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Cities of the World

Cities of the World Regional Patterns and Urban Environments

Sixth Edition

EditEd by

Stanley D. Brunn, JeSSiCa K. GrayBill, Maureen HayS-MitCHell, and DonalD J. ZeiGler

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London

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Cities of the world : regional patterns and urban environments / edited by Stanley D. Brunn, Jessica K. Graybill, Maureen Hays-Mitchell, and Donald J. Zeigler.—Sixth Edition. pages cm Revised edition of Cities of the world, 2012. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4422-4916-5 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4422-4917-2 (electronic) 1. Cities and towns. 2. City planning. 3. Urbanization. 4. Urban policy. I. Brunn, Stanley D., editor. II. Graybill, Jessica K., 1973– editor. III. Hays-Mitchell, Maureen, editor. HT151.C569 2016 307.76—dc23 2015036537

∞ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

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To a greener and more just future for planet Earth, its cities and residents.

Contents

List of Illustrations xv

Preface xxxi

1 World Urban Development Jessica K. Graybill, Maureen Hays-Mitchell, Donald J. Zeigler, and Stanley D. Brunn 3

The World Urban System: Prospects until 2050 7 World Urbanization: Past Trends 11

Early Urbanization: Antiquity to Fifth Century ce 11 / The Middle Period: Fifth to Seventeenth Century ce 14 / Industrial and Postindustrial Urbanization: Eighteenth Century to the Present 16

City Functions and Urban Economies 17 City Functions 17 / Sectors of the Urban Economy 18 / Basic and Nonbasic Economic Activities 18

Theories on the Spatial Structure of Cities 20 The Concentric Zone Model 22 / The Sector Model 23 / The Multiple Nuclei Model 23 / The Inverse Concentric Zone Model 24

Urban Challenges 26 Managing the Environment 26 / Managing Population Size and Growth 28 / Managing Urban Services 30 / Managing Slums and Squatter Settlements 31 / Managing Society 32 / Managing Unemployment 32 / Managing Racial and Ethnic Issues 34 / Managing Privacy 34 / Managing Modernization and Globalization 35 / Managing Traffic 37 / Managing Urban Governance 37

Concepts, Terms, and Definitions 38 Capital City 38 / City 39 / Colonial City 39 / Conurbation 39 / Galactic Metropolis 39 / Industrial City 40 / Megacity 40 / Megalopolis 40 / Metacity 40 / Metropolis and Metropolitan Area 40 / New Town 41 / Preindustrial City 41 / Postindustrial City 41 / Primate City 42 / Rank- Size Rule 42 / Site and Situation 42 / Socialist and Post-socialist City 43 / Suburbia 43 / Sustainable City 44 / Urbanism 44 / Urbanization 44 / Urban Agglomeration 45 / Urban Area 45 / Urban Place 45 / Urban Landscapes 45 / World City 46

Suggested Readings 46

2 Cities of the United States and Canada Lisa Benton-Short and Nathaniel M. Lewis 49

viii Contents

Historical Overview 52 Colonial Mercantilism: 1700–1840 52 / Industrial Capitalism: 1840–1970 54 / Postindustrial Capitalism: 1975–present 56

Models of Urban Structure 59 Distinctive Cities 62

New York City: A Global Metropolis 62 / Los Angeles: Outward Glitz, Inner Turmoil 66 / Detroit and Cleveland: Shrinking Cities 68 / Montreal: Moving Uphill from Upheaval 69 / Ottawa: A Capital of Compromise 70 / Washington, DC: A New Immigrant Gateway 72 / New Orleans: Vulnerable City 73

Urban Problems and Prospects 75 Globalization and the Urban Hierarchy 75 / Globalization and Localization 76 / Immigration and Increasing Diversity 79 / Women in the City 80 / Urban LGBTQ Communities 83 / Security and Urban Fortification 84 / Rebuilding and Memorialization 87

Urban Environmental Issues 88 Water 88 / Air Pollution 90 / Climate Change 92

Conclusions 93 Suggested Readings 95

3 Cities of Middle America and the Caribbean Roberto Albandoz, Tim Brothers, Seth Dixon, Irma Escamilla, Joseph L. Scarpaci, and Thomas Sigler 97

Historical Geography of Middle American and Caribbean Urbanization 99 Mexico 99 / Central America 105 / Caribbean 111

Models of Urban Structure 115 Distinctive Cities 116

Mexico City: Ancient Aztec Capital, Contemporary Megacity 116 / San José: Cultural Capital and Ecotourism Gateway 119 / Havana: The Once and Future Hub of the Caribbean? 120 / Panama City: Child of Globalization 124 / San Juan: American City Under Stress 125

