanitizes media

Write a brief description of the features, (advantages and disadvantages)

The answer: Is it the program compliant with NIST 800-88?

(Optional) If there is a free trial or open source use it and provide screenshots in your review.

Must be in APA

Minimum 2 pages (Body)

Paper length: Title page

Abstract,

Body (2 pages),

Conclusion

References

Note: Surround the 2-page body with the title page, abstract, and references

Official Study Guide

Eighth Edition

Mike Chapple James Michael Stewart

Darril Gibson

Development Editor: Kelly Talbot

Technical Editors: Jeff Parker, Bob Sipes, and David Seidl

Copy Editor: Kim Wimpsett

Editorial Manager: Pete Gaughan

Production Manager: Kathleen Wisor

Executive Editor: Jim Minatel

Proofreader: Amy Schneider

Indexer: Johnna VanHoose Dinse

Project Coordinator, Cover: Brent Savage

Cover Designer: Wiley

Cover Image: @Jeremy Woodhouse/Getty Images, Inc.

Copyright © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-1-119-47593-4

ISBN: 978-1-119-47595-8 (ebk.)

ISBN: 978-1-119-47587-3 (ebk.)

Manufactured in the United States of America

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

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Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.

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TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. CISSP is a registered trademark of (ISC)², Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

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To Dewitt Latimer, my mentor, friend, and colleague. I miss you dearly. —Mike Chapple

To Cathy, your perspective on the world and life often surprises me, challenges me, and makes me love you even more. —James Michael Stewart

To Nimfa, thanks for sharing your life with me for the past 26 years and letting me share mine with you. —Darril Gibson

Dear Future (ISC)2 Member,

Congratulations on starting your journey to CISSP® certification. Earning your CISSP is an exciting and rewarding milestone in your cybersecurity career. Not only does it demonstrate your ability to develop and manage nearly all aspects of an organization’s cybersecurity operations, but you also signal to employers your commitment to life-long learning and taking an active role in fulfilling the (ISC)² vision of

inspiring a safe and secure cyber world.

The material in this study guide is based upon the (ISC)² CISSP Common Body of Knowledge. It will help you prepare for the exam that will assess your competency in the following eight domains:

Security and Risk Management

Asset Security

Security Architecture and Engineering

Communication and Network Security

Identity and Access Management (IAM)

Security Assessment and Testing

Security Operations

Software Development Security

While this study guide will help you prepare, passing the CISSP exam depends on your mastery of the domains combined with your ability to apply those concepts using your real-world experience.

I wish you the best of luck as you continue on your path to become a CISSP and certified member of (ISC)2.

Sincerely,

David Shearer, CISSP CEO (ISC)2

Acknowledgments We’d like to express our thanks to Sybex for continuing to support this project. Extra thanks to the eighth edition developmental editor, Kelly Talbot, and technical editors, Jeff Parker, Bob Sipes, and David Seidl, who performed amazing feats in guiding us to improve this book. Thanks as well to our agent, Carole Jelen, for continuing to assist in nailing down these projects.

—Mike, James, and Darril

Special thanks go to the information security team at the University of Notre Dame, who provided hours of interesting conversation and debate on security issues that inspired and informed much of the material in this book.

I would like to thank the team at Wiley who provided invaluable assistance throughout the book development process. I also owe a debt of gratitude to my literary agent, Carole Jelen of Waterside Productions. My coauthors, James Michael Stewart and Darril Gibson, were great collaborators. Jeff Parker, Bob Sipes, and David Seidl, our diligent and knowledgeable technical editors, provided valuable in- sight as we brought this edition to press.

I’d also like to thank the many people who participated in the production of this book but whom I never had the chance to meet: the graphics team, the production staff, and all of those involved in bringing this book to press.

—Mike Chapple

Thanks to Mike Chapple and Darril Gibson for continuing to contribute to this project. Thanks also to all my CISSP course students who have provided their insight and input to improve my training courseware and ultimately this tome. To my adoring wife, Cathy: Building a life and a family together has been more wonderful than I could have ever imagined. To Slayde and Remi: You are growing up so fast and learning at an outstanding pace, and you continue to delight and impress me daily. You are both growing into amazing individuals.

To my mom, Johnnie: It is wonderful to have you close by. To Mark: No matter how much time has passed or how little we see each other, I have been and always will be your friend. And finally, as always, to Elvis: You were way ahead of the current bacon obsession with your peanut butter/banana/bacon sandwich; I think that’s proof you traveled through time!

—James Michael Stewart

Thanks to Jim Minatel and Carole Jelen for helping get this update in place before (ISC)2 released the objectives. This helped us get a head start on this new edition, and we appreciate your efforts. It’s been a pleasure working with talented people like James Michael Stewart and Mike Chapple. Thanks to both of you for all your work and collaborative efforts on this project. The technical editors, Jeff Parker, Bob Sipes, and David Seidl, provided us with some outstanding feedback, and this book is better because of their efforts. Thanks to the team at Sybex (including project managers, editors, and graphics artists) for all the work you did helping us get this book to print. Last, thanks to my wife, Nimfa, for putting up with my odd hours as I worked on this book.

—Darril Gibson

About the Authors Mike Chapple, CISSP, PhD, Security+, CISA, CySA+, is an associate teaching professor of IT, analytics, and operations at the University of Notre Dame. In the past, he was chief information officer of Brand Institute and an information security researcher with the National Security Agency and the U.S. Air Force. His primary areas of expertise include network intrusion detection and access controls. Mike is a frequent contributor to TechTarget’s SearchSecurity site and the author of more than 25 books including the companion book to this study guide: CISSP Official (ISC)2 Practice Tests, the CompTIA CSA+ Study Guide, and Cyberwarfare: Information Operations in a Connected World. Mike offers study groups for the CISSP, SSCP, Security+, and CSA+ certifications on his website at www.certmike.com.

