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3b/2020 EWB Challenge Brief_CfAT Cape York-2.docx
2020 EWB

Challenge

Design Brief

Centre for

Appropriate

Technology

Cape York

The 2020 EWB Challenge is delivered in partnership

with the Centre for Appropriate Technology (CfAT),

an Aboriginal and Torres-Strait Islander controlled not-for-

profit organisation which ‘exists to support people in regional

and remote Australia in the choices they make in order to

maintain their relationship with Country’

1

. EWB Challenge

project briefs explore appropriate technology which supports

Traditional Owners living and thriving on homelands and

outstations, with a focus on CfAT’s work with communities in

the Cape York region of Far North Queensland.

Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) and CfAT have

collaborated on the design and delivery of appropriate,

enabling infrastructure and technology since 2008, beginning

with the delivery of the ‘Bentinck Island Bathroom Blitz’

project. This project involved university-affiliated volunteers

and staff from corporate partner organisations working

alongside community members to design and build an

ablutions block from recycled building material on a remote

island in the gulf of Carpentaria.

Since then, CfAT and EWB have collaborated on several other

community-based design and construction projects, from

ranger bases to water supply infrastructure.

In 2011, EWB and CfAT won a Queensland Reconciliation

Award for the unique community-corporate partnership

model behind these projects.

Delivery of the 2020 EWB Challenge program sits

within a broad, values-aligned partnership between

organisations which brings together a number of EWB

and CfAT program areas and stakeholders. In addition

to supporting CfAT’s current and future projects,

the 2020 EWB Challenge project brief scoping process,

supporting resources developed, and student ideas generated

will inform and support EWB’s work in the Engineering on

Country space more broadly.

Introduction

EWB Challenge Design Brief

2020

1

https://cfat.org.au/who-we-are

As you learn more about EWB and CfAT, you’ll recognise the

importance of a place-based design approach and working

alongside community members through the development

of a project. While students and academics do not engage

face-to-face with community members while working through

EWB Challenge projects, a community-centred, place-based

approach is manifested in the EWB Challenge process through

the following steps:

1.

A Design Brief is developed by the

EWB Challenge team through meaningful

community participation and based

on decades of CfAT’s own community

engagement. The Brief ensures students

design ideas are founded on addressing

community-identified priorities

2.

Within their university course,

students use the resources provided

along with academic literature,

(

publicly available reports, case

studies and other reference material)

to take a human-centred approach to

research, innovation, and the

generation of new insights in response

to a project identified in the EWB

Challenge Design Brief

3.

The ideas, research, and resources

developed through the EWB Challenge

are shared back via EWB and CfAT and

investigated for further development and

future implementation

2020

EWB Challenge Design Brief

After the EWB Challenge in

Universities

The EWB Challenge is an open-ended learning experience.

The breadth and depth of design is left to individual

universities and design teams to scope within the context

of the submission recommendations. Design ideas which

consider links between the individual project areas listed

in the design brief are welcome.

All student submissions provided to EWB Australia through

the EWB Challenge Program will be shared with CfAT to

support their work with communities.

While the focus of this EWB Challenge project brief is

the Cape York region, note CfAT is also interested in

exploring how top ideas might be applied more broadly to

their work with communities across remote areas of

Australia. The design challenge projects in this Design Brief

tend to have broad applicability across remote Indigenous

communities, considering the unique technical challenges

that exist. Workshops and conversations at the end of 2020

will investigate what innovative design ideas might be

most relevant to pursue, as well as the most appropriate

pathway to further development.

EWB Australia acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of Country throughout Australia and recognise their

continuing connection to land, waters, culture and community. We pay our respects to them, their cultures and their

land; to Elders both past & present; and to emerging leaders. We recognise that Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander

peoples never ceded sovereignty of what we call Australia.

Your role through the EWB

Challenge

The 2020 EWB Challenge projects and supporting resources

were developed through a scoping process which explored,

compiled, then distilled an outline of priority issues and

opportunities as identified by CfAT staff and the communities

they work with. You will be working with the outputs of that

scoping process in your course, which include this Design

Brief and the EWB Challenge website resources.

You are encouraged to dive deep into the context of remote

Indigenous homelands as you develop your design concept.

Utilise the resources available to you to immerse yourself in

the environment and culture in which your project is situated,

and to start to uncover the opportunities and challenges that

will influence your proposal. By taking the time to understand

the broad context that your projects sits within, you will

develop an idea that is not only technically feasible, but

relevant and exciting for your stakeholders!

