How does vmware cross cloud architecture address incompatibility between clouds

Cloud Computing

ePUB is an open, industry-standard format for eBooks. However, support of ePUB and its many features varies across reading devices and applications. Use your device or app settings to customize the presentation to your liking. Settings that you can customize often include font, font size, single or double column, landscape or portrait mode, and figures that you can click or tap to enlarge. For additional information about the settings and features on your reading device or app, visit the device manufacturer’s Web site.

Many titles include programming code or configuration examples. To optimize the presentation of these elements, view the eBook in single-column, landscape mode and adjust the font size to the smallest setting. In addition to presenting code and configurations in the reflowable text format, we have included images of the code that mimic the presentation found in the print book; therefore, where the reflowable format may compromise the presentation of the code listing, you will see a “Click here to view code image” link. Click the link to view the print-fidelity code image. To return to the previous page viewed, click the Back button on your device or app.

2

Cloud Computing Concepts, Technology & Architecture

Thomas Erl, Zaigham Mahmood, and Ricardo Puttini

PRENTICE HALL UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NJ • BOSTON • INDIANAPOLIS • SAN FRANCISCO

NEW YORK • TORONTO • MONTREAL • LONDON • MUNICH • PARIS • MADRID CAPE TOWN • SYDNEY • TOKYO • SINGAPORE • MEXICO CITY

3

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals.

The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein.

The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact:

U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com

For sales outside the United States, please contact:

International Sales international@pearsoned.com

Visit us on the Web: informit.com/ph

The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is on file.

Copyright © 2013 Arcitura Education Inc.

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290.

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-338752-0 ISBN-10: 0-13-338752-6

Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Courier in Westford, Massachusetts.

11 19

Readers can download high-resolution, full-color versions of all this book’s figures at:

www.informit.com/title/9780133387520

Editor-in-Chief Mark L. Taub

4

mailto:corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com
mailto:international@pearsoned.com
http://informit.com/ph
http://www.informit.com/title/9780133387520
Managing Editor Kristy Hart

Senior Project Editor Betsy Gratner

Copy Editor and Development Editor Maria Lee

Senior Indexer Cheryl Lenser

Proofreaders Maria Lee Williams Woods Publishing

Publishing Coordinator Kim Boedigheimer

Research Assistant Briana Lee

Cover Designer Thomas Erl

Compositor Bumpy Design

Photos Thomas Erl Dominika

Graphics KK Lui Briana Lee

5

Readers can download high-resolution, full-color versions of all this book’s figures at

www.informit.com/title/9780133387520

and

www.servicetechbooks.com/cloud.

6

http://www.informit.com/title/9780133387520
http://www.servicetechbooks.com/cloud
Praise for this Book

“Cloud computing, more than most disciplines in IT, suffers from too much talk and not enough practice. Thomas Erl has written a timely book that condenses the theory and buttresses it with real- world examples that demystify this important technology. An important guidebook for your journey into the cloud.”

—Scott Morrison, Chief Technology Officer, Layer 7 Technologies

“An excellent, extremely well-written, lucid book that provides a comprehensive picture of cloud computing, covering multiple dimensions of the subject. The case studies presented in the book provide a real-world, practical perspective on leveraging cloud computing in an organization. The book covers a wide range of topics, from technology aspects to the business value provided by cloud computing. This is the best, most comprehensive book on the subject—a must-read for any cloud computing practitioner or anyone who wants to get an in-depth picture of cloud computing concepts and practical implementation.”

—Suzanne D’Souza, SOA/BPM Practice Lead, KBACE Technologies

“This book offers a thorough and detailed description of cloud computing concepts, architectures, and technologies. It serves as a great reference for both newcomers and experts and is a must-read for any IT professional interested in cloud computing.”

—Andre Tost, Senior Technical Staff Member, IBM Software Group

“This is a great book on the topic of cloud computing. It is impressive how the content spans from taxonomy, technology, and architectural concepts to important business considerations for cloud adoption. It really does provide a holistic view to this technology paradigm.”

—Kapil Bakshi, Architecture and Strategy, Cisco Systems Inc.

“I have read every book written by Thomas Erl and Cloud Computing is another excellent publication and demonstration of Thomas Erl’s rare ability to take the most complex topics and provide critical core concepts and technical information in a logical and understandable way.”

—Melanie A. Allison, Principal, Healthcare Technology Practice, Integrated Consulting Services

“Companies looking to migrate applications or infrastructure to the cloud are often misled by buzzwords and industry hype. This work cuts through the hype and provides a detailed look, from investigation to contract to implementation to termination, at what it takes for an organization to engage with cloud service providers. This book really lays out the benefits and struggles with getting a company to an IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS solution.”