Urban Challenges 128 Shifting Patterns of City Growth 128 / Social and Spatial Segregation 129 / Natural Disasters and Vulnerable Cities 129 / Managing Flows: Tourism and Drug Trafficking 132 / Gated Communities 132

Prospects for the Future 133 Economic Strengths and Vulnerability 133

Suggested Readings 134

4 Cities of South America Brian J. Godfrey and Maureen Hays-Mitchell 137

Urban Patterns in South America 139 Contemporary Urban Trends 142 / Critical Issues 143

Contents ix

Urban Primacy and Uneven Regional Development 143 / Economic Polarization and Spatial Segregation 144 / Economic Restructuring, Structural Adjustment, and Social Movements 145 / Declining Infrastructures and Environmental Degradation 145

Historical Perspectives on South American Cities 147 Pre-Columbian Urbanism 147 / Colonial Cities: Spanish versus Portuguese America 148 / Neocolonial Urbanization: Political Independence, Economic Dependence 150 / Twentieth Century: The Urbanizing Century 151

Distinctive Cities 154 Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: Anchors of South America’s Megalopolis 155

Rio de Janeiro: The “Marvelous City” 156 / São Paulo: The Making of a Megacity 160 Brasília: Continental Geopolitics and Planned Cities 164 / Lima: Tempering Hyperurbanization on South America’s Pacific Rim 167 / Buenos Aires: Global City of the Southern Cone 174 / Curitiba and Bogotá: Planning For Sustainable Urban Development 177

Urban Challenges and Prospects 181 The Urban Economy and Social Justice 181 / Defensive Urbanism and Self- Help Housing 181 / Spatial Segregation, Land Use, and Environmental Injustices 183

An Eye toward the Future 184 Suggested Readings 185

5 Cities of Europe Linda McCarthy and Corey Johnson 187

Historical Perspectives on Urban Development 189 Classical Period: 800 bce to 450 ce 189 / Medieval Period: 450–1300 ce 190 / Renaissance and Baroque Periods: 1300–1760 ce 191 / Industrial Period: 1760–1945 ce 192

Urban Patterns across Europe 193 Postwar Divergence and Convergence 194

Western Europe 194 / Socialist Urbanization 197 / Post-Socialist Changes 197 Core-Periphery Model 198

Immigration, Globalization, and Planning 200 The Challenge of Integrating Immigrants 200 / European and Global Linkages 202 / Urban Policy and Planning 204

Characteristic Features within Cities 206 Town Squares 206 / Major Landmarks 206 / Complex Street Pattern 208 / High Density and Compact Form 208 / Bustling City Centers 208 / Low-Rise Skylines 209 / Neighborhood Stability and Change 209 / Housing 210

Models of the European City 212 Northwestern European City Structure 213 / Mediterranean City Structure 214 / Central and Eastern European City Structure 216

Distinctive Cities 216 London: Europe’s Global City 216 / Paris: France’s Primate City Par Excellence 221 / Barcelona: Capital of Catalonia 223 / Oslo: Low-Key Capital

x Contents

of Norway 226 / Berlin: The Past Always Present in Germany’s Capital 226 / Bucharest: A New Paris of the East? 228

Urban Challenges 229 Suggested Readings 233

6 Cities of Russia Jessica K. Graybill and Megan Dixon 235

Historical Evolution of the Russian Urban System 241 The Pre-Soviet Period: Birth of the Urban System 241 / The Soviet Period: New Urban Patterns 245 / Urban and Regional Planning in the Soviet Period 247 / The Urban Environment in the Soviet Period 248 / Late Soviet Period: The Beginning of Change 250

Contemporary Russia: Reconfiguring the Urban System 251 Political Urban Transformation 255 / Changing Urban Structure and Function 256 / Sociocultural Urban Transformation 258 / Twenty-first- Century Environmental Concerns 261

Distinctive Cities 263 Moscow: Russia’s Past Meets Russia’s Future 263 / St. Petersburg: Window on the West—Again? 265 / Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: The International Power of Oil 267 / Norilsk: The Legacy of Heavy Industry 268 / Kazan: Volga Port in Tatarstan 270 / Vladivostok: Russia’s Pacific Capital? 271

Prospects for the Future 272 Suggested Readings 274

7 Cities of the Greater Middle East Zia Salim, Donald J. Zeigler, and Amal K. Ali 277

Foundations of the Urban System 282 Contemporary Urban Patterns 284 Models of Urban Structure 289

Urban Transects 292 / Arab Cities on the Gulf 293

Form and Function on the Urban Landscape 295 From Arab Spring to Arab Winter 298 Distinctive Cities 300