It is vitally important that you engage appropriately when

working on your EWB Challenge project and respect the time

and privacy of community members in Cape York.

The EWB Challenge team works with partner staff and

communities to develop resources so that you can be

human-centred and place-based in your approach without

having to contact communities directly. Please use these

resources to the best of your ability and ask your academic

team or the EWB Challenge discussion forum for support

if you are looking for more ideas or guidance.

Under no

circumstances are students to contact community

members or project stakeholders in Cape York.

2

2

Contents

EWB’s Approach to Working on Country

5

About the Centre for Appropriate Technology

7

Thinking About Indigenous Homelands & the Cape York Peninsula

10

Design Area 1: Transport & Access

13

Design Area 2: ICT

16

Design Area 3: Structures

18

Design Area 4: Energy

20

Design Area 5: Water Management

22

Design Area 6: Waste & Reuse

24

Design Area 7: Conservation & Land Management

26

Design Considerations

28

Further Resources

30

2020 EWB Challenge Design Brief

4

2020 EWB Challenge Design Brief

4

2020 EWB Challenge Design Brief

4

Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) aims to ensure that everyone in Australia has access to the engineering knowledge and resources required to live a life of opportunity, free from poverty.

Our Engineering on Country program works to increase Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ capability to live safely and productively on Country and pursue their community aspirations, through improved access to engineering, technology and infrastructure.

Since 2009, EWB Australia has worked with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Queensland, the Northern Territory, and Western Australia on a range of community-identified projects. These have mostly taken place through long-term partnerships developed directly with communities and, since 2014, through the EWB Connect pro bono program.

EWB takes a community-centred approach to bridge self-identified gaps in access to community health, wellbeing and opportunity.

We work with communities to design and provide access to appropriate and sustainable community infrastructure, which can include water & sanitation facilities, energy systems, housing, and other community infrastructure and services that improve people’s quality of life and their ability to pursue education, employment or income generating opportunities. We also work with communities to help design solutions that enable cultural connection, and the ability for people to live on Country and care for Country.

The focus of the Engineering on Country program is on sustained engagement to build strong relationships and best practice models, strategically deploying people to achieve long-term impact through knowledge sharing and the application of engineering knowledge and resources.

EWB’s approach to

working on Country

We also focus on building the capabilities of the engineering sector, to ensure that more high-quality engineering, infrastructure and technology-based projects are delivered through a community-centred approach, creating the strongest possible social outcomes and community empowerment.

We do this through a variety of mechanisms, including:

· Community visioning: facilitating co-design processes and community visioning to support our community partners to identify their priorities and needs. This ensures communities have a shared vision and agreed roadmap for how they will lead the process.

· Community partnerships: strengthening the capacity of our partner organisations to access or deliver peoplecentred engineering and technology outcomes. This can include professional secondments, capacity building and/or mentoring.

· Pro bono projects: providing and brokering pro bono engineering and professional services to communities. Often, this will support communities at the feasibility or concept design stage of a project, in order to provide the necessary technical resources for the community partner to progress with capital raising, funding applications or contracting for the project implementation.

· Research and Development: creating new knowledge and approaches in engineering innovation and technology to benefit remote communities and develop appropriate technologies.

· Professional skills development: building the skills of the engineering sector to ensure more projects deliver strong social outcomes and community empowerment.

Read more about EWB Australia’s Engineering

On Country strategy in the 2018/2019 EWB Australia

Annual Report

The EWB Australia and CfAT Partnership
EWB has partnered with the Centre for Appropriate Technology in Queensland for over 10 years.

The Centre for Appropriate Technology (CfAT) is an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander controlled business that supports people in regional and remote Australia in the choices they make in order to maintain their relationship with Country. CfAT achieve this by providing solutions to infrastructure challenges that people face in maintaining their relationship with Country, primarily: reliable power, water supply, digital connectivity, built infrastructure,

EWB works with CfAT in Cape York to leverage the assets of both organisations to deliver appropriate, sustainable and manageable infrastructure and services to remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Northern Queensland.

Specific partnership activities include:

· Access to Energy – exploring and developing self- reliant models including community enterprise and impact investing;

· Appropriate Technology development – appropriating technology to make it more suitable for Indigenous communities for sustainable livelihoods on Country;

· Land-use planning – supporting Ranger programs and the Healthy Country Planning process with appropriate enabling infrastructure; and

· Specific community infrastructure support projects.

