How to cite skyscape in apa

APA 6th ed. Guide
Proper Source Use and Citation
Developed for the DeVry University Addison Academic Success Center
http://www.add.devry.edu/Academic_Success_Center.html

Updated 1/2018

This handout answers some of the most common questions students have about using the 6th edition of APA formatting rules. Please contact your professor, local tutoring center, librarian, or the many resources in your Canvas shell if you have questions not answered here.

Contents

I. Overview of APA documentation

II. In-text citations and author tags

III. References list

1

1

3

A. Sources typically found through internet browser searches

B. Print sources and sources typically found in library databases

C. Social media and other non-traditional sources

6

10

12

I. Overview
APA documentation is a method for acknowledging the sources you include in your writing, either in your own words or as direct quotations. It is not the only correct method for documentation; however, it is the method adopted by DeVry University. You are expected to use APA formatting in all writing tasks, such as online discussions, quizzes and tests, and submitted papers, slide decks, and reports. Proper APA documentation helps you avoid plagiarism and follow academic integrity policy. It also enables you to tell your readers where to find your sources if they want to get more information on your topic themselves.

APA source documentation has two parts:

· Citations and/or author tags in your work itself (See II. Citations and Author Tags, p. 1)

· A References list at the end (See III. References List, p. 3.)

II. Citations and/or Author Tags in Your Work Itself
Citations and author tags give the reader brief information about the source. They appear in the body of your paper / slide deck / report / discussion post. They serve several purposes:

1) they make it clear to your readers which material is from sources and which are your own ideas and experience;

2) they identify which source the material came from, if you have more than one source;

3) they give enough information for the reader to go back to the References list to find the complete publication and/or access information on the source; and

4) they inform the reader whether you quoted (used the author’s exact words) or paraphrased/summarized (expressed the author’s ideas in your own words and sentence structure) the source material.

You use author tags at the beginning of your sentences to signal to reader the start of the source material. You use citations at the end of your sentences to signal the end of the source material. Whether you use an author tag or a citation, identify the author (individuals or groups) and the year of publication. If you do not know the author, use a brief version of the title in quotation marks. If you do not know the date of publication, use the phrase n.d.

Author Tags

Citations

· According to Smith (2018), …

· … (Smith, 2018).

· The American Medical Association website (n.d.) …

· … (American Medical Association, n.d.).

· A web document entitled “Diabetes” (n.d.) says…

· … (“Diabetes,” n.d.).

If your source has three or more authors, consult the APA Manual, p. 177 for guidelines on formatting author tags and citations.

FAQ: How often do I have to insert an in-text citation? As a general rule, insert an author tag or citation with every direct quote AND whenever you are introducing ANY cited material from a different author. If several sentences include information from the same source, it is acceptable to cite the source in the first and last sentences that use source information.

If You Are Quoting a Source Directly
If you are using the source’s exact words, then you need to signal that in three ways:

1) An author tag + year of publication in parentheses to identify who is speaking;

2) Quotation marks at the beginning and end of the author’s exact words to indicate that these are someone else’s words; and

3) a citation (parentheses with the page number where you found the quote). If page numbers are not available, use the paragraph number and/or section headings. Insert your parenthetical citation immediately after the quoted passage, regardless of where it appears in your sentence. Do not use a URL as a citation; use the author or title. URL’s should appear only in the references list as part of the entry.