Cairo: The Victorious 300 / Jerusalem: City of Three Faiths 303 / Dubai: Gulf Showplace 306 / Mecca: City of the Hajj 308 / Istanbul: Transcontinental Hinge 310

Urban Problems and Prospects 313 Water 313 / Environmental Degradation 315 / Housing 316

Conclusion 317 Suggested Readings 319

8 Cities of Sub-Saharan Africa Garth Myers, Francis Owusu, and Angela Gray Subulwa 323

African Urbanization 325

Contents xi

Historical Geography of Urban Development 328 Ancient and Medieval Precolonial Urban Centers 330 / Urban Development after 1500 332 / African Urbanization in the Era of Formal Colonial Rule 333 / Postcolonial Urbanization 334 / Current Urbanization Trends 336

Distinctive Cities 340 Kinshasa: The Invisible City 340 / Accra: African Neoliberal City? 342 / Lagos: Largest Megacity of SSA 345 / Nairobi: Urban Legacies of Colonialism 347 / Dakar: Senegal’s City of Contradictions 351 / Johannesburg: A Multicentered City of Gold 354

Urban Challenges 357 Urban Environmental Issues 357 / Primate Cities 359 / Rural-to-Urban Migration 361

A Hopeful Vignette 363 Suggested Readings 365

9 Cities of South Asia Ashok Dutt, George Pomeroy, Ishrat Islam, and Ipsita Chatterjee 369

Urban Patterns at the Regional Scale 373 Historical Perspectives on Urban Developments 377

Indus Valley Era 377 / Aryan Hindu Impact 378 / Dravidian Temple Cities 380 / Muslim Impact 380 / Colonial Period 382 / The Presidency Towns 383

Models of Urban Structure 385 The Colonial-Based City Model 385 / The Bazaar-Based City Model 387 / Planned Cities 389 / Mixtures of Colonial and Bazaar Models 390

Distinctive Cities 390 Mumbai: India’s Cultural and Economic Capital 390 / Bengalūru and Hyderabad: India’s Economic Frontier 393 / Delhi: Who Controls Delhi Controls India 393 / Kolkata: Premier Presidency Town 395 / Karachi: Port and Former Capital 398 / Dhaka: Capital, Port, and Primate City 399 / Kathmandu, Colombo, and Kabul: Cities on the Edge 400

Globalization, City Marketing, and Urban Violence 402 Urban Challenges 407 Suggested Readings 409

10 Cities of Southeast Asia James Tyner and Arnisson Andre Ortega 413

Urban Patterns at the Regional Scale 415 Historical Geography of Urban Development 419

Precolonial Patterns of Urbanization 419 / Urbanization in Colonial Southeast Asia 421

Recent Urbanization Trends 427 Globalization, Urbanization, and the Middle Class 430

Models of Urban Structure 432

xii Contents

Distinctive Cities 435 Singapore: World City of Southeast Asia 435 / Kuala Lumpur: Twin Towers and Cyberspace 439 / Jakarta: Megacity of Indonesia 440 / Manila: Primate City of the Philippines 442 / Bangkok: The Los Angeles of the Tropics 444 / Phnom Penh, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi: Socialist Cities in Transition 445

Urban Challenges 449 An Eye to the Future 452 Suggested Readings 453

11 Cities of East Asia Kam Wing Chan and Alana Boland 457

The Evolution of Cities 458 The Traditional or Preindustrial City 458 / The Chinese City as Model: Japan and Korea 459 / Colonial Cities 460

First Footholds: The Portuguese and the Dutch 460 / The Treaty Ports of China 460 / The Japanese Impact 461 / Hong Kong 463 / Japan: The Asian Exception 464

Internal Structure of East Asian Cities 465 Distinctive Cities 466

Tokyo and the Tokaido Megalopolis: Unipolar Concentration 467 / Beijing: The New “Forbidden City”? 470 / Shanghai: “New York” of China? 476 / Hong Kong: Business Not as Usual 480 / Taipei: In Search of an Identity? 484 / Seoul: The “Phoenix” of Primate Cities 486

Urban Problems and their Solutions 488 The Chinese Way 488 / Other Paths in East Asia 491

Closing the Gap: Decentralization in Japan 493 / Seoul: The Problems of Primacy 493 / Taipei: Toward Balanced Regional Development 494 / The Greening of East Asian Cities 495

Prospects for the Future 499 Suggested Readings 499

12 Cities of Australia and the Pacific Islands Robyn Dowling and Pauline McGuirk 503

Historical Foundations of Urbanism 506 Contemporary Urban Patterns and Processes 510