You can see a video of a previous project undertaken by Bana Yarralji Bubu Corporation, EWB, CfAT and our partners here:

training and skills development.

Shipton’s Flat project video .

Given CfAT is a key stakeholder, your EWB Challenge design project will benefit from embedding an understanding of the organisation’s approaches and values. You are encouraged to think about how your proposal, from technical design to proposed implementation mechanisms, might align with CfAT ways of working and the key considerations outlined here.

About the Centre for Appropriate Technology website, ‘Our Story’
Why we exist:

CfAT Ltd exists to support people in regional and remote Australia in the choices they make in order to maintain their relationship with Country. Maintaining a relationship with Country may include a desire to live on Country, visit Country, develop Country for economic benefit or protect Country. We achieve this by providing solutions to infrastructure challenges that people face in maintaining their relationship with Country, primarily: reliable power, water supply, digital connectivity, built infrastructure, training and skills development.

Our vision:

Sustainable and enterprising communities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People underpinned by appropriate ‘fit for purpose’ technology.

Our mission:

About the Centrefor

AppropriateTechnology

Through their unique knowledge of and engagement with remote people and place CfAT delivers practical, integrated project design, technical innovation, training and infrastructure products and services – supporting livelihoods and growth in economic opportunities across remote areas.

Our history:

CfAT was born from and has been instrumental in the history of the Indigenous Homelands Movement. The Homelands Movement is a product of the Indigenous land rights movement that saw Australian First Nations people exert their rights to self-determination on their own traditional Country. CfAT was launched in 1980 to support this post colonisation movement back to Country, with the appropriate technology to make life comfortable, safer and more sustainable. You can read about CfAT’s long history in the book “Alternative Interventions” complied in 2014.

CfAT is most renown for its ground breaking and multiaward winning work with the Bushlight Renewable energy program designing and building over 130 remote standalone solar power systems in remote indigenous homelands. In 2011 CfAT won the Sir William Hudson Engineering Excellence award for humanitarian engineering for taking the Bushlight program to India.

Ekistica
Building on CfAT’s renewable energy capabilities built by the Bushlight program, in 2007 CfAT’s board established Australia’s first fully Indigenous owner engineering company. Ekistica (formerly CAT Projects) is a highly successful profit for purpose full spectrum Engineering Consultancy specialising in renewable energy. Ekistica is 100% owned by CfAT, returning its profits to support CfAT’s mission. Ekistica provides a professional engineering foundation that often provides technical support CfAT work in Indigenous communities.

Values and approaches to consider
Over decades working with Aboriginal and Torres

Strait Islander communities across Australia, CfAT has developed and consistently demonstrated core values-based ways of working. Diving into CfAT project case studies, newsletters, other publicly available resources will support your understanding of key ways of working you might embed in your proposal.

Co-designed and place-based
CfAT places authentic participatory engagement with community at the core of their work. Community members are the experts on what ‘success’ and many of the solutions look like for projects on Country, as well as what living comfortably on Country means for them.

● Read more about the importance of and CfAT’s approach to community engagement
To Learn More

· Listen: to Peter Renehan, Chairperson for the Centre for Appropriate Technology provide a short background to the organisation and what engineers should consider when working with Indigenous communities

· Read: Centre for Appropriate Technology,

‘Community Planning with the Lama Lama People’

· Explore: Centre for Appropriate Technology

Strategic Plan 2016-21

Community members also have valuable understanding of what will and won’t work when it comes to projects on their land. Healthy Country Planning is an example of an Indigenous community-focused participatory planning process that is based on achieving conservation outcomes. Well-designed, genuine involvement of communities across a project is also rooted in an understanding of different stakeholders along with how and when they need to be included in conversations or decision-making to move a project forward to a meaningful and sustainable outcome.

● Read more about what ‘Community Involvement’ principles and examples in Section A1 of the National Indigenous Infrastructure Guide

Enabling infrastructure and innovation to support self-reliance on Country
Given the remote locations of many communities CfAT works with, it is extremely beneficial when projects can be built, maintained and sustained locally. Many ‘standard’ infrastructure solutions are either unaffordable or require a niche level of technical skill which is challenging to access. CfAT works with communities to innovate infrastructure solutions that provide the same function whilst being more affordable and easier to build, maintain and sustain. This is supplemented by capacity building to transfer the knowledge and skills required to operate and maintain solutions. A critical component of project design is ensuring that technical knowledge is communicated clearly. A ‘technically appropriate’ solution may actually be entirely inappropriate for a community context if it is unnecessarily complex and therefore inaccessible.