EXAMPLE Expect to see millions of self-driving cars in the near future. Self-driving cars are “any car with features that allow it to accelerate, brake, and steer a car's course with limited or no driver interaction” (“10 Million Cars,” 2016, para. 4). A recent analysis by Business Insider magazine expects 10 million cars that can navigate without drivers to be on the road by 2020 (“10 Million Cars,” 2016). Plungis (2017) says that “we are about 85 to 90 percent of the way to perfecting the hardware, guidance systems, and software to make vehicles that can reliably and safely drive themselves” (Are We There Yet? Section, para. 2). Today’s cars already have some driver assistance technology (such as blind spot detection), and according to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (n.d.), it is already helping to prevent injuries and save lives.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: In the example above, the first source does not have an author, so a brief version of the title in quotation marks is used in the citation. All major words of the title are capitalized, as directed by the Manual (p. 176). However, in the references list, only the first word of the title is capitalized (see pp. 3-4 of this packet). Although we recommend you introduce a quote with an author tag, it is possible to include all the needed information in a citation at the end of the quote as you see here.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: The citation for the second source includes section heading and paragraph number. The Manual says (pp. 171-172) that you should point to the specific part of the source that you quoted. Use page numbers when available. You can use paragraph numbers for short articles (count the paragraphs yourself), but for longer articles, list the section heading and the paragraph number within that section.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: The third source is a government agency that sponsors a website, but does not always date the information on it. When no date is given, use n.d.

If You Are Paraphrasing or Summarizing a Source

You must paraphrase or summarize and cite appropriately to avoid plagiarism. If you are using the source’s ideas, but explaining them in your own words and sentence structure, then you need to signal that by inserting author tags and/or citations. Providing page and paragraph numbers in in-text citations is encouraged for paraphrased material but not required.

EXAMPLE According to an economic analysis of self-driving cars by the Business Insider website, there are still a number of questions about how to regulate and insure cars without human drivers (“10 Million Cars,” 2016).

How to Paraphrase Source Material into Your Own Words

Effective paraphrasing is more than simply changing a few words of the original source material. To be able to paraphrase effectively, follow these steps:

1. Choose your sources carefully. Make sure they are credible and/or scholarly and that they will support your paper or project.

2. Print and read your source material thoroughly. Take notes in the margins, highlight material you will likely cite, and cross out passages that do not apply to your paper or project. Be sure that you understand the material.

3. When you are ready to paraphrase, turn over the source material and write what you understood from memory. In doing this, you are truly putting the source material into your own words and sentence structure—you are paraphrasing.

Note: If you are unable to complete the previous step, you may not have understood the source material. Reread the source and try the paraphrasing strategy again. If you are still unable to complete this step, it may be because the source is not appropriate for your paper or project.

4. Cite the source material appropriately in the text of your paper and on the References page. Use this packet as a guide, and seek help at the ASC if you need it.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: When you refer to your own previous writing, such as an essay you submitted in another class, you must cite it to avoid self-plagiarizing. Include in-text and bibliographic citations for your own work just as you would with a source by another author.

III. The References List at the End of Your Work
An APA references list at the end of your paper / slide deck / report / discussion post contains the full publication information about each source cited in the paper. The References page is double-spaced. The first line of each entry is aligned with the left margin, and the second and following lines are indented one half inch (also called a hanging paragraph). You should cite every source you use, and your references list should include ONLY those sources you cited.

References entries are arranged in alphabetical order according to the author’s name (either individuals or groups), or if no author is named, by the title of the document. The in-text citations in the preceding examples correspond to the entries in the sample References list below.

EXAMPLE

References

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (n.d.). Driver assistance technologies. Retrieved from https://www.nhtsa.gov/equipment/driver-assistance-technologies

Plungis, J. (2017, February 28). Self-driving cars: Driving into the future. Retrieved from https://www.consumerreports.org/autonomous-driving/self-driving-cars-driving-into-the-future/

10 million self-driving cars will be on the road by 2020. (2016, June 15). Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/report-10-million-self-driving-cars-will-be-on-the-road-by-2020-2015-5-6

Almost every references list entry contains these four pieces of information:

Author (individuals or groups)*

Year of publication

(also month and day in the case of periodicals)

Title

Publication information

*Some documents do not have authors, so the title moves to the author slot.

Put a period at the end of each piece of information. When you have an individual author, the period after the author’s initials serves this purpose.

The publication information for an entry will vary depending on the entry. This is because the process for uploading a document to a website is very different from publishing a hard-copy book. So, the first step in completing your reference entry is to determine what kind of source you have. Once you determine that, follow the formula for citing it. The formulas for some common kinds of sources appear in the boxes below. Each formula is followed by an example.

