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Class of things to which a defined word belongs

Logical definition:

Also called “real definition” by Richard Robinson.

Attempts to analyze things in the real world, as distinguished from words

Chief preoccupation of philosophers

Socrates explores the meaning of virtue and truth, seeking not to define the words but to understand the concepts that underlie them and the ways that people interact with these concepts.

Difference between a lexical definition and a logical definition

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ENG 310: Lexicography

Lexical definition:

Also called “nominal definition”, the definition of words.

Has also been a concern of philosophers.

E.g. child: a person who is young or whose relation to another person is that of a son or daughter.

Difference between a lexical definition and a logical definition

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ENG 310: Lexicography

3- the word defined (definiendum) must be identified by genus and differentia.

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The word must first be defined according to the class of things to which it belongs, and then distinguished from all other things within that class.

According to Aristotle, words must first be defined by genus and then differentia.

child: a person who is young or whose relation to another person is that of a son or daughter.

A definition be equivalent to or capture the essence of the thing defined.

That the definiendum not be included in any form among the words used to define it.

The definition be positive rather than negative.

Traditional Rules of Lexical Definition

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ENG 310: Lexicography

Paying attention to readers needs

Philosophers don’t.

Lexicographers do. Generally speaking, lexicographers define words based on what is most useful to the user.

Philosophers vs. Lexicographers p.154

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ENG 310: Lexicography

Lexicographers have readers in mind. Philosophers are concerned with the internal coherence of their system of definitions.

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C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards Ladislav Zgusta

Process of defining (kinds of meaning) p.154

Symbol

(word)

Referent

(thing)

Thought/ Reference

Expression

(form of word)

Designatum

(our perception of the class of thing)

Denotatum/ referent

(thing)

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ENG 310: Lexicography

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All words within a definition must be explained.

The lexical definition should not contain words “more difficult to understand” than the word defined.

The defined word may not be used in its definition, nor may derivations or combinations of the defined word unless they are separately defined. (but one part-of-speech may be used to define another if all senses have been defined)

The definition must correspond to the part-of-speech of the word defined.

Zgusta’s principles of defining

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ENG 310: Lexicography

-Avoid circularity

Forms of circularity in dictionary definitions:

When one defines A in terms of B and B in terms of A