—Kevin Davis, Ph.D., Solutions Architect

7

“Thomas, in his own distinct and erudite style, provides a comprehensive and a definitive book on cloud computing. Just like his previous masterpiece, Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and Design, this book is sure to engage CxOs, cloud architects, and the developer community involved in delivering software assets on the cloud. Thomas and his authoring team have taken great pains in providing great clarity and detail in documenting cloud architectures, cloud delivery models, cloud governance, and economics of cloud, without forgetting to explain the core of cloud computing that revolves around Internet architecture and virtualization. As a reviewer for this outstanding book, I must admit I have learned quite a lot while reviewing the material. A ‘must have’ book that should adorn everybody’s desk!”

—Vijay Srinivasan, Chief Architect - Technology, Cognizant Technology Solutions

“This book provides comprehensive and descriptive vendor-neutral coverage of cloud computing technology, from both technical and business aspects. It provides a deep-down analysis of cloud architectures and mechanisms that capture the real-world moving parts of cloud platforms. Business aspects are elaborated on to give readers a broader perspective on choosing and defining basic cloud computing business models. Thomas Erl’s Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is an excellent source of knowledge of fundamental and in-depth coverage of cloud computing.”

—Masykur Marhendra Sukmanegara, Communication Media & Technology, Consulting Workforce Accenture

“The richness and depth of the topics discussed are incredibly impressive. The depth and breadth of the subject matter are such that a reader could become an expert in a short amount of time.”

—Jamie Ryan, Solutions Architect, Layer 7 Technologies

“Demystification, rationalization, and structuring of implementation approaches have always been strong parts in each and every one of Thomas Erl’s books. This book is no exception. It provides the definitive, essential coverage of cloud computing and, most importantly, presents this content in a very comprehensive manner. Best of all, this book follows the conventions of the previous service technology series titles, making it read like a natural extension of the library. I strongly believe that this will be another bestseller from one of the top-selling IT authors of the past decade.”

—Sergey Popov, Senior Enterprise Architect SOA/Security, Liberty Global International

“A must-read for anyone involved in cloud design and decision making! This insightful book provides in-depth, objective, vendor-neutral coverage of cloud computing concepts, architecture models, and technologies. It will prove very valuable to anyone who needs to gain a solid understanding of how cloud environments work and how to design and migrate solutions to clouds.”

—Gijs in ’t Veld, Chief Architect, Motion10

“A reference book covering a wide range of aspects related to cloud providers and cloud consumers. If you would like to provide or consume a cloud service and need to know how, this is your book. The

8

book has a clear structure to facilitate a good understanding of the various concepts of cloud.”

—Roger Stoffers, Solution Architect

“Cloud computing has been around for a few years, yet there is still a lot of confusion around the term and what it can bring to developers and deployers alike. This book is a great way of finding out what’s behind the cloud, and not in an abstract or high-level manner: It dives into all of the details that you’d need to know in order to plan for developing applications on cloud and what to look for when using applications or services hosted on a cloud. There are very few books that manage to capture this level of detail about the evolving cloud paradigm as this one does. It’s a must for architects and developers alike.”

—Dr. Mark Little, Vice President, Red Hat

“This book provides a comprehensive exploration of the concepts and mechanics behind clouds. It’s written for anyone interested in delving into the details of how cloud environments function, how they are architected, and how they can impact business. This is the book for any organization seriously considering adopting cloud computing. It will pave the way to establishing your cloud computing roadmap.”

—Damian Maschek, SOA Architect, Deutsche Bahn

“One of the best books on cloud computing I have ever read. It is complete yet vendor technology neutral and successfully explains the major concepts in a well-structured and disciplined way. It goes through all the definitions and provides many hints for organizations or professionals who are approaching and/or assessing cloud solutions. This book gives a complete list of topics playing fundamental roles in the cloud computing discipline. It goes through a full list of definitions very clearly stated. Diagrams are simple to understand and self-contained. Readers with different skill sets, expertise, and backgrounds will be able to understand the concepts seamlessly.”

—Antonio Bruno, Infrastructure and Estate Manager, UBS AG

“Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is a comprehensive book that focuses on what cloud computing is really all about.... This book will become the foundation on which many organizations will build successful cloud adoption projects. It is a must-read reference for both IT infrastructure and application architects interested in cloud computing or involved in cloud adoption projects. It contains extremely useful and comprehensive information for those who need to build cloud-based architectures or need to explain it to customers thinking about adopting cloud computing technology in their organization.”

—Johan Kumps, SOA Architect, RealDolmen

“This book defines the basic terminology and patterns for the topic—a useful reference for the cloud practitioner. Concepts from multitenancy to hypervisor are presented in a succinct and clear manner. The underlying case studies provide wonderful real-worldness.”