The Pacific Islands 510 / Australia 512 / Aotearoa/New Zealand 516

Distinctive Cities 520 Sydney: Australia’s World City 520 / Perth: Isolated Millionaire 525 / Gold Coast: Tourism Urbanization 527 / Auckland: Economic Hub of Aotearoa/ New Zealand 528 / Port Moresby and Suva: Island Capitals 531

Trends and Challenges 532 Suggested Readings 533

13 Cities of the Future Brian Edward Johnson and Benjamin Shultz 537

Contents xiii

Urban Growth in the Global South 538 Causes of Urban Growth in the Global South 541 / Challenges Posed by Urban Growth in the Global South 543

Urban Change in the Global North 544 Urban Sustainability at Center Stage 546

Pollution Problems and Urban Futures 546 / Climate Change and Urban Futures 548

Infrastructure to Mitigate Climate Change 550 Deindustrialization and Urban Futures 551 / Urban Gardening and Urban Futures 553

The Geography of Connectivity and Talent 553 Cities as Virtual Crossroads 556 / Cities as Nodes of Globalization 559 / Cities Beyond the Networked Core 560

Governance, GIS Use, and Security Provision 561 Governmental Cooperation 561 / Geographic Information Systems 561 / Surveillance of Public Space 563

Conclusions 564 Urban Living at Its Best 566

Suggested Readings 569

Appendix 571

Cover Photo Credits 573

Geographical Index 575

Index to Subjects 579

About the Editors and Contributors 583

List of Illustrations

Figures 1.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of the World. 2 1.2 Urban Environmental Risks. This conceptual diagram indicates the generalized,

possible risks and concerns for the environment of urban and urbanizing places at (i) local, regional and global scales and (ii) across short- and long-term time horizons. Because individual places will experience different suites of environmental concerns, this diagram is intended to pique discussion of possible urban environmental changes. 6

1.3 Growth of World and Urban Population, 1950–2030. 7 1.4 Urban Population of World Regions, 1950, 2014, 2050. 10 1.5 Urban Population in MDCs versus LDCs by Size Class of Urban Settlement,

1975–2015. 11 1.6 Spread of Urbanization, Antiquity to Modern Times. 12 1.7 The original adobe wall around Bukhara, Uzbekistan is several meters thick, a

reminder of the ancient culture and history associated with this city along the Silk Route. 14

1.8 Labor Force Composition at Various Stages in Human History. 19 1.9 Street peddlers in Shakhrisabz, Uzbekistan, the birthplace of Tamerlane (Timur) sell

goods from China and Turkey to local Uzbek customers in this ancient Silk Route city. 20

1.10 Generalized Patterns of Internal Urban Structure. 23 1.11 These cartograms indicate the amount of territory classified as urban in countries

worldwide (not all countries are included). 27 1.12 The Frontenac Hotel was built by the Canadian Pacific Railway. As the most well-

known signature architecture of Quebec City, it still functions as tourist magnet even though most no longer come by train. 28

1.13 Even in rich cities such as Macao, one of China’s Special Administrative Regions, scavengers find a niche in the urban ecosystem by collecting cardboard and other items that have value as recyclables. 31

1.14 Neuroscientists now tell us that the presence of water sharpens the intellect and enhances feelings of well-being. Selecting a place along the Charles River in Boston might be the best thing a student could do to maximize study time. 33

1.15 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place under the leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and others in 1963. The 50th anniversary of the march and the “I Have a Dream” speech took place in 2013 to keep the dream alive. 35

1.16 Banksy is a well-known graffiti artist whose works materialize on the urban landscape while no one is watching. In London, his unauthorized critique of CCTV appeared overnight on Royal Mail Service property. 36

xvi List of Illustrations

1.17 Urban Geography: Where It All Comes Together. 38 1.18 These heroic statues in front of the opera house in Novosibirsk, Russia, are typical

of former socialist cities. Statues, paintings, posters were all designed to inspire the populace to sacrifices lives of personal comfort for the sake of national welfare. 43

1.19 Matsu’s followers in Taipei love parades. With their big ears, these maidens remind everyone to listen to the voices of enlightened beings. Matsu is the goddess honored over and above all others on the island of Taiwan. 45

2.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of the United States and Canada. 48 2.2 Toronto’s unique City Hall was built in the 1960s to brand the city. Canada’s largest

city is also a hub for international travelers, such as these young men from India. 51 2.3 Skyscrapers, such as the Wrigley Building in Chicago, became the cathedrals of urban

commerce as steel-frame construction and the elevator enabled the design of ever taller buildings. 53

2.4 Slater’s Mill is today an historical landmark in Pawtucket, Rhode Island; it marked the beginning of the factory system in the United States. 55

2.5 The Erie Canal, running through downtown Syracuse, New York, was critical in pushing New York City to the top of the U.S. urban hierarchy. 55