Great examples of accessible knowledge sharing are the BushTechs available on the CfAT website.

“Humanitarian engineering is not necessarily just designing or providing a solution but providing information in a clear and concise way, translating it from engineering speak into community speak across cultures and across technical abilities”

Andre Grant, CfAT Queensland Regional Manager

Thinking about

Indigenous

Homelands & the

Cape York Peninsula

This year’s EWB Challenge project briefs explore appropriate technology to support Traditional Owners living and thriving on homelands and outstations, with a focus on CfAT’s work with communities in the Cape York region of Far North Queensland.

The Centre for Appropriate Technology was established from a need to support Traditional Owners returning to Country after land, which was never ceded, began to be formally returned to Indigenous communities by the Australian government. Today, CfAT continues to work with communities across the Cape York Peninsula, as well as other parts of remote Australia, to develop enabling infrastructure which is appropriate to remote contexts.

Land Tenure on Cape York
Through the 1990s and 2000s, via legislation such as the Aboriginal Land Act 1991 and Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007, the process of recognising Traditional Owners and returning land rights across Cape York moved forward. From 2007, the Cape York Tenure Resolution Program set the stage for the current state of land tenure and environmental management on the Cape York Peninsula. The Australian government began purchasing existing pastoral leases and negotiating with Indigenous communities recognised as Traditional Owners to determine how the land might be returned and divided for different uses in line with conservation goals. This program set the stage for land management under Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs) which addressed key types of land tenure:

· Aboriginal freehold is land which may be used for any purpose provided there is compliance with all relevant laws.

· Jointly-managed National Park known as CYPAL,

‘Cape York Peninsula Aboriginal Land’ unique to Cape

York. This land is managed jointly by Traditional

Owners and government departments through Indigenous Management Agreements (IMAs) to achieve conservation outcomes.

· Nature refuges managed under a Conservation

Agreement associated with the Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld) - land which is not national park but has significant conservation value and will be managed as such.

Some government funding is available through Indigenous Management Agreements (IMAs) for National Park maintenance and associated activities such as ranger programs. Follow the links provided at the end of this section to learn more about the background of land transfer and current management on Cape York.

Living on and Managing Country
Many of the remote Indigenous homelands on Cape York are former cattle stations which were purchased by the Australian government and then restored to the Aboriginal communities who are the Traditional Owners of this land. In many cases, before a transfer of ownership the cattle station land would see little to no investment, maintenance, or be stripped of assets. Traditional Owners would be required to address existing infrastructure deficiencies before being able to move back onto and manage Country.

Look around an example of a former cattle station recently returned to Traditional Owners
Decades of cattle farming has also disrupted natural ecosystems and means those moving back onto the land may be challenged to live sustainably on Country as their ancestors did for 10,000’s of years. Many traditional livelihood strategies are no longer viable.

A common vision CfAT staff hear articulated across many Indigenous communities is that of access to Country through basic infrastructure and an ability for some, especially elders, to live on Country. The refurbishment of cattle stations and establishment of ranger bases are also common goals that provide a great foundation for access to Country.

Land management activities which take place on Country can be linked to the concept of ‘ecosystem services’, in that traditional land management tasks support entire ecosystems to thrive and deliver key requirements such as clean air, biodiversity, and healthy forests.

Indigenous Ranger programs across Australia have seen success linking environmental outcomes with both connection to Country and meaningful employment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. In Cape York, land management activities revolve around the wet season (see Design Area 1. transport and access) and fire season (see Design Area 7. conservation and land management). October, November, and December be particularly busy (and tricky for community engagement or project work) as rangers are responding to fires or setting up backburns and these activities will take priority over other projects or planning.

Community and Governance
Part of the landmark 1993 Native Title Act, the ‘law passed by the Australian Parliament that recognises the rights and interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in land and waters according to their traditional laws and customs’, outlines the requirement for a Prescribed Body Corporate (PBC) to be established for management, representation, and decision-making purposes. Guided by the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2006 (CATSI Act), the group must then be registered with and will receive support from the Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations (ORIC).

The structure and membership of a PBC is usually reflective of traditional clan or family groupings or decision-making structures. The board of directors is often complimented by a council of elders in some form (formally or informally) who provide guidance and oversight in recognition of traditional decision-making protocols.

Consider further research around native title, governance, and management systems as you begin thinking about the context your design proposal sits within.