9

—Dr. Thomas Rischbeck, Principal Architect, ipt

“The book provides a good foundation to cloud services and issues in cloud service design. Chapters highlight key issues that need to be considered in learning how to think in cloud technology terms; this is highly important in today’s business and technology environments where cloud computing plays a central role in connecting user services with virtualized resources and applications.”

—Mark Skilton, Director, Office of Strategy and Technology, Global Infrastructure Services, Capgemini

“The book is well organized and covers basic concepts, technologies, and business models about cloud computing. It defines and explains a comprehensive list of terminologies and glossaries about cloud computing so cloud computing experts can speak and communicate with the same set of standardized language. The book is easy to understand and consistent with early published books from Thomas Erl.... It is a must-read for both beginners and experienced professionals.”

—Jian “Jeff” Zhong, Chief Technology Officer (Acting) and Chief Architect for SOA and Cloud Computing, Futrend Technology Inc.

“Students of the related specialties can fulfill their educational process with very easily understood materials that are broadly illustrated and clearly described. Professors of different disciplines, from business analysis to IT implementation—even legal and financial monitoring—can use the book as an on-table lecturing manual. IT specialists of all ranks and fields of application will find the book as a practical and useful support for sketching solutions unbound to any particular vendor or brand.”

—Alexander Gromoff, Director of Science & Education, Center of Information Control Technologies, Chairman of BPM Chair in Business Informatics Department, National Research University “Higher

School of Economics”

“Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is a comprehensive compendium of all the relevant information about the transformative cloud technology. Erl’s latest title concisely and clearly illustrates the origins and positioning of the cloud paradigm as the next-generation computing model. All the chapters are carefully written and arranged in an easy-to-understand manner. This book will be immeasurably beneficial for business and IT professionals. It is set to shake up and help organize the world of cloud computing.”

—Pethuru Raj, Ph.D., Enterprise Architecture Consultant, Wipro

“A cloud computing book that will stand out and survive the test of time, even in one of the fastest evolving areas of technology. This book does a great job breaking down the high level of complexity of cloud computing into easy-to-understand pieces. It goes beyond the basic, often repeated, explanations. It examines the fundamental concepts and the components, as well as the mechanisms and architectures that make up cloud computing environments. The approach gradually builds the reader’s understanding from the ground up.

“In a rapidly evolving area like cloud computing, it’s easy to focus on details and miss the big picture.

10

The focus on concepts and architectural models instead of vendor-specific details allows readers to quickly gain essential knowledge of complex topics. The concepts come together in the last part of the book, which should be required reading for any decision maker evaluating when and how to start a transition to cloud computing. Its thorough, comprehensive coverage of fundamentals and advanced topics makes the book a valuable resource to keep on your desk or your eBook reader, regardless if you’re new to the topic or you already have cloud experience.

“I highly recommend the book to those looking to implement or evaluate cloud environments, or simply looking to educate themselves in a field that will shape IT over the next decade.”

—Christoph Schittko, Principal Technology Strategist & Cloud Solution Director, Microsoft

“Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is an excellent resource for IT professionals and managers who want to learn and understand cloud computing, and who need to select or build cloud systems and solutions. It lays the foundation for cloud concepts, models, technologies, and mechanisms. As the book is vendor-neutral, it will remain valid for many years. We will recommend this book to Oracle customers, partners, and users for their journey toward cloud computing. This book has the potential to become the basis for a cloud computing manifesto, comparable to what was accomplished with the SOA manifesto.”

—Jürgen Kress, Fusion Middleware Partner Adoption, Oracle EMEA

11

To my family and friends —Thomas Erl

To Zoya, Hanya, and Ozair with love —Zaigham Mahmood

To Silvia, Luiza, Isadora, and Lucas —Ricardo Puttini

Current Printing: 2019

12

Contents at a Glance

Foreword

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

CHAPTER 2: Case Study Background

PART I: FUNDAMENTAL CLOUD COMPUTING

CHAPTER 3: Understanding Cloud Computing

CHAPTER 4: Fundamental Concepts and Models

CHAPTER 5: Cloud-Enabling Technology

CHAPTER 6: Fundamental Cloud Security

PART II: CLOUD COMPUTING MECHANISMS

CHAPTER 7: Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms

CHAPTER 8: Specialized Cloud Mechanisms

CHAPTER 9: Cloud Management Mechanisms

CHAPTER 10: Cloud Security Mechanisms

PART III: CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER 11: Fundamental Cloud Architectures

CHAPTER 12: Advanced Cloud Architectures

CHAPTER 13: Specialized Cloud Architectures

PART IV: WORKING WITH CLOUDS

CHAPTER 14: Cloud Delivery Model Considerations

CHAPTER 15: Cost Metrics and Pricing Models

CHAPTER 16: Service Quality Metrics and SLAs

PART V: APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Case Study Conclusions