2.6 Signs of deindustrialization, such as this abandoned steel mill, marked the landscapes of industrial-era cities such as Pittsburgh during the 1980s. 57

2.7 Pawn shops are examples of the parasitic economies that mark the poorer sections of many American cities and suburbs. 58

2.8 Roads and highways take up an enormous one-fifth of urban land in the United States, exemplified by this iconic photo of the Los Angeles freeway system. 60

2.9 “View of Savannah, as it stood the 29th March, A.D. 1734.” 61 2.10 As architecture critic Michael Sorkin has observed, “Like the suburban house that

rejects the sociability of front porches and sidewalks for private back yards, malls look inward, turning their backs on the public street.” 63

2.11 Peter Woytuk sculptures, playing off of New York’s nickname, the Big Apple, became a public art exhibit that extended all along Broadway, this one of the Upper West Side. 65

2.12 Migrants make their presence felt in numerous ways. In this case, there are sufficient Brazilian immigrants for a Brazilian service at this Baptist Church outside Washington, DC. 72

2.13 In areas that were flooded during Katrina, houses have been raised above flood level in anticipation of future threats. 74

2.14 New York’s Foreign-Born Population. 81 2.15 In 2014, DC hosted its first international pop-up picnic, called Diner en Blanc, for

1500 people. The concept, which originated in Paris, requires that guests wear all- white clothing and bring their own food and chairs. 82

2.16 The Stonewall riots took place on June 28, 1969, outside the Stonewall Inn in New York’s Greenwich Village. They are now regarded as the beginning of the gay and lesbian rights movement in the United States. 84

2.17 Here, circled in blue, a security camera has been positioned atop the Jefferson Memorial in the Washington, DC. What messages do surveillance cameras convey in a public space which memorializes freedom, liberty and independence? 86

2.18 Chicago and many other cities remain racially segregated, and minorities are concerned about police profiling and violence. 87

List of Illustrations xvii

2.19 This view of the 9/11 Memorial shows one of the two reflecting pools that sit within the footprints where the Twin Towers once stood. 89

2.20 On the Cincinnati waterfront, residents are reminded that the Ohio River is subject to combined sewer overflows that create a danger to public health. 92

3.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of Middle America and the Caribbean. 96 3.2 Over 100 hotels in Cancún’s zona hotelera offer thousands of jobs to Mexico’s youth,

preparing them to make a living in the service economy. Here they confront a native inhabitant of the island. 100

3.3 A panoramic view of Monterrey illustrates how a distinctive topographic feature, the Cerro de la Silla, can influence the shape of a metropolitan area. 102

3.4 Satellite image of the “sister” cities Quanaminthe (left) and Dajabón (right). The border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic follows the Massacre River in the bottom half of the image but leaves it in the top half to run more directly north. The industrial free zone, visible as the row of large white buildings near the river at the top of the image, lies in a political no man’s land between the border and the river. 105

3.5 Caribbean Urbanization by City Size, 1960 and 2010. 113 3.6 The Revised Griffin-Ford Model of Latin American City Structure. 114 3.7 The Zócalo (main square) in Mexico City is surrounded by colonial buildings, most

notably the Metropolitan Cathedral and the headquarters of the Federal and Capital Governments. 117

3.8 The elite western corridor connecting Chapultepec Park and the Zócalo is the preeminent place to memorialize Mexican heritage and identity. Here in the Alameda is a monument honoring Benito Juárez, a Zapotec Indian, in neoclassical style. 118

3.9 Mexico City’s federally subsidized subway system is incredibly congested at key transfer stations like the Hidalgo interchange downtown. 119

3.10 A lighthouse at Moro Castle stands at the entrance to Havana harbor, while young Cubans use the deteriorating sea wall as a recreational resource. 121

3.11 Here are two images of a Cuba frozen in time: Che Guevara, one of the leaders of the Cuban Revolution of 1959, and a classic American sedan (one of many still on the road) that arrived prior to the Revolution. 122

3.12 The polycentric city of Havana. 123 3.13 The fishing docks and the skyscrapers of Panama City reveal traditional and emerging

economic geographies. 125 3.14 The Casco Antiguo quarter in Panama City is currently undergoing the process of

gentrification. 126 3.15 The Plaza de Armas in San Juan, Puerto Rico, is now used not for drilling troops but

for enhancing urban life. Fountains are common components of plazas in Spanish cities. 127

3.16 Two aerial views of shantytowns (bidonvilles) in low-lying areas just north of the Port-au-Prince, Haiti city center. Flooding occurred in these areas after Hurricane Noel struck the island of Hispaniola on October 29–31, 2007. The storm claimed at least 30 lives in the Dominican Republic and 20 in Haiti. 130