●

· Reliable power supply

●

· Fans

To Learn More

●

Explore: The State of Queensland and

Commonwealth of Australia, 1995.

‘Cape York

Peninsula Land Use Strategy (CYPLUS)’

,

including the three stage 1 thematic reports on

‘Natural Resources and Ecology’, ‘Land Use and

Economy’, and ‘Society and Culture’.

●

Read: Queensland Government, Parks and

Forests website:

‘Aboriginal freehold land and

jointly managed parks on Cape York Peninsula’

●

Read: Queensland Government, Media

Statement, 25 October 2017:

‘Celebrating 10

years of Cape York’s land legacy’

●

Listen to: Australian Institute of Aboriginal

and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS):

Cape York Peninsula Aboriginal freehold and

national parks – Agreements and achievements

2005 - 2014

. Presented AIATSIS Native Title

Conference, Port Douglas, Queensland, 17 June

2015

●

Read:

Ecosystem services: Key concepts and

applications

, Department of the Environment,

Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2010. Occasional

Paper Series No.1

●

Explore:

Stories from Country 2015 - 2017

,

How Indigenous Rangers and Indigenous

Protected Areas are strengthening connections

to Country, culture and community.

National Indigenous Australians Agency

●

Read: Australian Conservation Foundation,

December 2016:

15

Wuthathi people return to

Shelburne Bay

Key background you can

assume within your EWB

Challenge project proposal

Across nearly 30 years of working with a number of

communities across Cape York, Centre for Appropriate

Technology staff have recognised a common framework of

the requirements to live on Country. You might consider how

these areas interact with your specific project as you develop

your design idea. Living comfortably on Country requires,

broadly:

Clean water supply with a back up system

An appropriately designed dwelling

Large, reliable refrigeration for extended food storage

Year round emergency access

An internet connection or other means of

Inherently linked to these themes are the ‘Design

Considerations’ such as reliability and materials choice

described at the end of this brief.

●

Design Area One

Transport and Access

●

· telecommunication

Distance and remoteness from urban centers or services are aspects of life across much of Cape York. Areas of the region are only accessible in 4-wheel drive vehicles or sometimes most efficiently reached by light aircraft.

The Peninsula Development Road (PDR), the main arterial road which runs generally north to south, is progressively being bituminised through government support. Local and distributor roads across Cape York are primarily gravel or dirt and can vary significantly based on the time of year and traffic patterns. For example, dirt roads which are heavily trafficked by large road trains, like the PDR, will not stay smooth for very long.

Wet season on Cape York
The wet season on Cape York runs from approximately December to April, however rains can impact travel and the accessibility of certain areas anywhere from November to June. Flooding along the Peninsula Development Road means communities north of the town of Laura are regularly inaccessible by vehicles. Critically, however, locations where people remain during the wet season are serviced by airstrips. Airstrips enable access to remote locations and also enable the transport of goods across the year.

Weekly mail planes deliver food and can be available to transport individuals if necessary. Helicopters are sometimes used in emergency situations as short airstrips limit the size of aircraft that can land. Limits on travel often mean that, when it comes to project delivery, the wet season is the time for thinking, planning, designing, and lots of talking. The lead into wet season (September/October/November) is filled with land management tasks which need to be completed before rains and flood make them much more difficult.

Hot temperatures also become challenging from mid- October until the first rains, with regular peaks in the 40’s. Project activities and construction are then picked up again as the dry season approaches mid-year.

Transport Systems and Environmental Impact
Levels of freight and tourist traffic are increasing as roads are bitumised across the Cape, and this growth in vehicle movement is associated with increases in the introduction of invasive weeds across sensitive ecosystems. Weed corridors can develop along main roads which require significant time and money to remove. Rangers managing Indigenous Protected Areas have a significant focus on weed management, especially after wet season when weeds grow most rapidly in areas that are inaccessible until water levels go back down. Gravel is extracted for road construction via large ‘borrow pits’, which require significant land clearing and excavation, leaving scars across the landscape. There are currently limited controls in place to manage the environmental impact of gravel extraction, and moving gravel from borrow pits to be spread across a road network can be a significant mechanism for

Project Opportunities
weed spread. Heavy rains and flooding during the wet season

Additional

Information

Below are a few resources that you might find helpful

to get started working on these design projects.

Please see the ‘Resources’ section for a full list as you

might find others that help to inform your project.