APPENDIX B: Industry Standards Organizations

13

APPENDIX C: Mapping Mechanisms to Characteristics

APPENDIX D: Data Center Facilities (TIA-942)

APPENDIX E: Cloud-Adapted Risk Management Framework

APPENDIX F: Cloud Provisioning Contracts

APPENDIX G: Cloud Business Case Template

About the Authors

About the Contributors

Index

14

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

1.1 Objectives of This Book

1.2 What This Book Does Not Cover

1.3 Who This Book Is For

1.4 How This Book Is Organized

Part I: Fundamental Cloud Computing

Chapter 3: Understanding Cloud Computing

Chapter 4: Fundamental Concepts and Models

Chapter 5: Cloud-Enabling Technology

Chapter 6: Fundamental Cloud Security

Part II: Cloud Computing Mechanisms

Chapter 7: Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms

Chapter 8: Specialized Cloud Mechanisms

Chapter 9: Cloud Management Mechanisms

Chapter 10: Cloud Security Mechanisms

Part III: Cloud Computing Architecture

Chapter 11: Fundamental Cloud Architectures

Chapter 12: Advanced Cloud Architectures

Chapter 13: Specialized Cloud Architectures

Part IV: Working with Clouds

Chapter 14: Cloud Delivery Model Considerations

Chapter 15: Cost Metrics and Pricing Models

Chapter 16: Service Quality Metrics and SLAs

Part V: Appendices

Appendix A: Case Study Conclusions

Appendix B: Industry Standards Organizations

Appendix C: Mapping Mechanisms to Characteristics

Appendix D: Data Center Facilities (TIA-942)

Appendix E: Emerging Technologies

15

Appendix F: Cloud Provisioning Contracts

Appendix G: Cloud Business Case Template

1.5 Conventions

Symbols and Figures

Summary of Key Points

1.6 Additional Information

Updates, Errata, and Resources

Visio Stencil and Symbol Legend

Patterns, Mechanisms and Metrics

Social Media

Cloud Certified Professional (CCP) Program

CHAPTER 2: Case Study Background

2.1 Case Study #1: ATN

Technical Infrastructure and Environment

Business Goals and New Strategy

Roadmap and Implementation Strategy

2.2 Case Study #2: DTGOV

Technical Infrastructure and Environment

Business Goals and New Strategy

Roadmap and Implementation Strategy

2.3 Case Study #3: Innovartus Technologies Inc.

Technical Infrastructure and Environment

Business Goals and Strategy

Roadmap and Implementation Strategy

PART I: FUNDAMENTAL CLOUD COMPUTING

CHAPTER 3: Understanding Cloud Computing

3.1 Origins and Influences

A Brief History

Definitions

Business Drivers

Capacity Planning

Cost Reduction

16

Organizational Agility

Technology Innovations

Clustering

Grid Computing

Virtualization

Technology Innovations vs. Enabling Technologies

3.2 Basic Concepts and Terminology

Cloud

IT Resource

On-Premise

Cloud Consumers and Cloud Providers

Scaling

Horizontal Scaling

Vertical Scaling

Cloud Service

Cloud Service Consumer

3.3 Goals and Benefits

Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs

Increased Scalability

Increased Availability and Reliability

3.4 Risks and Challenges

Increased Security Vulnerabilities

Reduced Operational Governance Control

Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers

Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues

CHAPTER 4: Fundamental Concepts and Models

4.1 Roles and Boundaries

Cloud Provider

Cloud Consumer

Cloud Service Owner

Cloud Resource Administrator

Additional Roles

Organizational Boundary

17

Trust Boundary

4.2 Cloud Characteristics

On-Demand Usage

Ubiquitous Access

Multitenancy (and Resource Pooling)

Elasticity

Measured Usage

Resiliency

4.3 Cloud Delivery Models

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

Comparing Cloud Delivery Models

Combining Cloud Delivery Models

IaaS + PaaS

IaaS + PaaS + SaaS

4.4 Cloud Deployment Models

Public Clouds

Community Clouds

Private Clouds

Hybrid Clouds

Other Cloud Deployment Models

CHAPTER 5: Cloud-Enabling Technology

5.1 Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks)