3.17 Former military airport north of Port-au-Prince city center, July 2009, six months before January 2010 earthquake. 131

3.18 Tent camp at former military airport north of Port-au-Prince city center, November 2010, ten months after January 2010 earthquake. 131

4.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of South America. 136

xviii List of Illustrations

4.2 The Pelourinho historic district, named for the “pillory” formerly used to punish slaves, indicates the strong Afro-Brazilian influence in Salvador da Bahia. 139

4.3 Stabroek Market is the main market in Georgetown, Guyana and always bustling with activity. 140

4.4 Irrigators march through Cochabamba in celebration of the National Irrigators’ Congress, an important milestone in the process of establishing new forms of water governance in the wake of the water war. 146

4.5 Spanish conquistadores built Mediterranean-style structures atop Inca stone walls in pre-Columbian cities such as Cuzco in present-day Peru. 149

4.6 At 4,000 meters above sea level, Bolivia’s capital city La Paz extends throughout and beyond its crater-like valley etched into the Altiplano. The metropolitan region encompasses more than 2 million people and is the largest urban agglomeration in Bolivia. It includes El Alto, a poor and dynamic community perched on the rim of La Paz valley that, with the influx of unemployed tin miners and Aymara migrants, now surpasses La Paz city in population. 152

4.7 Money-changers on the streets of Lima’s historic center jostle to change dollars and Euros as well as “rotos” and “deteriorados”—broken and deteriorated bills. 153

4.8 The Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo-Campinas extended metropolitan region. 156 4.9 This panoramic view of Rio de Janeiro includes Sugarloaf Mountain (Pão de Açúcar)

at the entrance to Guanabara Bay, Corcovado Mountain with its majestic statue, Rodrigo de Freitas Lake, and the lush forests of Tijuca National Park. 158

4.10 A view of the Cantagalo district, located on steep hillsides between Copacabana and Ipanema beaches, illustrates the informal, adaptive geography of Rio’s favelas. 159

4.11 Once lined by elite mansions, the Avenida Paulista became the city’s corporate “Miracle Mile” after World War II. 163

4.12 The spectacular modern architecture of Brasília, designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, highlights the federal buildings located along the Monumental Axis (Eixo Monumental). Here we see the Ministry of Justice in the foreground with the iconic congressional complex in the distance. 165

4.13 Map of Brasília. 166 4.14 Lima’s central plaza, known as the Plaza de Armas, dates to the city’s founding and

served as the central point from which streets extended in the four cardinal directions consistent with the Laws of the Indies. 168

4.15 Growth of Lima, 1910–2000. 169–170 4.16 Villa El Salvador is among the oldest and most well-known shantytowns

(asentimientos humanos). Established as a land invasion south of Lima by migrant families from the Andean highlands in 1970, it epitomizes the self-help housing movement. It was awarded formal status as a district within metropolitan Lima in 1983. Today, it is home to some 400,000 people and hundreds of businesses. The pink buildings are schools. 171

4.17 Three young girls find time for fun as they assist their mothers who labor as ambulantes (street vendors) in the informal economy of Huancayo, a city in the Peruvian central Andes. 172

4.18 The Diagonal Norte (Northern Diagonal Boulevard), officially the Avenida Presidente Rouge Saenz Pena, highlights the imposing Obelisk monument in downtown Buenos Aires. 176

List of Illustrations xix

4.19 Recent renovation of Puerto Madero, long a deteriorated inner harbor, created a revitalized waterfront district adjacent to the downtown of Buenos Aires. 178

4.20 Eje Ambiental in historic Bogotá, where a dechannelized stream is part of a linear park along Avenida Jimenez. 180

5.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of Europe. 186 5.2 Roman Cities in Europe, second century ce. 190 5.3 Ljubljana, Slovenia, took advantage of the collapse of Communist rule to bring

out the medieval elements of the city’s center, including the Dragon Bridge and St. Nicholas Cathedral. 191

5.4 Much of the coal that fired the industrialization of cities came through the Welsh port of Cardiff. That era is commemorated with public art on the reclaimed waterfront, along with one of the chimerical animals from a Bob Dylan poem. 193

5.5 The Rhine-Ruhr Conurbation in Germany. 194 5.6 The Randstad Conurbation of the Netherlands. 195 5.7 Nation building is a function of every capital city’s landscape. In Amsterdam, a statue

says thank you to Queen Wilhelmina, who gave her subjects hope during World War II. Next to the Dutch flag is the U.S. flag. 196