James Michael Stewart, CISSP, CEH, ECSA, CHFI, Security+, Network+, has been writing and training for more than 20 years, with a current focus on security. He has been teaching CISSP training courses since 2002, not to mention other courses on Internet security and ethical hacking/penetration testing. He is the author of and contributor to more than 75 books and numerous courseware sets on security certification, Microsoft topics, and network administration, including the Security+ (SY0-501) Review Guide. More information about Michael can be found at his website at www.impactonline.com.

Darril Gibson, CISSP, Security+, CASP, is the CEO of YCDA (short for You Can Do Anything), and he has authored or coauthored more than 40 books. Darril regularly writes, consults, and teaches on a wide variety of technical and security topics and holds several certifications. He regularly posts blog articles at http://blogs.getcertifiedgetahead.com/ about certification topics and uses that site to help people stay abreast of changes in certification exams. He loves hearing from readers, especially when they pass an exam after using one of his books, and you can contact him through the blogging site.

http://www.certmike.com
http://www.impactonline.com
http://blogs.getcertifiedgetahead.com/
About the Technical Editors Jeff T. Parker, CISSP, is a technical editor and reviewer across many focuses of information security. Jeff regularly contributes to books, adding experience and practical know-how where needed. Jeff’s experience comes from 10 years of consulting with Hewlett-Packard in Boston and from 4 years with Deutsche-Post in Prague, Czech Republic. Now residing in Canada, Jeff teaches his and other middle- school kids about building (and destroying) a home lab. He recently coauthored Wireshark for Security Professionals and is now authoring CySA+ Practice Exams. Keep learning!

Bob Sipes, CISSP, is an enterprise security architect and account security officer at DXC Technology providing tactical and strategic leadership for DXC clients. He holds several certifications, is actively involved in security organizations including ISSA and Infragard, and is an experienced public speaker on topics including cybersecurity, communications, and leadership. In his spare time, Bob is an avid antiquarian book collector with an extensive library of 19th and early 20th century boys’ literature. You can follow Bob on Twitter at @bobsipes.

David Seidl, CISSP, is the senior director for Campus Technology Services at the University of Notre Dame, where he has also taught cybersecurity and networking in the Mendoza College of Business. David has written multiple books on cybersecurity certification and cyberwarfare, and he has served as the technical editor for the sixth, seventh, and eighth editions of CISSP Study Guide. David holds a master’s degree in information security and a bachelor’s degree in communication technology from Eastern Michigan University, as well as CISSP, GPEN, GCIH, and CySA+ certifications.

Contents Introduction

Overview of the CISSP Exam Notes on This Book’s Organization

Assessment Test Answers to Assessment Test Chapter 1 Security Governance Through Principles and Policies

Understand and Apply Concepts of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability Evaluate and Apply Security Governance Principles Develop, Document, and Implement Security Policy, Standards, Procedures, and Guidelines Understand and Apply Threat Modeling Concepts and Methodologies Apply Risk-Based Management Concepts to the Supply Chain Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 2 Personnel Security and Risk Management Concepts Personnel Security Policies and Procedures Security Governance Understand and Apply Risk Management Concepts Establish and Maintain a Security Awareness, Education, and Training Program Manage the Security Function Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab

Review Questions Chapter 3 Business Continuity Planning

Planning for Business Continuity Project Scope and Planning Business Impact Assessment Continuity Planning Plan Approval and Implementation Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 4 Laws, Regulations, and Compliance Categories of Laws Laws Compliance Contracting and Procurement Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 5 Protecting Security of Assets Identify and Classify Assets Determining Ownership Using Security Baselines Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 6 Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms

Historical Milestones in Cryptography Cryptographic Basics Modern Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Cryptographic Lifecycle Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 7 PKI and Cryptographic Applications Asymmetric Cryptography Hash Functions Digital Signatures Public Key Infrastructure Asymmetric Key Management Applied Cryptography Cryptographic Attacks Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 8 Principles of Security Models, Design, and Capabilities Implement and Manage Engineering Processes Using Secure Design Principles Understand the Fundamental Concepts of Security Models Select Controls Based On Systems Security Requirements Understand Security Capabilities of Information Systems Summary Exam Essentials

Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 9 Security Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures Assess and Mitigate Security Vulnerabilities Client-Based Systems Server-Based Systems Database Systems Security Distributed Systems and Endpoint Security Internet of Things Industrial Control Systems Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Web-Based Systems Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Mobile Systems Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Embedded Devices and Cyber-Physical Systems Essential Security Protection Mechanisms Common Architecture Flaws and Security Issues Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 10 Physical Security Requirements Apply Security Principles to Site and Facility Design Implement Site and Facility Security Controls Implement and Manage Physical Security Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 11 Secure Network Architecture and Securing Network Components

OSI Model TCP/IP Model Converged Protocols Wireless Networks Secure Network Components Cabling, Wireless, Topology, Communications, and Transmission Media Technology Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 12 Secure Communications and Network Attacks Network and Protocol Security Mechanisms Secure Voice Communications Multimedia Collaboration Manage Email Security Remote Access Security Management Virtual Private Network Virtualization Network Address Translation Switching Technologies WAN Technologies Miscellaneous Security Control Characteristics Security Boundaries Prevent or Mitigate Network Attacks Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 13 Managing Identity and Authentication Controlling Access to Assets Comparing Identification and Authentication Implementing Identity Management Managing the Identity and Access Provisioning Lifecycle Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 14 Controlling and Monitoring Access Comparing Access Control Models Understanding Access Control Attacks Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 15 Security Assessment and Testing Building a Security Assessment and Testing Program Performing Vulnerability Assessments Testing Your Software Implementing Security Management Processes Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 16 Managing Security Operations Applying Security Operations Concepts Securely Provisioning Resources Managing Configuration

Managing Change Managing Patches and Reducing Vulnerabilities Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 17 Preventing and Responding to Incidents Managing Incident Response Implementing Detective and Preventive Measures Logging, Monitoring, and Auditing Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 18 Disaster Recovery Planning The Nature of Disaster Understand System Resilience and Fault Tolerance Recovery Strategy Recovery Plan Development Training, Awareness, and Documentation Testing and Maintenance Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 19 Investigations and Ethics Investigations Major Categories of Computer Crime Ethics

Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 20 Software Development Security Introducing Systems Development Controls Establishing Databases and Data Warehousing Storing Data and Information Understanding Knowledge-Based Systems Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Chapter 21 Malicious Code and Application Attacks Malicious Code Password Attacks Application Attacks Web Application Security Reconnaissance Attacks Masquerading Attacks Summary Exam Essentials Written Lab Review Questions

Appendix A Answers to Review Questions Chapter 1: Security Governance Through Principles and Policies Chapter 2: Personnel Security and Risk Management Concepts Chapter 3: Business Continuity Planning Chapter 4: Laws, Regulations, and Compliance

Chapter 5: Protecting Security of Assets Chapter 6: Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms Chapter 7: PKI and Cryptographic Applications Chapter 8: Principles of Security Models, Design, and Capabilities Chapter 9: Security Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures Chapter 10: Physical Security Requirements Chapter 11: Secure Network Architecture and Securing Network Components Chapter 12: Secure Communications and Network Attacks Chapter 13: Managing Identity and Authentication Chapter 14: Controlling and Monitoring Access Chapter 15: Security Assessment and Testing Chapter 16: Managing Security Operations Chapter 17: Preventing and Responding to Incidents Chapter 18: Disaster Recovery Planning Chapter 19: Investigations and Ethics Chapter 20: Software Development Security Chapter 21: Malicious Code and Application Attacks

Appendix B Answers to Written Labs Chapter 1: Security Governance Through Principles and Policies Chapter 2: Personnel Security and Risk Management Concepts Chapter 3: Business Continuity Planning Chapter 4: Laws, Regulations, and Compliance Chapter 5: Protecting Security of Assets Chapter 6: Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms Chapter 7: PKI and Cryptographic Applications Chapter 8: Principles of Security Models, Design, and Capabilities

Chapter 9: Security Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Countermeasures Chapter 10: Physical Security Requirements Chapter 11: Secure Network Architecture and Securing Network Components Chapter 12: Secure Communications and Network Attacks Chapter 13: Managing Identity and Authentication Chapter 14: Controlling and Monitoring Access Chapter 15: Security Assessment and Testing Chapter 16: Managing Security Operations Chapter 17: Preventing and Responding to Incidents Chapter 18: Disaster Recovery Planning Chapter 19: Investigations and Ethics Chapter 20: Software Development Security Chapter 21: Malicious Code and Application Attacks

Advert EULA

List of Tables Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 11.3

Table 11.4

Table 11.5

Table 11.6

Table 11.7

Table 11.8

Table 11.9

Table 11.10

Table 11.11

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Chapter 18

Table 18.1

List of Illustrations Chapter 1

FIGURE 1.1 The CIA Triad

FIGURE 1.2 The five elements of AAA services

FIGURE 1.3 Strategic, tactical, and operational plan timeline comparison

FIGURE 1.4 Levels of government/military classification

FIGURE 1.5 Commercial business/private sector classification levels

FIGURE 1.6 The comparative relationships of security policy components

FIGURE 1.7 An example of diagramming to reveal threat concerns

FIGURE 1.8 An example of diagramming to reveal threat concerns

Chapter 2

FIGURE 2.1 An example of separation of duties related to five admin tasks and seven administrators

FIGURE 2.2 An example of job rotation among management positions

FIGURE 2.3 Ex-employees must return all company property

FIGURE 2.4 The elements of risk

FIGURE 2.5 The six major elements of quantitative risk analysis

FIGURE 2.6 The categories of security controls in a defense- in-depth implementation

FIGURE 2.7 The six steps of the risk management framework

Chapter 3

FIGURE 3.1 Earthquake hazard map of the United States

Chapter 5

FIGURE 5.1 Data classifications

FIGURE 5.2 Clearing a hard drive

Chapter 6

FIGURE 6.1 Challenge-response authentication protocol

FIGURE 6.2 The magic door

FIGURE 6.3 Symmetric key cryptography

FIGURE 6.4 Asymmetric key cryptography

Chapter 7

FIGURE 7.1 Asymmetric key cryptography

FIGURE 7.2 Steganography tool

FIGURE 7.3 Image with embedded message

Chapter 8

FIGURE 8.1 The TCB, security perimeter, and reference monitor

FIGURE 8.2 The Take-Grant model’s directed graph

FIGURE 8.3 The Bell-LaPadula model

FIGURE 8.4 The Biba model

FIGURE 8.5 The Clark-Wilson model

FIGURE 8.6 The levels of TCSEC

Chapter 9

FIGURE 9.1 In the commonly used four-ring model, protection rings segregate the operating system into kernel, components, and drivers in rings 0 through 2 and applications and programs run at ring 3.

FIGURE 9.2 The process scheduler

Chapter 10

FIGURE 10.1 A typical wiring closet

FIGURE 10.2 The fire triangle

FIGURE 10.3 The four primary stages of fire

FIGURE 10.4 A secure physical boundary with a mantrap and a turnstile

Chapter 11

FIGURE 11.1 Representation of the OSI model

FIGURE 11.2 Representation of OSI model encapsulation

FIGURE 11.3 Representation of the OSI model peer layer logical channels

FIGURE 11.4 OSI model data names

FIGURE 11.5 Comparing the OSI model with the TCP/IP model

FIGURE 11.6 The four layers of TCP/IP and its component protocols

FIGURE 11.7 The TCP three-way handshake

FIGURE 11.8 Single-, two-, and three-tier firewall deployment architectures

FIGURE 11.9 A ring topology

FIGURE 11.10 A linear bus topology and a tree bus topology

FIGURE 11.11 A star topology

FIGURE 11.12 A mesh topology

Chapter 13

FIGURE 13.1 Graph of FRR and FAR errors indicating the CER point

Chapter 14

FIGURE 14.1 Defense in depth with layered security

FIGURE 14.2 Role Based Access Control

FIGURE 14.3 A representation of the boundaries provided by lattice-based access controls

FIGURE 14.4 Wireshark capture

Chapter 15

FIGURE 15.1 Nmap scan of a web server run from a Linux system

FIGURE 15.2 Default Apache server page running on the server scanned in Figure 15.1

FIGURE 15.3 Nmap scan of a large network run from a Mac system using the Terminal utility

FIGURE 15.4 Network vulnerability scan of the same web server that was port scanned in Figure 15.1

FIGURE 15.5 Web application vulnerability scan of the same web server that was port scanned in Figure 15.1 and network vulnerability scanned in Figure 15.2.