Router-Based Interconnectivity

Physical Network

Transport Layer Protocol

Application Layer Protocol

Technical and Business Considerations

Connectivity Issues

Network Bandwidth and Latency Issues

18

Cloud Carrier and Cloud Provider Selection

5.2 Data Center Technology

Virtualization

Standardization and Modularity

Automation

Remote Operation and Management

High Availability

Security-Aware Design, Operation, and Management

Facilities

Computing Hardware

Storage Hardware

Network Hardware

Carrier and External Networks Interconnection

Web-Tier Load Balancing and Acceleration

LAN Fabric

SAN Fabric

NAS Gateways

Other Considerations

5.3 Virtualization Technology

Hardware Independence

Server Consolidation

Resource Replication

Operating System-Based Virtualization

Hardware-Based Virtualization

Virtualization Management

Other Considerations

5.4 Web Technology

Basic Web Technology

Web Applications

5.5 Multitenant Technology

5.6 Containerization

Containerization vs. Virtualization

Benefits of Containers

19

Container Hosting and Pods

Fundamental Container Architecture Elements

Container Engine

Container Build File

Container Image

Container

Networking Address

Storage Device

5.7 Case Study Example

CHAPTER 6: Fundamental Cloud Security

6.1 Basic Terms and Concepts

Confidentiality

Integrity

Authenticity

Availability

Threat

Vulnerability

Risk

Security Controls

Security Mechanisms

Security Policies

6.2 Threat Agents

Anonymous Attacker

Malicious Service Agent

Trusted Attacker

Malicious Insider

6.3 Cloud Security Threats

Traffic Eavesdropping

Malicious Intermediary

Denial of Service

Insufficient Authorization

Virtualization Attack

Overlapping Trust Boundaries

20

Container Attack

6.4 Additional Considerations

Flawed Implementations

Security Policy Disparity

Contracts

Risk Management

6.5 Case Study Example

PART II: CLOUD COMPUTING MECHANISMS

CHAPTER 7: Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms

7.1 Logical Network Perimeter

Case Study Example

7.2 Virtual Server

Case Study Example

7.3 Cloud Storage Device

Cloud Storage Levels

Network Storage Interfaces

Object Storage Interfaces

Database Storage Interfaces

Relational Data Storage

Non-Relational Data Storage

Case Study Example

7.4 Cloud Usage Monitor

Monitoring Agent

Resource Agent

Polling Agent

Case Study Example

7.5 Resource Replication

Case Study Example

7.6 Ready-Made Environment

Case Study Example

7.7 Container

CHAPTER 8: Specialized Cloud Mechanisms

21

8.1 Automated Scaling Listener

Case Study Example

8.2 Load Balancer

Case Study Example

8.3 SLA Monitor

Case Study Example

SLA Monitor Polling Agent

SLA Monitoring Agent

8.4 Pay-Per-Use Monitor

Case Study Example

8.5 Audit Monitor

Case Study Example

8.6 Failover System

Active-Active

Active-Passive

Case Study Example

8.7 Hypervisor

Case Study Example

8.8 Resource Cluster

Case Study Example

8.9 Multi-Device Broker

Case Study Example

8.10 State Management Database

Case Study Example

CHAPTER 9: Cloud Management Mechanisms

9.1 Remote Administration System

Case Study Example

9.2 Resource Management System

Case Study Example

9.3 SLA Management System

Case Study Example

9.4 Billing Management System

Case Study Example

22

CHAPTER 10: Cloud Security Mechanisms

10.1 Encryption

Symmetric Encryption

Asymmetric Encryption

Case Study Example

10.2 Hashing

Case Study Example

10.3 Digital Signature

Case Study Example

10.4 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

Case Study Example

10.5 Identity and Access Management (IAM)

Case Study Example

10.6 Single Sign-On (SSO)

Case Study Example

10.7 Cloud-Based Security Groups

Case Study Example

10.8 Hardened Virtual Server Images

Case Study Example

PART III: CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER 11: Fundamental Cloud Architectures