A Note about Citation Generators and Pre-Generated Citations

Many sources offer preformatted reference entries, and there are many citation generating programs (including one in Word), and you may feel you can rely on them rather than create a references list entry on your own. Keep in mind, however, that pre-supplied citations may not always be accurate, and citation generators are only as good as the information you key in. So in the words of the late U.S. President Ronald Reagan, you should “trust, but verify” the entries generated.

EXAMPLE

Businessdictionary.com Generated Citation

Correct Citation (based on APA Manual, p. 205, #30)

Creativity. BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved January 21, 2017, from BusinessDictionary.com website: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/creativity.html

Creativity. (n.d.). In BusinessDictionary. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/creativity.html

Likewise, citation generators are good at organizing the information that you key in into citation format, but there are some changes they do not make. For example, a citation generator will put the title of a book in italics, but it will not adjust for capitalization rules. You have to key in the title with the proper capitalization yourself if you want to proper citation in return. You also have to know which fields in the citation generators to leave blank if that information is not needed in the reference. For example, there is a field for retrieval date for a webpage, but that information is no longer needed in most reference entries, so leave that field blank. If you use a citation generator, it is essential that you know how to accurately construct a citation so you can proofread it carefully before you submit your work.

FAQ: How do I correctly capitalize and italicize the title of my source? The answer depends on where you are using your title: in the text of your paper, in an in-text citation, or on your References page.

· In a sentence in your paper (Manual, 101, 176), capitalize all major words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) in a title; also capitalize all non-major words if they have four or more letters. Italicize the title of a journal, newspaper, magazine, book, brochure, or report, but use quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or web page.

· In your in-text citation (Manual, 176), if your article has no author, cite the title and year of publication in parentheses. Italicize the title of a journal, newspaper, magazine, book, brochure, or report. Use quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or web page. Capitalize it according to the “In a sentence” rules above. You may use the first few words of the title if it is long; just make sure your reader can tell which source you are citing.

· In your References list (Manual 101, 185), capitalize the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash (subtitle), all proper nouns / adjectives, and acronyms. Italicize the titles of books, journals/newspapers/magazines, reports, and brochures. Do not italicize the titles of webpages, book chapters, or journal/newspaper/magazine articles.

FAQ: What if my source quotes another source (Manual, 178)? This is called a secondary source citation. If you read an article by Dr. Smith, and he quotes Dr. Jones, list only Dr. Smith’s article on your References page. In the text of your paper, cite both authors as follows: …as revealed in Dr. Jones’ study (as cited in Smith, 2009).

FAQ: For electronic sources, how do I know whether to provide the URL in my References list entry? Should I provide a specific URL or the home page URL? The answer depends on what kind of source you have and how you found it (Manual, 192, 198-99).

· If you are referencing a journal article, provide the DOI instead of the URL whenever it is available (see p. 10 of this packet for DOI information and example entries).

· If you are referencing a journal article and you found it through a database, do not include the URL. Your entry will resemble that of a print source.

· If you are referencing a journal article and you found it through the journal’s website, include the URL of the website’s home page.

· If you are referencing an online source and you found it by conducting a search on the source’s website, include the URL of the website’s home page.

· If you are referencing an online source and you used a search engine to link directly to it, include the specific URL.

How do I cite multiple authors? The answer depends on the number of authors you are citing and whether you are citing in-text or on the References page.

· For your in-text citation, there are specific guidelines for the number of authors of the source and the number of times the source is cited. Refer to the Manual (pp. 175-177, especially the chart on page 177) for guidance.

· For your References page, use commas to separate the authors’ names, and use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If your source has more than seven authors, list the first six, then ellipses, then the last author listed. Always list them in the order in which they are provided. See the Manual (p. 197) for a list of Reference page examples with multiple authors.

Common References List Forms and Examples

Below are a number of formats that students commonly use in their papers. Each contains a “formula” and an example. They are taken from the following three sources:

· Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. [Manual]

· APA Style Guide to Electronic References, 6th ed. [Guide]

· Blog postings on the APAStyle.org website [Specific URL]

For the sake of space, we did not double-space the references list “formulas.” Your references list should be double-spaced like the examples.