FIGURE 15.6 Scanning a database-backed application with sqlmap

FIGURE 15.7 Penetration testing process

FIGURE 15.8 The Metasploit automated system exploitation tool allows attackers to quickly execute common attacks against target systems.

FIGURE 15.9 Fagan inspections follow a rigid formal process, with defined entry and exit criteria that must be met before transitioning between stages.

FIGURE 15.10 Prefuzzing input file containing a series of 1s

FIGURE 15.11 The input file from Figure 15.10 after being run through the zzuf mutation fuzzing tool

Chapter 16

FIGURE 16.1 A segregation of duties control matrix

FIGURE 16.2 Creating and deploying images

FIGURE 16.3 Web server and database server

Chapter 17

FIGURE 17.1 Incident response

FIGURE 17.2 SYN flood attack

FIGURE 17.3 A man-in-the-middle attack

FIGURE 17.4 Intrusion prevention system

FIGURE 17.5 Viewing a log entry

Chapter 18

FIGURE 18.1 Flood hazard map for Miami–Dade County, Florida

FIGURE 18.2 Failover cluster with network load balancing

Chapter 20

FIGURE 20.1 Security vs. user-friendliness vs. functionality

FIGURE 20.2 The waterfall lifecycle model

FIGURE 20.3 The spiral lifecycle mode

FIGURE 20.4 The IDEAL model

FIGURE 20.5 Gantt chart

FIGURE 20.6 The DevOps model

FIGURE 20.7 Hierarchical data model

FIGURE 20.8 Customers table from a relational database

FIGURE 20.9 ODBC as the interface between applications and a backend database system

Chapter 21

FIGURE 21.1 Social Security phishing message

FIGURE 21.2 Typical database-driven website architecture

kindle:embed:0007?mime=image/jpg
Introduction The (ISC)2 CISSP: Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Study Guide, Eighth Edition, offers you a solid foundation for the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) exam. By purchasing this book, you’ve shown a willingness to learn and a desire to develop the skills you need to achieve this certification. This introduction provides you with a basic overview of this book and the CISSP exam.

This book is designed for readers and students who want to study for the CISSP certification exam. If your goal is to become a certified security professional, then the CISSP certification and this study guide are for you. The purpose of this book is to adequately prepare you to take the CISSP exam.

Before you dive into this book, you need to have accomplished a few tasks on your own. You need to have a general understanding of IT and of security. You should have the necessary five years of full-time paid work experience (or four years if you have a college degree) in two or more of the eight domains covered by the CISSP exam. If you are qualified to take the CISSP exam according to (ISC)2, then you are sufficiently prepared to use this book to study for it. For more information on (ISC)2, see the next section.

(ISC)2 also allows for a one-year reduction of the five-year experience requirement if you have earned one of the approved certifications from the (ISC)2 prerequisite pathway. These include certifications such as CAP, CISM, CISA, CCNA Security, Security+, MCSA, MCSE, and many of the GIAC certifications. For a complete list of qualifying certifications, visit https://www.isc2.org/Certifications/CISSP/Prerequisite-Pathway. Note: You can use only one of the experience reduction measures, either a college degree or a certification, not both.

(ISC)2

https://www.isc2.org/Certifications/CISSP/Prerequisite-Pathway
The CISSP exam is governed by the International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium (ISC)2. (ISC)2 is a global not-for- profit organization. It has four primary mission goals:

Maintain the Common Body of Knowledge (CBK) for the field of information systems security.

Provide certification for information systems security professionals and practitioners.

Conduct certification training and administer the certification exams.

Oversee the ongoing accreditation of qualified certification candidates through continued education.

The (ISC)2 is operated by a board of directors elected from the ranks of its certified practitioners.

(ISC)2 supports and provides a wide variety of certifications, including CISSP, SSCP, CAP, CSSLP, CCFP, HCISPP, and CCSP. These certifications are designed to verify the knowledge and skills of IT security professionals across all industries. You can obtain more information about (ISC)2 and its other certifications from its website at www.isc2.org.

The Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) credential is for security professionals responsible for designing and maintaining security infrastructure within an organization.

Topical Domains The CISSP certification covers material from the eight topical domains. These eight domains are as follows:

Security and Risk Management

Asset Security

Security Architecture and Engineering

Communication and Network Security

Identity and Access Management (IAM)

http://www.isc2.org
Security Assessment and Testing

Security Operations

Software Development Security

These eight domains provide a vendor-independent overview of a common security framework. This framework is the basis for a discussion on security practices that can be supported in all types of organizations worldwide.

The most recent revision of the topical domains will be reflected in exams starting April 15, 2018. For a complete view of the breadth of topics covered on the CISSP exam from the eight domain groupings, visit the (ISC)2 website at www.isc2.org to request a copy of the Candidate Information Bulletin. This document includes a complete exam outline as well as other relevant facts about the certification.

Prequalifications (ISC)2 has defined the qualification requirements you must meet to become a CISSP. First, you must be a practicing security professional with at least five years’ full-time paid work experience or with four years’ experience and a recent IT or IS degree. Professional experience is defined as security work performed for salary or commission within two or more of the eight CBK domains.

Second, you must agree to adhere to a formal code of ethics. The CISSP Code of Ethics is a set of guidelines the (ISC)2 wants all CISSP candidates to follow to maintain professionalism in the field of information systems security. You can find it in the Information section on the (ISC)2 website at www.isc2.org.