11.1 Workload Distribution Architecture

11.2 Resource Pooling Architecture

11.3 Dynamic Scalability Architecture

11.4 Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture

11.5 Service Load Balancing Architecture

11.6 Cloud Bursting Architecture

11.7 Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture

11.8 Redundant Storage Architecture

11.9 Case Study Example

CHAPTER 12: Advanced Cloud Architectures

12.1 Hypervisor Clustering Architecture

23

12.2 Load Balanced Virtual Server Instances Architecture

12.3 Non-Disruptive Service Relocation Architecture

12.4 Zero Downtime Architecture

12.5 Cloud Balancing Architecture

12.6 Resource Reservation Architecture

12.7 Dynamic Failure Detection and Recovery Architecture

12.8 Bare-Metal Provisioning Architecture

12.9 Rapid Provisioning Architecture

12.10 Storage Workload Management Architecture

12.11 Case Study Example

CHAPTER 13: Specialized Cloud Architectures

13.1 Direct I/O Access Architecture

13.2 Direct LUN Access Architecture

13.3 Dynamic Data Normalization Architecture

13.4 Elastic Network Capacity Architecture

13.5 Cross-Storage Device Vertical Tiering Architecture

13.6 Intra-Storage Device Vertical Data Tiering Architecture

13.7 Load Balanced Virtual Switches Architecture

13.8 Multipath Resource Access Architecture

13.9 Persistent Virtual Network Configuration Architecture

13.10 Redundant Physical Connection for Virtual Servers Architecture

13.11 Storage Maintenance Window Architecture

PART IV: WORKING WITH CLOUDS

CHAPTER 14: Cloud Delivery Model Considerations

14.1 Cloud Delivery Models: The Cloud Provider Perspective

Building IaaS Environments

Data Centers

Scalability and Reliability

Monitoring

Security

Equipping PaaS Environments

Scalability and Reliability

24

Monitoring

Security

Optimizing SaaS Environments

Security

14.2 Cloud Delivery Models: The Cloud Consumer Perspective

Working with IaaS Environments

IT Resource Provisioning Considerations

Working with PaaS Environments

IT Resource Provisioning Considerations

Working with SaaS Services

14.3 Case Study Example

CHAPTER 15: Cost Metrics and Pricing Models

15.1 Business Cost Metrics

Up-Front and On-Going Costs

Additional Costs

Case Study Example

Product Catalog Browser

On-Premise Up-Front Costs

On-Premise On-Going Costs

Cloud-Based Up-Front Costs

Cloud-Based On-Going Costs

Client Database

On-Premise Up-Front Costs

On-Premise On-Going Costs

Cloud-Based Up-Front Costs

Cloud-Based On-Going Costs

15.2 Cloud Usage Cost Metrics

Network Usage

Inbound Network Usage Metric

Outbound Network Usage Metric

Intra-Cloud WAN Usage Metric

Server Usage

On-Demand Virtual Machine Instance Allocation Metric

25

Reserved Virtual Machine Instance Allocation Metric

Cloud Storage Device Usage

On-Demand Storage Space Allocation Metric

I/O Data Transferred Metric

Cloud Service Usage

Application Subscription Duration Metric

Number of Nominated Users Metric

Number of Transactions Users Metric

15.3 Cost Management Considerations

Pricing Models

Additional Considerations

Case Study Example

Virtual Server On-Demand Instance Allocation

Virtual Server Reserved Instance Allocation

Cloud Storage Device

WAN Traffic

CHAPTER 16: Service Quality Metrics and SLAs

16.1 Service Quality Metrics

Service Availability Metrics

Availability Rate Metric

Outage Duration Metric

Service Reliability Metrics

Mean-Time Between Failures (MTBF) Metric

Reliability Rate Metric

Service Performance Metrics

Network Capacity Metric

Storage Device Capacity Metric

Server Capacity Metric

Web Application Capacity Metric

Instance Starting Time Metric

Response Time Metric

Completion Time Metric

Service Scalability Metrics

26

Storage Scalability (Horizontal) Metric

Server Scalability (Horizontal) Metric

Server Scalability (Vertical) Metric

Service Resiliency Metrics

Mean-Time to Switchover (MTSO) Metric

Mean-Time System Recovery (MTSR) Metric

16.2 Case Study Example

16.3 SLA Guidelines

16.4 Case Study Example

Scope and Applicability

Service Quality Guarantees

Definitions

Usage of Financial Credits

SLA Exclusions

PART V: APPENDICES

Appendix A: Case Study Conclusions

A.1 ATN

A.2 DTGOV

A.3 Innovartus

Appendix B: Industry Standards Organizations

B.1 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

B.2 Cloud Security Alliance (CSA)

B.3 Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)

B.4 Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA)

B.5 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS)

B.6 The Open Group

B.7 Open Cloud Consortium (OCC)

B.8 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

B.9 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

B.10 Liberty Alliance

B.11 Open Grid Forum (OGF)

27

Appendix C: Mapping Mechanisms to Characteristics

Appendix D: Data Center Facilities (TIA-942)

D.1 Primary Rooms

Electrical Room

Mechanical Room

Storage and Staging

Offices, Operations Center, and Support

Telecommunications Entrance

Computer Room

D.2 Environmental Controls

External Electrical Power Provider Interconnection

Power Distribution

Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)

Power Engine-Generator

D.3 Infrastructure Redundancy Summary

Appendix E: Cloud-Adapted Risk Management Framework

E.1 Security Conservation Principle

E.2 The Risk Management Framework

Appendix F: Cloud Provisioning Contracts

F.1 Cloud Provisioning Contract Structure

Terms of Service

Service Usage Policy

Security and Privacy Policy

Warranties and Liabilities

Rights and Responsibilities

Termination and Renewal

Specifications and SLAs

Pricing and Billing

Other Issues

Legal and Compliance Issues

Auditability and Accountability

Changes in the Contract Terms and Conditions

28

F.2 Cloud Provider Selection Guidelines

Cloud Provider Viability

Appendix G: Cloud Business Case Template

G.1 Business Case Identification

G.2 Business Needs

G.3 Target Cloud Environment

G.4 Technical Issues

G.5 Economic Factors

About the Authors

Thomas Erl

Zaigham Mahmood

Ricardo Puttini

About the Contributors

Pamela J. Wise-Martinez, MSc

Gustavo Azzolin, BSc, MSc

Dr. Michaela Iorga, Ph.D.