A. Sources Typically Found Through Internet Browser Searches
Web Document or Web Page with Author [http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspx]

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from url

Plungis, J. (2017, February 28). Self-driving cars: Driving into the future. Retrieved from https://www.consumerreports.org/autonomous-driving/self-driving-cars-driving-into-the-future/

Author tag: Plungis (2017) / Citation: (Plungis, 2017).

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic mission and values. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-mayo-clinic/mission-values

Author tag: Mayo Clinic (n.d.) / Citation: (Mayo Clinic, n.d.).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: In References list entries, capitalize only 1) the first word of the title, 2) the first word after a colon or dash, if applicable, 3) all proper nouns / adjectives, and 4) acronyms.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: Unlike the previous version of APA format, URLs are not listed for when a source is accessed through a library database. Typically, when a URL is listed, it should be provided as plain text without a hyperlink. Retrieval dates (the dates that you accessed your electronic sources) are no longer used unless the information in the source is subject to change over time, such as in a wiki format.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: According to the Guide (p. 32), when citing an entire website or page (not any document in particular on that website), it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text (no references list entry is needed), as follows: KidsPsych is a wonderful interactive website for children (http://www.kidspsych.org).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: In References list entries, For more details about citing web-based sources, consult this 2010 APAStyle.org blog by Chelsea Lee: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html?_ga=2.33108027.409322249.1517329538-1192437536.1509663857

Web Document or Web Page, No Author [http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspx; http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2017/04/how-to-alphabetize-a-number.html]

Title of document. (Year of publication). Retrieved from url

3 sentenced to life in Turkey for attack that killed Germans. (2018, 31 January). Retrieved from https://apnews.com/6b085bbfcb5e4546ace816c1929e7262/3-sentenced-to-life-in-Turkey-for-attack-that-killed-Germans

Author tag: In an AP story entitled “3 sentenced to life in Turkey for attack that killed Germans” (2018)

Citation: (“3 Sentenced,” 2018).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: When no author is provided, move the title to the author slot. If you are citing a published report with a corporate author, see the example below.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: Based on a 2017 APAstyle.org blog by Chelsea Lee, when your title starts with a number, imagine that the number is spelled out and alphabetize accordingly.

Article from a Newspaper or Magazine Available Online [Manual, 200-201: 7 & 11]
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month day). Title of article. Title of

Newspaper or Magazine. Retrieved from url

Morgan, J. (2014, May 13). A simple explanation of ‘The Internet of Things.’ Forbes Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com

Author tag: Morgan (2014) / Citation: (Morgan, 2014).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: You may give the URL of the website’s home page if the article is easily found with the site’s search tool.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: In sources like these with two titles, for the title of the article, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, all proper nouns/adjectives, and all acronyms. For the title of the newspaper, magazine or journal, capitalize all major words and words with 4 or more letters; also italicize the title.

Report or Publication by a Government Agency, Corporation, or Organization Available Online, No Individual Author [Manual, 205: 31]
Name of Government Department or Agency. (Year of publication). Title of the document

(report number if given). Retrieved from specific url

U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Diabetes Translation. (2017, December 21). Diabetes: What is it? Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/diabetesatwork/pdfs/DiabetesWhatIsIt.pdf

1st Author tag: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2017); 2nd tag: CDC (2017)

1st Citation: (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017); 2nd citation: (CDC, 2017).
Report or Publication by a Government Agency, Corporation, or Organization Available Online, Individual Author [Manual, 206: 33]
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month day). Title of the document

(report number if given). Retrieved from Name of Agency website: specific url

Frey, W. H. (2018, January). The millennial generation: A demographic bridge to America’s diverse future. Retrieved from the Brookings Institution website: https://www.brookings.edu/newsletters/10_03_2017_cti/26/

Author tag: Frey (2018) / Citation: (Frey, 2018).