(ISC)2 also offers an entry program known as an Associate of (ISC)2. This program allows someone without any or enough experience to qualify as a CISSP to take the CISSP exam anyway and then obtain experience afterward. Associates are granted six years to obtain five years’ of security experience. Only after providing proof of such experience, usually by means of endorsement and a resume, can the individual be awarded CISSP certification.

http://www.isc2.org
http://www.isc2.org
Overview of the CISSP Exam The CISSP exam focuses on security from a 30,000-foot view; it deals more with theory and concept than implementation and procedure. It is very broad but not very deep. To successfully complete this exam, you’ll need to be familiar with every domain but not necessarily be a master of each domain.

As of December 18, 2017, the CISSP exam is in an adaptive format. (ISC)2 calls the new version CISSP-CAT (Computerized Adaptive Testing). For complete details of this new version of exam presentation, please see https://www.isc2.org/certifications/CISSP/CISSP-CAT.

The CISSP-CAT exam will be a minimum of 100 questions and a maximum of 150. Not all items you are presented with count toward your score or passing status. These unscored items are called pretest questions by (ISC)2, while the scored items are called operational items. The questions are not labeled on the exam as to whether they are scored or unscored. Test candidates will receive 25 unscored items on their exam, regardless of whether they achieve a passing rank at question 100 or see all of the 150 questions.

The CISSP-CAT grants a maximum of three hours to take the exam. If you run out of time before achieving a passing rank, you will automatically fail.

The CISSP-CAT does not allow you to return to a previous question to change your answer. Your answer selection is final once you leave a question.

The CISSP-CAT does not have a published or set score to achieve. Instead, you must demonstrate the ability to answer above the (ISC)2 bar for passing, called the passing standard (which is not disclosed), within the last 75 operational items (i.e., questions).

If the computer determines that you have a less than 5 percent chance of achieving a passing standard and you have seen 75 operational items, your test will automatically end with a failure. You are not

https://www.isc2.org/certifications/CISSP/CISSP-CAT
guaranteed to see any more questions than are necessary for the computer grading system to determine with 95 percent confidence your ability to achieve a passing standard or to fail to meet the passing standard.

If you do not pass the CISSP exam on your first attempt, you are allowed to retake the CISSP exam under the following conditions:

You can take the CISSP exam a maximum of 3 times per 12-month period.

You must wait 30 days after your first attempt before trying a second time.

You must wait an additional 90 days after your second attempt before trying a third time.

You must wait an additional 180 days after your third attempt before trying again or as long as needed to reach 12 months from the date of your first attempt.

You will need to pay full price for each additional exam attempt.

It is not possible to take the previous paper-based or CBT (computer based testing) flat 250 question version of the exam. CISSP is now available only in the CBT CISSP-CAT format.

The refreshed CISSP exam will be available in English, French, German, Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish, Japanese, Simplified Chinese and Korean.

Effective December 18, 2017, the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) exam (English version only) will be available exclusively via CAT through (ISC)2-authorized Pearson VUE test centers in authorized markets. CISSP exams administered in languages other than English and all other (ISC)2 certification exams will continue to be available as fixed-form, linear examinations.

CISSP Exam Question Types Most of the questions on the CISSP exam are four-option, multiple- choice questions with a single correct answer. Some are straightforward, such as asking you to select a definition. Some are a

bit more involved, asking you to select the appropriate concept or best practice. And some questions present you with a scenario or situation and ask you to select the best response. Here’s an example:

1. What is the most important goal and top priority of a security solution?

A. Preventing disclosure

B. Maintaining integrity

C. Maintaining human safety

D. Sustaining availability

You must select the one correct or best answer and mark it. In some cases, the correct answer will be very obvious to you. In other cases, several answers may seem correct. In these instances, you must choose the best answer for the question asked. Watch for general, specific, universal, superset, and subset answer selections. In other cases, none of the answers will seem correct. In these instances, you’ll need to select the least incorrect answer.

By the way, the correct answer for this sample question is

C. Maintaining human safety is always your first priority.

In addition to the standard multiple-choice question format, (ISC)2 has added a few advanced question formats, which it calls advanced innovative questions. These include drag-and-drop questions and hotspot questions. These types of questions require you to place topics or concepts in order of operations, in priority preference, or in relation to proper positioning for the needed solution. Specifically, the drag- and-drop questions require the test taker to move labels or icons to mark items on an image. The hotspot questions require the test taker to pinpoint a location on an image with a cross-hair marker. These question concepts are easy to work with and understand, but be careful about your accuracy of dropping or marking.

Advice on Taking the Exam

The CISSP exam consists of two key elements. First, you need to know the material from the eight domains. Second, you must have good test- taking skills. You have a maximum of 3 hours to achieve a passing standard with the potential to see up to 150 questions. Thus, you will have on average just over a minute for each question. Thus, it is important to work quickly, without rushing but also without wasting time.

It is not clear from (ISC)2’s description of the CISSP-CAT format whether guessing is a good strategy in every case, but it does seem to be a better strategy than skipping questions. We recommend you attempt to eliminate as many answer selections as possible before making a guess, and consider skipping the question instead of randomly guessing only if you are unable to eliminate any answer options. Make educated guesses from a reduced set of options to increase your chance of getting a question correct.

Also note that (ISC)2 does not disclose if there is partial credit given for multiple-part questions if you get only some of the elements correct. So, pay attention to questions with check boxes instead of radio buttons, and be sure to select as many items as necessary to properly address the question.

You will be provided a dry-erase board and a marker to jot down thoughts and make notes. But nothing written on that board will be used to alter your score. And that board must be returned to the test administrator prior to departing the test facility.

To maximize your test-taking activities, here are some general guidelines:

Read each question, then read the answer options, and then reread the question.

Eliminate wrong answers before selecting the correct one.

Watch for double negatives.

Be sure you understand what the question is asking.

