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Family theories foundations and applications pdf

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FAMILY THEORIES FOUNDATIONS AND APPLICATIONS


KATHERINE R. ALLEN AND ANGELA C. HENDERSON


Family Theories


Family Theories


Foundations and Applications


Katherine R. Allen and Angela C. Henderson


This edition first published 2017 © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Inc.


Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK


Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK


For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.


The right of Katherine R. Allen and Angela C. Henderson to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.


All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.


Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.


Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.


Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.


Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for.


9780470673409 [paperback]


A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.


Cover image: Gettyimages / © Jorg Greuel


Set in 10/12pt Bembo by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India


1 2017


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http://www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell

To Katherine’s family of origin: Jack, Betty, Beth, John, Dan, and Doug


and


To Angie’s family of origin: Bev, LaVerne, Brad, and Chris


Contents


Acknowledgments viii About the Website ix


1 What Is Theory? 1


2 Functionalist Theory 20


3 Conflict Theory 41


4 Symbolic Interactionist Theory 61


5 Family Developmental Theory 82


6 Family Systems Theory 103


7 Social Exchange Theory 124


8 Feminist Theory 145


9 Life Course Theory 166


10 Family Ecological Theory 187


11 Family Stress and Resilience Theory 209


12 Conclusion 230


Glossary 243 Index 249


Acknowledgments


This book has been a pleasure to write. Our shared passion for theory has developed into a seamless col- laboration, where our strengths and interests enhance one another. We also share a passion for guiding students in the discovery process of linking theory, research, and application as family scholars and practi- tioners. Our goal is to reveal how understanding the- ory and being able to theorize are essential qualities for a life well lived.Surely,we have benefited from this journey in theory, and we sincerely hope that readers will as well.


Speaking of our readers, we acknowledge that we wrote this book by keeping in the forefront the thou- sands of students we have taught in our collective 30- plus years as educators. Our students have taught us many lessons about the value of theory in the sci- entific enterprise and the excitement in learning to understand and use it effectively. We have also kept in mind our peers who teach students about theory and theorizing. It is encouraging to know that there are many other educators who share our interest in the- ory and our commitment to sharing this knowledge with students.


We have many individuals to thank for their schol- arly and editorial contributions to this book. First, Brandy Renee McCann, who initially was one of the authors of this book until family responsibilities required her attention, was instrumental in develop- ing the proposal for the book and drafting one of the early chapters. We thank Brandy for generously shar- ing her expertise in the development of the project. Second, several undergraduate and graduate students at Virginia Tech provided insightful feedback about the initial chapters we wrote: Emma Potter, Katie


Barrow, and Lauren Byrd. In the later stages of com- pleting the book, Erin Lavender-Stott was our trusted reader. Erin read every chapter and all of the sup- plemental materials, diligently offering her excellent assistance. Third, we humbly thank our anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments and critiques of the manuscript, each of which helped make this book better. We especially thank Fiona Tasker for her many helpful suggestions. Fourth, the Wiley edito- rial teams with whom we have worked have been a wonderful resource for the book. From the very beginning, when Julia Teweles invited us to write the book and shepherded the work through its first stages, we have felt we are in expert hands. We have also benefited from the thoughtful feedback and timely editorial advice we have received from Deirdre Ilkson, Julia Kirk, Haze Humbert, Mark Graney, and Sue Leigh. Ann Bone and Allison Kostka, in particu- lar, have guided us through the final stages with such patience and skill. We are grateful to all of these indi- viduals who have helped us along the way.


The process of learning to utilize theory began with our own family theory teachers. Robert Pickett and Colleen Johnson ignited Katherine’s pas- sion for family theory in graduate school at Syracuse University. Charlotte Dunham and Jill Suitor both fueled Angie’s interests in family theories during her graduate coursework and writing her dissertation.


Finally, we thank our families, Jeff Burr and Matt Special, and Jimmy, Owen, Cameron and Cora Henderson,who enrich our lives and provide the pri- vate testing ground for theorizing about intimate life. We thank them beyond measure for walking with us on this journey every step of the way.


