For Bedford/St. Martin's Developmental Editor: John E. Sullivan III Production Editor: Kendra LeFleur Production Supervisor: Yexenia Markland Senior Marketing Manager: Rachel Falk Editorial Assistant: Christina Gerogiannis Production Assistants: Kristen Merrill, Katherine Bouwkamp Copyeditor: Lisa Peachey Flanagan Text Design: Anna Palchik Cover Design: Kim Cevoli Cover Art: Bookworm's Harvest [Anagram (A Pun)], 1998. Cover art© Robert
Rauschenberg/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. Composition: Macmillan India Printing and Binding: Haddon Craftsmen, Inc., an R.R. Donnelley & Sons
Company
President: Joan E. Feinberg Editorial Director: Denise B. Wydra Editor in Chief Karen S. Henry Director of Marketing: Karen Melton Soeltz Director of Editing, Design, and Production: Marcia Cohen Managing Editor: Elizabeth M. Schaaf
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004112285
Copyright© 2005 by Bedford/St. Martin's
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
9 8 7 6 5 4
f e d c b a
For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin's, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000)
ISBN:0-312-40995-8 EAN:978-0-312-40995-1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Henry Adams photograph by unidentified photographer. Circa 1875. MHS image num ber 1133. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
Acknowledgments and copyrights are continued at the back of the book on pages 868-70, which constitute an extension afth� copyright page. It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selec tions by any means whatsoeoer without the written permission of the copyright holder.
PAULO
FREIRE
PAULO FREIRE (pronounce it "Fr-air-ah" unless you can make a Portuguese "r") was one of the most influen tial radical educators of our world. A native of Recife, Brazil, he spent most of his early career working in poverty-stricken areas of his homeland, developing meth ods for teaching illiterate adults to read and write and (as he would say) to think critically and, thereby, to take power over their own lives. Because he has created a class room where teachers and students have equal power and equal dignity, his work has stood as a model for educators
around the world. It led also to sixteen years of exile after the milit