Manage your time. You can take breaks during your test, but this might consume some of your test time. You might consider bringing a

drink and snacks, but your food and drink will be stored for you away from the testing area, and that break time will count against your test time limit. Be sure to bring any medications or other essential items, but leave all things electronic at home or in your car. You should avoid wearing anything on your wrists, including watches, fitness trackers, and jewelry. You are not allowed to bring any form of noise-canceling headsets or ear buds, although you can use foam earplugs. We also recommend wearing comfortable clothes and taking a light jacket with you (some testing locations are a bit chilly).

If English is not your first language, you can register for one of several other language versions of the exam. Or, if you choose to use the English version of the exam, a translation dictionary is allowed. (Be sure to contact your test facility to organize and arrange this beforehand.) You must be able to prove that you need such a dictionary; this is usually accomplished with your birth certificate or your passport.

Occasionally, small changes are made to the exam or exam

objectives. When that happens, Sybex will post updates to its website. Visit www.wiley.com/go/cissp8e before you sit for the exam to make sure you have the latest information.

Study and Exam Preparation Tips We recommend planning for a month or so of nightly intensive study for the CISSP exam. Here are some suggestions to maximize your learning time; you can modify them as necessary based on your own learning habits:

Take one or two evenings to read each chapter in this book and work through its review material.

Answer all the review questions and take the practice exams provided in the book and in the test engine. Complete the written labs from each chapter, and use the review questions for each chapter to help guide you to topics for which more study or time

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spent working through key concepts and strategies might be beneficial.

Review the (ISC)2’s Exam Outline: www.isc2.org.

Use the flashcards included with the study tools to reinforce your understanding of concepts.

We recommend spending about half of your study time

reading and reviewing concepts and the other half taking practice exams. Students have reported that the more time they spent taking practice exams, the better they retained test topics. In addition to the practice tests with this Study Guide, Sybex also publishes (ISC)² CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Practice Tests, 2nd Edition (ISBN: 978-1-119- 47592-7). It contains 100 or more practice questions for each domain and four additional complete practice exams. Like this Study Guide, it also comes with an online version of the questions.

Completing the Certification Process Once you have been informed that you successfully passed the CISSP certification, there is one final step before you are actually awarded the CISSP certification. That final step is known as endorsement. Basically, this involves getting someone who is a CISSP, or other (ISC)2 certification holder, in good standing and familiar with your work history to submit an endorsement form on your behalf. The endorsement form is accessible through the email notifying you of your achievement in passing the exam. The endorser must review your résumé, ensure that you have sufficient experience in the eight CISSP domains, and then submit the signed form to (ISC)2 digitally or via fax or post mail. You must have submitted the endorsement files to (ISC)2 within 90 days after receiving the confirmation-of-passing email. Once (ISC)2 receives your endorsement form, the certification process will be completed and you will be sent a welcome packet via USPS.

http://www.isc2.org
Post-CISSP Concentrations (ISC)2 has three concentrations offered only to CISSP certificate holders. The (ISC)2 has taken the concepts introduced on the CISSP exam and focused on specific areas, namely, architecture, management, and engineering. These three concentrations are as follows:

Information Systems Security Architecture Professional (ISSAP) Aimed at those who specialize in information security architecture. Key domains covered here include access control systems and methodology; cryptography; physical security integration; requirements analysis and security standards, guidelines, and criteria; technology-related aspects of business continuity planning and disaster recovery planning; and telecommunications and network security. This is a credential for those who design security systems or infrastructure or for those who audit and analyze such structures.

Information Systems Security Management Professional (ISSMP) Aimed at those who focus on management of information security policies, practices, principles, and procedures. Key domains covered here include enterprise security management practices; enterprise-wide system development security; law, investigations, forensics, and ethics; oversight for operations security compliance; and understanding business continuity planning, disaster recovery planning, and continuity of operations planning. This is a credential for professionals who are responsible for security infrastructures, particularly where mandated compliance comes into the picture.

Information Systems Security Engineering Professional (ISSEP) Aimed at those who focus on the design and engineering of secure hardware and software information systems, components, or applications. Key domains covered include certification and accreditation, systems security engineering, technical management, and U.S. government information assurance rules and regulations. Most ISSEPs work for the U.S. government or for a government contractor that manages government security clearances.

For more details about these concentration exams and certifications,

please see the (ISC)2 website at www.isc2.org.

http://www.isc2.org
Notes on This Book’s Organization This book is designed to cover each of the eight CISSP Common Body of Knowledge domains in sufficient depth to provide you with a clear understanding of the material. The main body of this book comprises 21 chapters. The domain/chapter breakdown is as follows:

Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4: Security and Risk Management

Chapter 5: Asset Security

Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10: Security Architecture and Engineering

Chapters 11 and 12: Communication and Network Security

Chapters 13 and 14: Identity and Access Management (IAM)

Chapters 15: Security Assessment and Testing

Chapters 16, 17, 18, and 19: Security Operations

Chapters 20 and 21: Software Development Security

Each chapter includes elements to help you focus your studies and test your knowledge, detailed in the following sections. Note: please see the table of contents and chapter introductions for a detailed list of domain topics covered in each chapter.

The Elements of This Study Guide You’ll see many recurring elements as you read through this study guide. Here are descriptions of some of those elements:

Exam Essentials The Exam Essentials highlight topics that could appear on the exam in some form. While we obviously do not know exactly what will be included in a particular exam, this section reinforces significant concepts that are key to understanding the Common Body of Knowledge (CBK) area and the test specs for the CISSP exam.

Chapter Review Questions Each chapter includes practice questions that have been designed to measure your knowledge of key ideas that were discussed in the chapter. After you finish each chapter,

answer the questions; if some of your answers are incorrect, it’s an indication that you need to spend some more time studying the corresponding topics. The answers to the practice questions can be found at the end of each chapter.

Written Labs Each chapter includes written labs that synthesize various concepts and topics that appear in the chapter. These raise questions that are designed to help you put together various pieces you’ve encountered individually in the chapter and assemble them to propose or describe potential security strategies or solutions.