●

Watch: a snapshot of

traveling around Cape

York

and the movement of people and materials

across a different seasons

●

Explore: Queensland Government, Department

of Agriculture and Fisheries:

Weeds of National

Significance (WONS)

1.1 Road design to reduce environmental impact
Basic gravel roads are very common across Cape York frequently and become washed out by heavy rain and flood during the wet season. With no specific run-off management in place, the soil and gravel from this infrastructure flows into adjacent river systems and causing issues with silting. As bitumensing roads is a slow and expensive process, this project looks at alternative techniques for road construction and run off management to reduce negative environmental impacts. Teams can consider a key stakeholder for this project to be Aboriginal Corporations who are often engaged in the construction of roads on their Country and have experience with road construction or other types of civil contracting work.

1.2 Methods to reduce the spread of weeds
Vehicle washdown facilities are available in some locations across Cape York to reduce the movement of weeds, however these can be very expensive both to install and operate especially due to the associated ongoing energy requirements. This project looks at innovative mechanisms that could be utilised at 2-3 controlled entry points around Indigenous Protected Areas to reduce, or ideally eliminate, the introduction of weeds from vehicles.

can also cause significant runoff from gravel roads which then flows directly into river systems. Indigenous communities are increasingly noticing the silting up of water bodies after wet season potentially linked to washed out roads.

There is limited internet and mobile phone coverage across much of Cape York. Remote Indigenous communities may have telecommunications access through satellite dishes within their community that provides either access to a landline or a limited range of connectivity.

Satellite phones are a requirement when travelling, as standard mobile phone service cannot be relied upon. Some communities have access to a community phone also. This is shared amongst the community members and is a standalone box fixed with screw piles with solar powered satellite dish providing a phone line (with some latency) and wifi with purchasable data packs. Limited connectivity can make remote operations and maintenance of infrastructure and technology challenging. Often the location where someone can get coverage is not the location where a particular pump or piece of equipment is malfunctioning, meaning it can be difficult to talk through how a system is failing and what actions someone on-site might try to fix it.

Design Area Two

ICT

The CAT Hotspot
The CAT mobile phone hotspot is an appropriate technology design which extends existing mobile phone coverage in remote areas struggling with connectivity. The design works by focusing and amplifying a signal and, importantly for remote areas, does not require connection to an energy supply. In production now for approximately 8 years, CAT Hotspots have been installed across remote areas of Australia and not just associated with Indigenous communities.

Project Opportunities
2.1 Visitor management on Indigenous Protected Areas
Where ranger bases create control points to an Indigenous Protected Area, there is an opportunity to support the visitor experience through a downloadable welcome and offline guide accessible on mobile devices while visitors are on Country. The aim of an offline guide would be to provide the information visitors require to enjoy the Country respectfully, comfortably, and with minimum environmental impact. Considerations include maps of the area with a tracking feature, and information such as drinking water access, ecologically sensitive locations, and areas which are restricted due to cultural significance.

2.2 ICT infrastructure to support appropriate tourism
CfAT and community representatives see considerable scope for increased connectivity and the further development of ICT infrastructure to support the management of respectful tourism on Country. Much of Cape York is environmentally and culturally significant land and it is important that tourist activities are respectful of this, however that is not always the case. This project looks at how to best support rangers monitor National Park land and other protected areas to ensure visitor compliance, specifically reduce unpermitted access to sites with visitor restrictions.

2.3 Offline solar-bore diagnostic assistant
Solar-powered bores are very common water supply systems across remote Indigenous communities in Cape York. When these systems encounter some type of failure, it can be challenging to diagnose and address remotely as bores are not located close to a home or site which has phone coverage and so the issue cannot be discussed with a technician in real-time. In this project teams will develop a solution which can be used offline as a diagnostic and troubleshooting guide, also incorporating standard maintenance procedures. Strong consideration should be given to the user interface of the proposed solution. See also ‘remote diagnostics’ in the Design Considerations and design opportunity 2.4 below.

2.4 Remote monitoring & diagnostic system
Many of the remote Indigenous communities CfAT work with have limited mobile phone reception on Country. Many of the installed engineering solutions are located in remote locations that are challenging to access, particularly in the wet season. As such, it is expensive and time consuming for technicians to understand when preventative main tenance is required at one site and how this should be scheduled relative to other sites. In addition, a critical challenge for appropriate design is the sheer cost of mobilising technical expertise to site to resolve system breakdowns in a timely manner. In this project teams will develop an online/ offline remote monitoring and diagnostics tool that can be used to improve the efficiency of operation and maintenance programs for infrastructure like: solar-bore pumps and solar-battery systems.