Journal Article Found Through Web Search [199: 3]
First Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Second Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., … & Last Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue, if known), page numbers. Retrieved from home page url

Kim, S. J., Jee, S. H., Nam, J. M., Cho, W. H., Kim, J., & Park, E. (2014). Do early onset and pack-years of smoking increase risk of type II diabetes? BMC Public Health, 14(178). Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/178

Author tag: Kim et al. (2014) / Citation: (Kim et al., 2014).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: This example was found directly on the journal’s website, so the home page’s URL is listed in the entry.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: See the Manual (p. 177) for guidance on tagging and citing multiple authors.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: If your source has more than seven authors, list the first six, then ellipses, then the last author listed. Always list them in the order in which they are provided.

Class Notes or Handouts, Available Through Canvas Only [Guide 31]

When lecture notes are available only from the teacher, via course management software (such as Canvas), cite

this as a personal communication (see Manual, section 6.20). Cite personal communications in text only; include initials as well as the surname of the person involved, and give as precise a date as possible: (J. A. Howard, personal communication, September 19, 2011). The same approach would apply to notes taken during a lecture or material handed out in class but not posted on a public website).

Lecture Notes or Presentation on Online [Guide, 31: 69]

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month Day if given). Title of lecture or

presentation [File format]. Retrieved from specific url

Brieger, W. (2005). Lecture 3: Recruitment and involvement of trainees [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health OpenCourseWare website: http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/TrainingMethodsContinuingEducation/lectureNotes.cfm

Author tag: Brieger (2005) / Citation: (Brieger, 2005).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: Identify the name of the website to which the information was posted when that information is not evident from the URL or author name.

Map Retrieved Online [Manual, 210: 53]

Organization that Published Map or Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given.

(Cartographer). (Date of Publication). Title of the map [Type of map if given].

Retrieved from specific url

Republic of Moldova. (Cartographer). (n.d.). Map of Moldova [Political map]. Retrieved from http://www.moldova.md/en/content/administrative-territorial-organization-moldova

Author tag: Republic of Moldova (n.d.) / Citation: (Republic of Moldova, n.d.).

Visual Element (Photograph, Graphic, etc.) Retrieved Online [Guide, 27: 52]

Organization that Published Map or Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Date of Publication). Title of element [Type of element]. Retrieved from specific url

Somali-Chow, D. (2018, January 30). Dragon fight [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/2018/01/komodo-dragon-fight/

Author tag: Somali-Chow (2018) / Citation: (Somali-Chow, 2018).

Bartram, G. & World Flag Database. (2017). Flag of Moldova [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.flags.net/MOLD.htm

Author tag: Bartram and the World Flag Database (2017)

Citation: (Bartram, 2017).

Activity trackers for kids [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.kidsfitnesstracker.com/benefits-of-activity-tracker-for-kids/

Author tag: In an image entitled “Activity trackers for kids” (n.d.)

Citation: (“Activity,” n.d.).

Online Reference Entry, No Author, Editor, or Date of Publication [205: 30]

Name of entry. (n.d.). In Title of the Reference work (# ed.). Retrieved from specific url

Humid. (n.d.). In Roget’s 21st Century Thesaurus (3rd ed.). Retrieved from http://thesaurus.reference.com/browse/humid

Author tag: According to the entry for “humid” in Roget’s 21st Century Thesaurus (n.d),

Citation: (“Humid,” 2018).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: The example above was found online (Thesaurus.com) but refers to a specific print work (Roget’s). We must name the original source before providing the URL because both works must be cited.

B. Sources Print Sources and Sources Typically Found in Library Databases

Online Journal Article with DOI, Multiple Authors [198: 1]

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial.,

& Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of the

article. Title of the Magazine/Journal, Volume number(Issue number if known), page

numbers. doi: 10.####/#####.#####

Nordh, H., Grahn, P., & Währborg, P. (2009). Meaningful activities in the forest, a way back from exhaustion and long-term sick leave. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 8(3), 207-219. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2009.02.005

1st Author tag: Nordh, Grahn, and Währborg (2009); 2nd tag: Nordh et al. (2009)

1st Citation: (Nordh, Grahn, & Währborg, 2009); 2nd citation: (Nordh et al., 2009).
MCj04414980000[1]What is a DOI?