5.8 Warsaw’s skyline, once dominated by the Stalinesque Palace of Culture and Science’s “wedding cake” architectural style, and the tallest building in the Eastern Bloc outside of Moscow, is today dwarfed by newer steel-and-glass skyscrapers. 199

5.9 Europe’s conurbations within the context of Europe’s “Blue Banana” and core- periphery conceptualizations. 200

5.10 The salon de thé (tea house) is a common element of urban landscapes in French- speaking North Africa. As Arab immigrants arrive in Brussels, they bring with them their preferences for particular tastes and social settings. 201

5.11 Here on Ludgate Hill in the City of London, a new immigrant from Bangladesh directs people to the nearest McDonald’s. In medieval times, this area would have been a shadowy tangle of narrow alleys that passed for streets. 208

5.12 Busy, pedestrianized shopping streets, such as this one in the heart of Dublin, are typical of the European city centers. 209

5.13 Model of Northwestern European City Structure. 214 5.14 Model of Mediterranean City Structure. 215 5.15 Model of Central and Eastern European City Structure. 217 5.16 The iron security gates at the entrance to Downing Street in London prevent the

public from getting close to the official residence of the Prime Minister. 219 5.17 Since the 1990s, terrorist threats have increased and so has the security zone in

London’s financial district, “The City.” 220 5.18 Paris evolved around an island in the Seine River: Île de la Cité. Today, it is most

famous for the cathedral of Notre Dame, whose spire is barely visible here. 222 5.19 Throughout Catalonia, signs of Catalan nationalism—and separatism—are to be

found. This banner, in Girona, speaks to the world in English. 224 5.20 Communism brought extensive industrial development (evident in the background)

and isolation to Plovdiv, but post-Communist cell phone networks now connect a new generation of Bulgarians to the world. 232

6.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of Russia. 234

xx List of Illustrations

6.2 New construction in cities around Russia (Vladivostok is pictured) relegates Soviet urban landscapes to the background as new commercial and residential buildings vie for valuable real estate locations. 238

6.3 Renovations in GUM shopping center on Red Square make it a top destination for tourists and Russia’s elite seeking high-end shopping experiences. 239

6.4 Since the fall of communism, automobile ownership in Moscow has soared, and with it has come urban gridlock. 240

6.5 New microrayon developments, with varied architectural styles and imposing gates and fences, are rapidly changing the face of Russia’s suburbs. This picture is from Balakovo. 240

6.6 Population Change in Russian Cities, 2002–2010. 242 6.7 The Church of Our Savior on the Spilled Blood, in St. Petersburg, was built on the

spot where Emperor Alexander II was assassinated in March 1881. Built from 1883 to 1907, the Romanov family provided funds for this glamorous cathedral. 244

6.8 Comparative Density Profiles in the built-up areas of Moscow and Paris. 249 6.9 Historic buildings in Vladivostok’s urban core crumble today from neglect in the

maritime climate of this port city. 250 6.10 A submarine in Kaliningrad, a former secret military city in the former Soviet Union,

is now used as a tourist attraction. 251 6.11 Space around many Russian homes, such as this one near Moscow, and apartment

buildings is devoted to subsistence agriculture during the short summer season. 254 6.12 Opened in 2010, “City Mall” in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is the largest shopping mall

in the Russian Far East and boasts a microbrewery for beer and loudspeaker announcements in Russian and English. 255

6.13 Tsarist-era buildings in Vladivostok’s urban core are being revitalized in the post- Soviet era. 257

6.14 Street peddlers hawk a variety of fresh goods along the railroad tracks across eastern Sakhalin Island. 259

6.15 Increasing consumption and lagging public services are reflected in the garbage- strewn landscapes surrounding many Russian apartment buildings. 263

6.16 Iconic Moscow River and Kremlin view at night. 264 6.17 False-color image of Norilsk. Shades of pink and purple indicate bare ground (e.g.,

rock formations, cities, quarries,) where vegetation is damaged from heavy pollution. Brilliant greens show mostly healthy tundra-boreal forest. South and southwest of the city are moderately to severely damaged ecosystems, and ecosystems northeast of the river and away from the city and industrial centers are healthier. 269

6.18 New urban infrastructure (bridges, roads) in Vladivostok, built for the 2012 Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit, revitalizes this regional capital and port city in the Far East. 273

6.19 Suburban development on the fringes of compact Soviet-era cities, such as Balakovo, brings socioeconomic division and expansion into agricultural zones to previously mixed and compact urban settings across Russia. 274

7.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of the Greater Middle East. 276 7.2 The Traditional Middle Eastern City. 279 7.3 Rising above every Middle Eastern city are the minarets of mosques. One of the most

famous is the Koutoubia, the largest mosque in Marrakech. By tradition, the muezzin issues the call to prayers five times a day from the minaret. 280