About the Website


www.wiley.com/go/allen


The Family Theories:Foundations and Applications com- panion website features instructor resources created by the authors to help you use this book in college and university courses.


� Criteria for Evaluating Family Theories � Sample Syllabus for Family Theories Course


� Sample Syllabus for Sociology of Family Course (Online)


� Test Bank: Multiple Choice and Essay Questions � Test Bank:Answers to Multiple Choice Questions � Glossary


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1


What Is Theory?


You are probably familiar with Apple’s phrase “There’s an app for that!” – it is one we use often in modern society to refer to the ways in which our smartphones, tablets, and other electronic devices can help us be more efficient, more creative, and better at what we do. “Apps” help us problem solve, help us think in dif- ferent ways about our everyday lives, our friends, our families, and our social calendars. They help us put it all into a manageable, knowable format that provides a framework for understanding our daily lives.


You may ask yourself why we are beginning our theory text with a discussion of electronic applications. A theory – or a set of ideas – serves as a framework for understanding the world around us. The social science theories that we describe in this text can be applied, tested, and even revised over time in order to fit the changing social world. This text presents you with 10 theories of family; 10 unique ways to look at the world, to help you, as a student, better understand how to look at and solve problems that you will face in your profession someday.As a practitioner,how will you make sense of the dynamics of the families you are serving? How will you make an informed deci- sion about how to provide services, inform policy, or conduct research on changing family dynamics? As an example, consider that you are charged with devel- oping state policies to make the Family and Medi- cal Leave Act of 1993 (2006) more accessible to very diverse working- and middle-class families. As a pol- icymaker, you will need to know the demographic trends that show just how diverse families are in mod- ern society: there are blended families, single parents, same-sex partnerships, grandparents raising grand- children, and many more variations. Contemporary


society tends to be pluralistic, which means we have a heterogeneous population made up of different gen- ders, racial-ethnic groups, religions, sexual orienta- tions, and social classes. You need to be aware of how each of these characteristics intersects to create advan- tage or disadvantage for your clients. You need to be aware of barriers that prevent working-class families from using family policies because they cannot afford to. You need to be aware of historical data, so you can consider what has and has not worked. You need to be able to think outside the box – question the status quo – so that you can develop new, innovative poli- cies for today’s changing families. In sum, you need an “app” for that.


Theory – as we present it in this text – is your app. Theories help you be a problem solver, an informed researcher, an effective educator, program director, nurse, social worker, or therapist with a unique per- spective to be able to work through problems and solve them with forethought that will set you apart. We want your theoretical mind to be actively engaged at all times, so that when you are tasked with problem solving in your profession, you are able to tackle the problem with the applicability that theory offers to your profession.


When it comes time for you to utilize your theo- retical knowledge in the everyday world,we want you to be able to say “There’s a theory for that!” – a the- ory that will help you look at the problem through a critical lens. Knowing theory means you are able to access multiple data points – you are familiar with larger trends and patterns that help explain social insti- tutions and social injustice. Theoretical minds are also familiar with how the theory has informed research;


Family Theories: Foundations and Applications, First Edition. Katherine R. Allen and Angela C. Henderson. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


2 what is theory?


for instance,we are able to study families on a macro- level by analyzing larger patterns in society, such as rates of marriage, fertility, and divorce.Using a macro- level of analysis, we can examine patterns of behavior on a large scale: How is socioeconomic status (SES) related to marital patterns, fertility, and divorce? Do middle- and upper-class individuals wait to get mar- ried until they are older, compared to working-class individuals? In addition, studying families through a theoretical lens can also be done at the micro-level, by analyzing phenomena more closely, in smaller doses. For example, a micro-level of analysis would frame questions about social class and marriage much dif- ferently: instead of large-scale patterns, we would be interested in finding out what the meaning of marriage is for individuals from different social class backgrounds. We could also explore each partner’s perceptions of what an “ideal” spouse is, based on their SES. Has the “ideal” changed over time? Does the description of an ideal spouse depend on gender? What about whether or not the partnership is lesbian, gay,or heterosexual? Theories give us a framework for understanding each and every one of those intersect- ing factors – on multiple levels – as we work with and study families.

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