A DOI is a Digital Object Identifier—a number assigned to some journal articles as a way to identify and manage material digitally. DOIs may be available on both online and print journal articles, especially in the social sciences. They may be listed separately or under the term “article” or a vendor’s name, such as “CrossRef.” It is more permanently reliable than a URL, so you should include only the DOI, and not a URL, in your entry whenever your source provides one. See pages 188 and 189 of the manual for details.

Online Journal Article without DOI, Found using Database [199: 3]

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue, if known), page numbers.

Schnoor, J. (2009). Jobs, jobs, and green jobs. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(23), 8706.

Author tag: Schnoor (2009) / Citation: (Schnoor, 2009).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: No URL is provided in this example because the manual states (page 192) that it is not necessary to include database information in most entries. Therefore, this type of entry will resemble a print entry.

An Electronic Only Book [Guide, 17: 15]
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of the book. Retrieved from specific url

O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from http:// www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135

Author tag: O’Keefe (n.d.) / Citation: (O’Keefe, n.d.).

An Entire Book or Textbook [Manual, 203: 18]
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of the book. Place of

publication: Publisher.

Hyde, C. R. (1999). Pay it forward. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Author tag: Hyde (1999) / Citation: (Hyde, 1999).

Ahearne, M., Manning, G.L. & Reece, B. L. (2014). Selling today: Partnering to create value (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

1st Author tag: Ahearne, Manning, and Reece (2014); 2nd tag: Ahearne et al. (2014)

1st Citation: (Ahearne, Manning, & Reece, 2014); 2nd citation: (Ahearne et al., 2014).
MCj03978650000[1]Note: The state abbreviation can be included in the place of publication if given (ex. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster). Do not include unnecessary terms (Co., Inc., etc.) in your entry, but do include “Books” and “Press” if listed.
Electronic Version of a Book or Textbook [Guide, 16: 14]
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of the book [Electronic version of book]. Retrieved from specific url

Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [Mobipocket Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp

Author tag: Shotton (1989) / Citation: (Shotton, 1989).

Book Chapter or Reference Book Entry [204: 25]
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of the chapter or entry. In Title of the book (pp. page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.

Schakel, P., & Ridl, J. (2005). Plot and characters. In Approaching literature in the 21st century (pp. 54-90). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Author tag: Schakel and Ridl (2005) / Citation: (Schakel & Ridl, 1999).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: If you are citing a reference book entry, you may have an editor instead of an author. List the editor’s name in the author position and insert an identifier immediately afterwards: Smith, J. (Ed.). (2005). etc. If you have both an author and an editor, begin your entry with the author’s information, and insert the editor’s information after the chapter title: Jones, E. (2012). Chapter title. In D. Johnson (Ed.), etc.

A Magazine Article [Manual, 200: 7]
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month day if given). Title of the article.

Title of the Magazine, volume number(Issue, if known), page numbers.

Merida, K. (2018, February 5). State of the black athlete: Speaking their minds. ESPN: The Magazine, 48-50.

Author tag: Merida (2018) / Citation: (Merida, 2018).

A Newspaper Article [Manual, 200: 10]
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month day of publication). Title of the

article. Title of the Newspaper, pp. page numbers.

Olumhense, E., Lukitsch, B. (2018, January 31). Illinois may say no smokes if under 21. Chicago Tribune, pp. 1, 6.

Author tag: Olumhense and Likitsch (2018)

Citation: (Olumhense & Likitsch, 2018).

C. Social Media and Other Non-Traditional Sources
Personal Communications (Private letters, memos, emails, or phone interviews)
[Manual 179: Section 6.20]
Acknowledge a personal interview or other personal communication in your text by identifying the person interviewed and the date of the interview. Do not include personal communication in the References page because it is information of limited circulation—that is, most readers will not have access to your personal sources. References pages should include only information that is widely available to everyone.

