Harmonic distortion in power amplifier

University of Babylon/College Of Engineering Electrochemical Engineering Dept.Second Stage /Thermodynamics 1Generalizationcorrelations of gasesEquations of state that express Z as function of Trand Prare said to be generalized because of their applicab ility for all gases, and an alternative to the use of an equation is a graph Z vs. Pr.Generalized chart can be prepared from generalized equationAlternatively , the isotherms may be drawn to provide the best fit toexperimental PVTdata for various gasesAdvantages of generalized correlation arethat allow to prediction of property values from very limited information.1-Pitzer Correlations for the Compressibility FactorExperimental observations showZ = f(Tr, Pr) for different fluids, andThis is the basis for the two-parameter theorem of correspondingstates:All fluids, when compared at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure, have approximately the same compressibility factor, and all deviate from ideal-gas behaviorto about the same degree.Although this theorem is very nearly exact for the simple fluids (Ar, Kr, andXe) systematic deviations are observed for more complex fluids. Appreciable improvement results from introduction of a third corresponding-states parameter, characteristic of molecularstructure.The definition of makes its value zero for argon, krypton, and xenon, and experimentaldata yield compressibility factors for all three fluids that are correlated by the same curveswhenZ is represented as a function of Trand Pr. This is the basic premise of the followingthree-parameter theorem of corresponding states:All fluids having the same value of , when compared at the same Trand Prhave about the same value of Z, and all deviate from ideal-gas behavior to about the same degree.Themost popular such parameter is the acentric factor , introduced by K. S. Pitzerand coworkers.Where for pure chemical species defined with reference to its vapor pressure Pitzer noted that all vapor-pressure data for the simple fluids (Ar, Kr,Xe) lie on the same line when plotted as log PrSatvs.1/Trand that the line passes throughlog PrSat= -1.0 at Tr= 0.7.
University of Babylon/College Of Engineering Electrochemical Engineering Dept.Second Stage /Thermodynamics 2rSatrTbaPlogrepresent a straight line At critical point Tr= Pr= 1baba10rrrTaTaaP11logConsider (a)a third variable and represent acentric factor Where 7.0)log(1rTrPAnd this is true for Z = f( Tr,Pr,) And this lead to ZZZWhere Z ○is the case for simple fluids and Z ○becomes identical with Z.And by use figures ( 3-12) and ( 3-13) to estimate Z ○and figures ( 3-14) and ( 3-15) to estimate Z ( J.M. Smith ,Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics,4thEd.,1987 McGraw-Hill).The uses of these figures as below 3-12 for generalized correlation Z ○, Pr< 1.03-13 for generalized correlation Z ○, Pr> 1.03-14 for generalized correlation Z , Pr< 1.03-15 for generalized correlation Z , Pr< 1.0Pitzercorrelation provide reliable results for gases which are nonpolar or only slightly polar ; for these errors of no more than 2-3 % are indicated.A disadvantage