Real-World Scenarios As you work through each chapter, you’ll find descriptions of typical and plausible workplace situations where an understanding of the security strategies and approaches relevant to the chapter content could play a role in fixing problems or in fending off potential difficulties. This gives readers a chance to see how specific security policies, guidelines, or practices should or may be applied to the workplace.

Summaries The summary is a brief review of the chapter to sum up what was covered.

What’s Included with the Additional Study Tools Readers of this book can get access to a number of additional study tools. We worked really hard to provide some essential tools to help you with your certification process. All of the following gear should be loaded on your workstation when studying for the test.

Readers can get access to the following tools by visiting

www.wiley.com/go/cissptestprep.

The Sybex Test Preparation Software The test preparation software, made by experts at Sybex, prepares you for the CISSP exam. In this test engine, you will find all the review and assessment questions from the book plus additional bonus practice exams that are included with the study tools. You can take the

http://sybextestbanks.wiley.com
assessment test, test yourself by chapter, take the practice exams, or take a randomly generated exam comprising all the questions.

Electronic Flashcards Sybex’s electronic flashcards include hundreds of questions designed to challenge you further for the CISSP exam. Between the review questions, practice exams, and flashcards, you’ll have more than enough practice for the exam!

Glossary of Terms in PDF Sybex offers a robust glossary of terms in PDF format. This comprehensive glossary includes all of the key terms you should understand for the CISSP, in a searchable format.

Bonus Practice Exams Sybex includes bonus practice exams, each comprising questions meant to survey your understanding of key elements in the CISSP CBK. This book has six bonus exams, each comprising 150 questions to match the longest possible length of the real exam. These exams are available digitally at http://www.wiley.com/go/sybextestprep.

How to Use This Book’s Study Tools This book has a number of features designed to guide your study efforts for the CISSP certification exam. It assists you by listing at the beginning of each chapter the CISSP Common Body of Knowledge domain topics covered in the chapter and by ensuring that each topic is fully discussed within the chapter. The review questions at the end of each chapter and the practice exams are designed to test your retention of the material you’ve read to make sure you are aware of areas in which you should spend additional study time. Here are some suggestions for using this book and study tools (found at www.wiley.com/go/cissptestprep):

Take the assessment test before you start reading the material. This will give you an idea of the areas in which you need to spend additional study time as well as those areas in which you may just

http://sybextestbanks.wiley.com
http://sybextestbanks.wiley.com
need a brief refresher.

Answer the review questions after you’ve read each chapter; if you answer any incorrectly, go back to the chapter and review the topic, or utilize one of the additional resources if you need more information.

Download the flashcards to your mobile device, and review them when you have a few minutes during the day.

Take every opportunity to test yourself. In addition to the assessment test and review questions, there are bonus practice exams included with the additional study tools. Take these exams without referring to the chapters and see how well you’ve done—go back and review any topics you’ve missed until you fully understand and can apply the concepts.

Finally, find a study partner if possible. Studying for, and taking, the exam with someone else will make the process more enjoyable, and you’ll have someone to help you understand topics that are difficult for you. You’ll also be able to reinforce your own knowledge by helping your study partner in areas where they are weak.

Assessment Test 1. Which of the following types of access control seeks to discover

evidence of unwanted, unauthorized, or illicit behavior or activity?

A. Preventive

B. Deterrent

C. Detective

D. Corrective

2. Define and detail the aspects of password selection that distinguish good password choices from ultimately poor password choices.

A. Difficult to guess or unpredictable

B. Meet minimum length requirements

C. Meet specific complexity requirements

D. All of the above

3. Which of the following is most likely to detect DoS attacks?

A. Host-based IDS

B. Network-based IDS

C. Vulnerability scanner

D. Penetration testing

4. Which of the following is considered a denial-of-service attack?

A. Pretending to be a technical manager over the phone and asking a receptionist to change their password

B. While surfing the Web, sending to a web server a malformed URL that causes the system to consume 100 percent of the CPU

C. Intercepting network traffic by copying the packets as they pass through a specific subnet

D. Sending message packets to a recipient who did not request

them simply to be annoying

5. At which layer of the OSI model does a router operate?

A. Network layer

B. Layer 1

C. Transport layer

D. Layer 5

6. Which type of firewall automatically adjusts its filtering rules based on the content of the traffic of existing sessions?

A. Static packet filtering

B. Application-level gateway

C. Circuit level gateway

D. Dynamic packet filtering

7. A VPN can be established over which of the following?

A. Wireless LAN connection

B. Remote access dial-up connection

C. WAN link

D. All of the above

8. What type of malware uses social engineering to trick a victim into installing it?

A. Viruses

B. Worms

C. Trojan horse

D. Logic bomb

9. The CIA Triad comprises what elements?

A. Contiguousness, interoperable, arranged

B. Authentication, authorization, accountability

C. Capable, available, integral

D. Availability, confidentiality, integrity

10. Which of the following is not a required component in the support of accountability?

A. Auditing

B. Privacy

C. Authentication

D. Authorization

11. Which of the following is not a defense against collusion?

A. Separation of duties

B. Restricted job responsibilities

C. Group user accounts

D. Job rotation

12. A data custodian is responsible for securing resources after ______________________ has assigned the resource a security label.

A. Senior management

B. The data owner

C. An auditor

D. Security staff

13. In what phase of the Capability Maturity Model for Software (SW- CMM) are quantitative measures utilized to gain a detailed understanding of the software development process?

A. Repeatable

B. Defined

C. Managed

D. Optimizing

14. Which one of the following is a layer of the ring protection scheme that is not normally implemented in practice?

A. Layer 0

B. Layer 1

C. Layer 3

D. Layer 4

15. What is the last phase of the TCP/IP three-way handshake sequence?

A. SYN packet

B. ACK packet

C. NAK packet

D. SYN/ACK packet

16. Which one of the following vulnerabilities would best be countered by adequate parameter checking?

A. Time of check to time of use

B. Buffer overflow

C. SYN flood

D. Distributed denial of service

17. What is the value of the logical operation shown here?

X: 0 1 1 0 1 0

Y: 0 0 1 1 0 1

_________________

X ∨ Y: ?