Amin Naserpour

Vinícius Pacheco, MSc

Matthias Ziegler

Index

29

Foreword by Pamela J. Wise-Martinez

The idea of cloud computing isn’t new, or overly complicated from a technology resources and internetworking perspective. What’s new is the growth and maturity of cloud computing methods, and strategies that enable the goals of business agility.

Looking back, the phrase “utility computing” didn’t captivate or create the stir in the information industry as the term “cloud computing” has in recent years. Nevertheless, appreciation of readily available resources has arrived and the utilitarian or servicing features are what are at the heart of outsourcing the access of information technology resources and services. In this light, cloud computing represents a flexible, cost-effective, and proven delivery platform for business and consumer information services over the Internet. Cloud computing has become an industry game changer as businesses and information technology leaders realize the potential in combining and sharing computing resources as opposed to building and maintaining them.

There’s seemingly no shortage of views regarding the benefits of cloud computing nor is there a shortage of vendors willing to offer services in either open source or promising commercial solutions. Beyond the hype, there are many aspects of the cloud that have earned new consideration due to their increased service capability and potential efficiencies. The ability to demonstrate transforming results in cloud computing to resolve traditional business problems using information technology management best practices now exists. In the case of economic impacts, the principle of pay-as-you-go and computer agnostic services are concepts ready for prime time. We can measure performance as well as calculate the economic and environmental effects of cloud computing today.

The architectural change from client-server to service orientation led to an evolution of composable and reusable code; though the practice had been around for many years, it is now the de facto approach used to lower cost and identify best practices and patterns for increasing business agility. This has advanced the computer software industry’s design methods, components, and engineering. Comparatively, the wide acceptance and adoption of cloud computing is revolutionizing information and technology resource management. We now have the ability to outsource hardware and software capabilities on a large-scale to fulfill end-to-end business automation requirements. Marks and Lozano understood this emergence and the need for better software design: “...we now have the ability to collect, transport, process, store, and access data nearly anywhere in nearly arbitrary volume.” The limitations depend largely on how “cloudy” or cloud-aware the service/component is, and hence the need for better software architecture. (Eric A. Marks and Roberto Lozano [Executive Guide to Cloud Computing]).

The reusable evolution through service architecture reinforces a focus on business objectives as opposed to the number of computing platforms to support. As a viable resource management alternative, cloud computing is fundamentally changing the way we think about computing solutions in retail, education, and public sectors. The use of cloud computing architecture and standards are driving unique ways in which computing solutions are delivered, as well as platform diversity to meet bottom-line business objectives.

Thomas Erl’s body of work on service technology guided the technology industry through eloquent illustrations and literature over the past decade. Thomas’ brilliant efforts on principles, concepts, patterns, and

30

expressions gave the information technology community an evolved software architecture approach that now

forms a foundation for cloud computing goals to be successfully fulfilled in practice. This is a key assertion, as cloud computing is no longer a far-reaching concept of the future, but rather a dominant information technology service option and resource delivery presence.

Thomas’ Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture takes the industry beyond the definitions of cloud computing and juxtaposes virtualization, grid, and sustainment strategies as contrasted in day to day operations. Thomas and his team of authors take the reader from beginning to end with the essential elements of cloud computing, its history, innovation, and demand. Through case studies and architectural models they articulate service requirements, infrastructure, security, and outsourcing of salient computing resources.

Thomas again enlightens the industry with poignant analysis and reliable architecture-driven practices and principles. No matter the level of interest or experience, the reader will find clear value in this in-depth, vendor-neutral study of cloud computing.

Pamela J. Wise-Martinez, Inventor and Chief Architect Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration

(Disclaimer: The views expressed are the personal views of the author and are not intended to reflect either the views of the U.S. Government, the U.S. Department of Energy, or the National Nuclear Security Administration.)

31

Acknowledgments

In alphabetical order by last name:

• Ahmed Aamer, AlFaisaliah Group

• Randy Adkins, Modus21

• Melanie Allison, Integrated Consulting Services

• Gabriela Inacio Alves, University of Brasilia

• Marcelo Ancelmo, IBM Rational Software Services

• Kapil Bakshi, Cisco Systems

• Toufic Boubez, Metafor Software

• Antonio Bruno, UBS AG

• Dr. Paul Buhler, Modus21

• Pethuru Raj Cheliah, Wipro

• Kevin Davis, Ph.D.

• Suzanne D’Souza, KBACE Technologies

• Yili Gong, Wuhan University

• Alexander Gromoff, Center of Information Control Technologies

• Chris Haddad, WSO2

• Richard Hill, University of Derby

• Michaela Iorga, Ph.D.

