pg. 1Seasons Reasons(Modified from Science U)You have noticed that the weather changes during the year. It is hotter during the summerand colder in winter. It’s somewhere in between during spring and fall. These are the seasons. It is a regular change in temperaturethat repeats every year. What causes these changes? The Sunis our main source of heat. These changes are the same every year.Does it have anything todo with the movement of Earth around the Sun? Is Earth closer to the Sunduring summerand farther during winter?This seems to be a good answer.If you believe that, that’s right, you’re wrong!The seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere are reversed.When it is summer in Utah, it is winter in Australia. (Hint –Australia and Utah are the always the same distance from the Sunall year!) Besides, that the Earth's orbit is an ellipse, not a circle. At some times Earth is closer to the Sunthan at others; but this ellipse is very nearly a circle.The distances from Earth to the Sundo change through the year. The distances don’t matter. It’s like standing10 feet from a fire and then moving six inches closer or farther away.You won’t notice any difference in the heat.Guess what?The Earth is closer to the Sunduring the northern hemisphere winter! So much for that idea!What, then, is, the cause of the seasons?What causes this? The Earth’s axis is tilted of 23.5°.In the diagram on the left, you can see the Earth revolving aroundthe Sun. At position A, the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.It is summer in Utah; it is winter in Australia. Six months later Earth is a position C.The southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.It is summer in Australia; it is winter in Utah. As the Earthrevolves around the Sun, this axis points in the same direction. It points towardsPolaris, the North Star. This is why different parts of Earth tilt towards or awayfrom the Sunthroughout the year.ACDB
pg. 2What has this to do with temperature? When the northern hemisphere tilts away from the Sun, the sunlight (heat energy) comes in at a smaller angle. We receive indirect sunlight.This means that the same amount of light is distributed over a larger surface.These places receive less heat than the others. The temperatures become cooler.When the northern hemisphere tilts towards the Sun, the sunlight (heat energy) comes in at a largerangle. We receive direct sunlight. This means that the same amount of light is distributed over a smallersurface.These places receive moreheat than the others. Temperatures become warmer.The seasons are then the result of this tilt of the Earth's axis. If the tilt of the Earth's axis was 0° there would be no difference in how the rays from the Sunhit its different regions, and there would be no seasons.Not all planets have the same kind of tilt as the Earth has: Uranus, for example, has a tilt of almost 98°. Its axis, then,lies almost on the plane of its orbit, and a day there lasts about as much as one year on Uranus: about 84 Earth-years.