A. 0 1 1 1 1 1

B. 0 1 1 0 1 0

C. 0 0 1 0 0 0

D. 0 0 1 1 0 1

18. In what type of cipher are the letters of the plain-text message rearranged to form the cipher text?

A. Substitution cipher

B. Block cipher

C. Transposition cipher

D. Onetime pad

19. What is the length of a message digest produced by the MD5 algorithm?

A. 64 bits

B. 128 bits

C. 256 bits

D. 384 bits

20. If Renee receives a digitally signed message from Mike, what key does she use to verify that the message truly came from Mike?

A. Renee’s public key

B. Renee’s private key

C. Mike’s public key

D. Mike’s private key

21. Which of the following is not a composition theory related to security models?

A. Cascading

B. Feedback

C. Iterative

D. Hookup

22. The collection of components in the TCB that work together to implement reference monitor functions is called the ______________________ .

A. Security perimeter

B. Security kernel

C. Access matrix

D. Constrained interface

23. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The less complex a system, the more vulnerabilities it has.

B. The more complex a system, the less assurance it provides.

C. The less complex a system, the less trust it provides.

D. The more complex a system, the less attack surface it generates.

24. Ring 0, from the design architecture security mechanism known as protection rings, can also be referred to as all but which of the following?

A. Privileged mode

B. Supervisory mode

C. System mode

D. User mode

25. Audit trails, logs, CCTV, intrusion detection systems, antivirus software, penetration testing, password crackers, performance monitoring, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) are examples of what?

A. Directive controls

B. Preventive controls

C. Detective controls

D. Corrective controls

26. System architecture, system integrity, covert channel analysis, trusted facility management, and trusted recovery are elements of what security criteria?

A. Quality assurance

B. Operational assurance

C. Lifecycle assurance

D. Quantity assurance

27. Which of the following is a procedure designed to test and perhaps bypass a system’s security controls?

A. Logging usage data

B. War dialing

C. Penetration testing

D. Deploying secured desktop workstations

28. Auditing is a required factor to sustain and enforce what?

A. Accountability

B. Confidentiality

C. Accessibility

D. Redundancy

29. What is the formula used to compute the ALE?

A. ALE = AV * EF * ARO

B. ALE = ARO * EF

C. ALE = AV * ARO

D. ALE = EF * ARO

30. What is the first step of the business impact assessment process?

A. Identification of priorities

B. Likelihood assessment

C. Risk identification

D. Resource prioritization

31. Which of the following represent natural events that can pose a threat or risk to an organization?

A. Earthquake

B. Flood

C. Tornado

D. All of the above

32. What kind of recovery facility enables an organization to resume operations as quickly as possible, if not immediately, upon failure of the primary facility?

A. Hot site

B. Warm site

C. Cold site

D. All of the above

33. What form of intellectual property is used to protect words, slogans, and logos?

A. Patent

B. Copyright

C. Trademark

D. Trade secret

34. What type of evidence refers to written documents that are brought into court to prove a fact?

A. Best evidence

B. Payroll evidence

C. Documentary evidence

D. Testimonial evidence

35. Why are military and intelligence attacks among the most serious computer crimes?

A. The use of information obtained can have far-reaching detrimental strategic effects on national interests in an enemy’s hands.

B. Military information is stored on secure machines, so a successful attack can be embarrassing.

C. The long-term political use of classified information can impact a country’s leadership.

D. The military and intelligence agencies have ensured that the

laws protecting their information are the most severe.

36. What type of detected incident allows the most time for an investigation?

A. Compromise

B. Denial of service

C. Malicious code

D. Scanning

37. If you want to restrict access into or out of a facility, which would you choose?

A. Gate

B. Turnstile

C. Fence

D. Mantrap

38. What is the point of a secondary verification system?

A. To verify the identity of a user

B. To verify the activities of a user

C. To verify the completeness of a system

D. To verify the correctness of a system

39. Spamming attacks occur when numerous unsolicited messages are sent to a victim. Because enough data is sent to the victim to prevent legitimate activity, it is also known as what?

A. Sniffing

B. Denial of service

C. Brute-force attack

D. Buffer overflow attack

40. Which type of intrusion detection system (IDS) can be considered an expert system?

A. Host-based

B. Network-based

C. Knowledge-based

D. Behavior-based

Answers to Assessment Test 1. C. Detective access controls are used to discover (and document)

unwanted or unauthorized activity.

2. D. Strong password choices are difficult to guess, unpredictable, and of specified minimum lengths to ensure that password entries cannot be computationally determined. They may be randomly generated and utilize all the alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation characters; they should never be written down or shared; they should not be stored in publicly accessible or generally readable locations; and they shouldn’t be transmitted in the clear.

3. B. Network-based IDSs are usually able to detect the initiation of an attack or the ongoing attempts to perpetrate an attack (including denial of service, or DoS). They are, however, unable to provide information about whether an attack was successful or which specific systems, user accounts, files, or applications were affected. Host-based IDSs have some difficulty with detecting and tracking down DoS attacks. Vulnerability scanners don’t detect DoS attacks; they test for possible vulnerabilities. Penetration testing may cause a DoS or test for DoS vulnerabilities, but it is not a detection tool.

4. B. Not all instances of DoS are the result of a malicious attack. Errors in coding OSs, services, and applications have resulted in DoS conditions. Some examples of this include a process failing to release control of the CPU or a service consuming system resources out of proportion to the service requests it is handling. Social engineering and sniffing are typically not considered DoS attacks.

5. A. Network hardware devices, including routers, function at layer 3, the Network layer.

6. D. Dynamic packet-filtering firewalls enable the real-time modification of the filtering rules based on traffic content.