• Johan Kumps, RealDolmen

• Gijs in ’t Veld, Motion10

• Masykur Marhendra, Consulting Workforce Accenture

• Damian Maschek, Deutshe Bahn

• Claynor Mazzarolo, IBTI

• Charlie Mead, W3C

• Steve Millidge, C2B2

• Jorge Minguez, Thales Deutschland

• Scott Morrison, Layer 7

• Amin Naserpour, HP

• Vicente Navarro, European Space Agency

• Laura Olson, IBM WebSphere

• Tony Pallas, Intel

• Cesare Pautasso, University of Lugano

32

• Sergey Popov, Liberty Global International

• Olivier Poupeney, Dreamface Interactive

• Alex Rankov, EMC

• Dan Rosanova, West Monroe Partners

• Jaime Ryan, Layer 7

• Filippos Santas, Credit Suisse

• Christoph Schittko, Microsoft

• Guido Schmutz, Trivadis

• Mark Skilton, Capgemini

• Gary Smith, CloudComputingArchitect.com

• Kevin Spiess

• Vijay Srinivasan, Cognizant

• Daniel Starcevich, Raytheon

• Roger Stoffers, HP

• Andre Toffanello, IBTI

• Andre Tost, IBM Software Group

• Bernd Trops, talend

• Clemens Utschig, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma

• Ignaz Wanders, Archimiddle

• Philip Wik, Redflex

• Jorge Williams, Rackspace

• Dr. Johannes Maria Zaha

• Jeff Zhong, Futrend Technologies

Special thanks to the CloudSchool.com research and development team that produced the CCP course modules upon which this book is based.

33

http://CloudSchool.com
Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Objectives of This Book

1.2 What This Book Does Not Cover

1.3 Who This Book Is For

1.4 How This Book Is Organized

1.5 Conventions

1.6 Additional Information

The past couple of decades saw the business-centric concept of outsourcing services and the technology- centric notion of utility computing evolve along relatively parallel streams. When they finally met to form a technology landscape with a compelling business case and seismic impacts on the IT industry as a whole, it became evident that what resultantly was termed and branded as “cloud computing” was more than just another IT trend. It had become an opportunity to further align and advance the goals of the business with the capabilities of technology.

Those who understand this opportunity can seize it to leverage proven and mature components of cloud platforms to not only fulfill existing strategic business goals, but to even inspire businesses to set new objectives and directions based on the extent to which cloud-driven innovation can further help optimize business operations.

The first step to succeeding is education. Cloud computing adoption is not trivial. The cloud computing marketplace is unregulated. And, not all products and technologies branded with “cloud” are, in fact, sufficiently mature to realize or even supportive of realizing actual cloud computing benefits. To add to the confusion, there are different definitions and interpretations of cloud-based models and frameworks floating

34

around IT literature and the IT media space, which leads to different IT professionals acquiring different types of cloud computing expertise.

And then, of course, there is the fact that cloud computing is, at its essence, a form of service provisioning. As with any type of service we intend to hire or outsource (IT-related or otherwise), it is commonly understood that we will be confronted with a marketplace comprised of service providers of varying quality and reliability. Some may offer attractive rates and terms, but may have unproven business histories or highly proprietary environments. Others may have a solid business background, but may demand higher rates and less flexible terms. Others yet, may simply be insincere or temporary business ventures that unexpectedly disappear or are acquired within a short period of time.

Back to the importance of getting educated. There is no greater danger to a business than approaching cloud computing adoption with ignorance. The magnitude of a failed adoption effort not only correspondingly impacts IT departments, but can actually regress a business to a point where it finds itself steps behind from where it was prior to the adoption—and, perhaps, even more steps behind competitors that have been successful at achieving their goals in the meantime.

Cloud computing has much to offer but its roadmap is riddled with pitfalls, ambiguities, and mistruths. The best way to navigate this landscape is to chart each part of the journey by making educated decisions about how and to what extent your project should proceed. The scope of an adoption is equally important to its approach, and both of these aspects need to be determined by business requirements. Not by a product vendor, not by a cloud vendor, and not by self-proclaimed cloud experts. Your organization’s business goals must be fulfilled in a concrete and measurable manner with each completed phase of the adoption. This validates your scope, your approach, and the overall direction of the project. In other words, it keeps your project aligned.

Gaining a vendor-neutral understanding of cloud computing from an industry perspective empowers you with the clarity necessary to determine what is factually cloud-related and what is not, as well as what is relevant to your business requirements and what is not. With this information you can establish criteria that will allow you to filter out the parts of the cloud computing product and service provider marketplaces to focus on what has the most potential to help you and your business to succeed. We developed this book to assist you with this goal.

—Thomas Erl