According to J. A. Hagemann (personal communication, January 21, 2018), …

Blog Post [Guide, 33: 72]

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month day). Title of post [Blog post]. Retrieved from specific url

Laden, G. (2011, May 8). A history of childbirth and misconceptions about life expectancy [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2011/05/a_history_of_childbirth_and_mi.php

Author tag: Laden (2011) / Citation: (Laden, 2011).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: Insert the blogger’s screen name as the author if no author’s name is provided.

MCj03978650000[1]Note: For non-routine kinds of sources, note the type of source they are in square brackets. For examples of non-routine sources, see Manual (p. 186) or Guide (p. 2).

Video Blog Post [Manual, 215: 77]

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month day). Title of post [Video file].

Retrieved from specific url

Doctors offer virtual check-ups [Video file]. (2010, January 19). Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/34933382#34931564
Author tag: In a MSNBC video file entitled “Doctors offer virtual check-ups” (2010)

Citation: (“Doctors,” 2010).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: Since no author is present, the title, publication date, and URL are used in this entry.

Blog Comment [Guide, 33: 73]

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month day). Re: Title of original post [Blog comment]. Retrieved from specific url

MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Blog comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php

Author tag: MiddleKid (2007) / Citation: (MiddleKid, 2007).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: Because the author has adopted a screen name to use when posting messages to this blog instead of using his or her real name, the screen name is used for the author

name in the reference.

Audio podcast [Guide, 27: 48]

Creater’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Producer). (Year, Month day). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from specific url

Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/

Author tag: Van Nuys (2007) / Citation: (Van Nuys, 2007)

Video podcast [Guide, 27: 49]

Creater’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Producer). (Year, Month day). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from specific url

Hoade, S. (Producer). (2010, October 31). Zombies in literature: Intro to zombie studies [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/

Author tag: Hoade (2010) / Citation: (Hoade, 2010)

MCj03978650000[1]Note: Provide the home page URL rather than the full URL, because the video is easily available by search.

Transcription of an Audio or Video File [Guide, 27: 55]

Creater’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Producer). (Year, Month day). Title of podcast [Podcast transcript]. Retrieved from specific url

National Public Radio (Producer). (2011, February 11). Science diction: The origin of antibiotic’ [Podcast transcript]. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2011/02/11/133686020/Science-Diction-The-Origin-Of-Antibiotic

1st Author tag: National Public Radio [NPR] (2010); 2nd tag: NPR (2010)

1st Citation: (National Public Radio [NPR], 2010).; 2nd citation: (NPR, 2010).

Streaming Video (e.g. YouTube) [Guide, 26, 28: 56]

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. [User name]. (Year, Month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from specific url

McDonnell, C. [charlieissocoollike]. (2011, May 17). Stop procrastinating [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/charlie#p/u/4/qjIsdbBsE8g

Author tag: McDonnell (2010) / Citation: (McDonnell, 2010).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: For retrievability purposes, the person who posted the video is credited as the author. If the person’s real name and user name are both available, provide the real name in the format Author, A. A., followed by the user name inside brackets. Otherwise, when the real name is not available, include only the user name, without brackets.

Twitter Update or Tweet [Guide, 33: 74]

User’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. [Screen name]. (Year, Month day). Title of tweet [Tweet]. Retrieved from specific url

Obama, B. [BarackObama]. (2009, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Tweet]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366

Author tag: Obama (2009) / Citation: (Obama, 2009).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: If the user’s real name is known, provide both the user name and screen name. If only the screen name is known, provide it without brackets.

MCj03978650000[1] For more details about citing social media sources, consult this 2013 APAStyle.org blog by Chelsea Lee: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/10/how-to-cite-social-media-in-apa-style.html

Facebook Page or Note [Guide, 33-34: 75]

User’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. [Full First Name]. (Year, Month day). Title of page [Facebook page]. Retrieved from specific url

Pinker, S. [Steven]. (n.d.). Timeline [Facebook page]. Retrieved March 19, 2012, from http://www.facebook.com/pages/Steven-Pinker/266872782418

Author tag: Pinker (n.d.) / Citation: (Pinker, 2009).

Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire safety [Facebook page]. Retrieved April 17, 2011, from https://www.facebook.com/FEMA?sk=app_10442206389

1st Author tag: Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] (ca. 2011); 2nd Tag: FEMA (ca. 2011)

1st Citation: (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] (ca. 2011).; 2nd Citation: (FEMA, 2010).

American Red Cross. (2009, November 2). Red Cross workers in American Samoa: 2 stories [Facebook note]. Retrieved from http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=178265261423

Author tag: American Red Cross (2009) / Citation: (American Red Cross, 2009).

MCj03978650000[1]Note: For individual Facebook authors, give the last name and initials and then include the author’s first name in brackets, to aid in retrievability. For organizations or groups, spell out the full name.

MCj03978650000[1] Note: For dates that cannot be determined, use n.d. (for no date). If the date can reasonably be approximated, put ca. (for circa) followed by the year, inside brackets. Include a retrieval date only when the date of the post is unknown or has been approximated.

MCj03978650000[1] Note: For multiple entries with the same author and date, alphabetize the entries by title and add a letter after the year (2011a, 2011b; n.d.-a, n.d.-b; or [ca. 2011a], [ca. 2011b]).

Facebook Status Update [Guide, 34: 76]

User’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. [Full First Name]. (Year, Month day). Title of page [Facebook status update]. Retrieved from specific url

APA Style. (2011, March 10). How do you spell success in APA Style? Easy! Consult Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary or APA’s Dictionary of Psychology. Read more over at the APA Style Blog [Facebook status update]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/APAStyle/posts/206877529328877

Author tag: APA Style (2011) / Citation: (APA Style, 2011).

Software (Including Apps) with Individual or Corporate Author [Guide, 29: 59]

Rightsholder’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month day). Title of Software or Program (Version number) [Description of form]. Retrieved from specific url

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2005). Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.meta-analysis.com/index.html

1st Author tag: Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, and Rothstein (2005); 2nd Tag: Borenstein et al. (2005)

1st Citation: (Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothstein (2005).; 2nd Citation: (Borenstein et al., 2005).

Mobile Application Software (App [Guide, 29: 60, 61]

Rightsholder’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year, Month day). Title of Software or Program (Version number) [Description of form]. Retrieved from specific url

Deglin, J. H., & Vallerand, A. H. (2010). Davis’s Drug Guide for Nurses (12th ed.) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from http://www.skyscape.com/estore/productdetail.aspx?productid219

Author tag: Deglin and Vellerand (2010) / Citation: (Deglin & Vallerand, 2010).

Skyscape. (2010). Skyscape Medical Resources (Version 1.9.11) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/

Author tag: Skyscape (2010) / Citation: (Skyscape, 2010).

Reviews [Guide, 24: 41, 42]

Reviewer’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of review [Review of kind of work Title of work, by First Initial. Second Initial Last Name of Author].

Retrieved from specific url

Axelman, A., & Shapiro, J. L. (2007). Does the solution warrant the problem? [Review of the DVD Brief therapy with adolescents, produced by the American Psychological Association, 2007]. PsycCRITIQUES, 52(51). http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0009036

Author tag: Axelman and Shapiro (2007) / Citation: (Axelman & Shapiro, 2007).

[Review of the video game BioShock, produced by 2K Games, 2007]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.whattheyplay.com/products/bioshock-for-xbox-360/?fm=3&ob=1&t=0#166

Author tag: In the review of the video game BioShock by 2K Games (2007)

Citation: (“[Review],”2007).

MCj03978650000[1] Note: If the review is untitled, use the material in brackets as the title; retain the brackets to indicate that the material is a description of form and content, not a formal title.

Sources Consulted for this Packet

The following documents were consulted:

· The APAStyle.org blog, available through the apa.org website [various authors respond to submitted questions to expand on guidelines in the publication manual]

· American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

· American Psychological Association. (2010). APA Style Guide to Electronic References [PDF version]. Available from http://www.apastyle.org/products/4210512.aspx

This guide is adapted from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. (2010) and was produced and developed by J. Hagemann, M. Dufresne, R. Luxton, C. Lewinski, and L. Danley. Created 2010 and regularly updated.