List of Illustrations xxi

7.4 The traditional markets of Marrakech, Morocco, are some of the most well-known in the world. In Arabic-speaking countries they are known as souks or suqs. 281

7.5 The Armenians pre-dated the Roman Empire in becoming the world’s first officially Christian nation in 301 ce. To commemorate that event’s 1700th anniversary, the Republic of Armenia built a new cathedral in Yerevan, here seen on Palm Sunday. 283

7.6 The Urban Triangle of the Middle East shows the relative locations of major cities. These cities are in their correct geographical locations, but shown without the base map underneath. 287

7.7 As of 2015, there were 4 million refugees from Syria. Turkey has taken in almost 2 million, with many housed in camps like this one near Karkamish on the border with the self-proclaimed Islamic State, now in control of northern Syria. 289

7.8 Internal Structure of the Middle Eastern Metropolis. 290 7.9 The citadel, or cale, of Gaziantep, Turkey, occupies a strategically located hilltop that

dominates the fertile agricultural region near the Turkish-Syrian border. 291 7.10 The landscape of Amman, Jordan, shows the signs of global commercialization in the

form of this bilingual advertisement for Subway. 293 7.11 The skyline of Doha seems out of proportion to its role as capital city of a country,

Qatar, with only 2 million inhabitants. 294 7.12 Demonstrations to oust President Mohamed Morsi from power took place in cities

around the world as expat Egyptians took the streets of cities like Amsterdam, shown here on July 7, 2013. Although he was democratically elected, Morsi’s abuse of power enraged the public and the Egyptian military. 300

7.13 Coptic Cairo, now the city’s Christian “quarter,” is one of the historical nucleations that has survived from medieval times. Here communal urns provide the neighborhood with water while political posters try to attract attention. 302

7.14 The Dome of the Rock (venerated by Muslims) and the Western Wall (venerated by Jews) are symbols of a religiously divided Jerusalem. 304

7.15 In the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem, enough archaeological excavation has gone on to bring back the Cardo, or main street, of the ancient Roman city. 305

7.16 Elements of traditional and modern Arab culture seem to blend harmoniously in the world’s largest themed shopping mall, which was named after the medieval Arab geographer Ibn Battuta. It is located in Dubai. 307

7.17 Palm Jumeirah is one of three palm-tree shaped islands that are being built as a reclamation project in the Gulf. Dubai specializes in landscapes of spectacle that attract the attention of the world. 308

7.18 Ataturk, the revered father of modern Turkey, continues to be memorialized on the urban landscape. In this case, his visage is positioned to welcome those approaching Izmir from the airport. 312

7.19 The Sorek seawater desalination plant, one of the largest in the world and one of five in Israel, became operational in 2013. Israel is a world leader in the field despite the drawbacks: the immense amount of energy needed for desalination and the environmental costs of disposing of the brine. 314

7.20 When you have a business that is mobile, you can move with the market, which is exactly what this street vendor of qanafeh (a sweet pastry always made in round pans) does in Amman. 318

8.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of Sub-Saharan Africa. 322

xxii List of Illustrations

8.2 Chronic flooding necessitates near-constant, major efforts to drain residential areas of Pikine, an informal city on the outskirts of Dakar, Senegal. Many of SSA’s informal settlements are flood-prone, yet their residents often experience the deprivation of limited access to clean drinking water. 325

8.3 Bustling markets, such as this one in Monrovia, Liberia, are common features of Sub- Saharan cities. 326

8.4 The Victoria and Albert Waterfront is a major shopping destination, center of tourist activity, and gathering place for Cape Town’s diverse population. 328

8.5 Historical Centers of Urbanization in Africa. 331 8.6 The historic African CBD of Dar es Salaam, Kariakoo, has undergone rapid

gentrification in the twenty-first century, where the pace of new construction has outrun the ability of the government to provide basic services. 333

8.7 A dramatic air photo of Lusaka, Zambia, today shows the formerly all-white township of Roma. 335

8.8 A billboard advertising a new, high-security elite housing enclave, Silverest Gardens, on the outskirts of Lusaka, built by the Henan-Guoji Development Company. It is one of nine such neighborhoods built by this Chinese company in SSA cities since 2010. 336

8.9 Along Great East Road in Lusaka, Zambia, the informal economy punctuates the streets as vendors sharpen the pitches that they need to clinch each sale. 338

8.10 A downtown shopping street in Dodoma, Tanzania. Tanzania’s socialist government relocated the national capital from the colonial port of Dar es Salaam to the deliberately non-monumental new capital of Dodoma, beginning in the 1970s, as an attempt to overturn the colonial legacy. 340

8.11 A long line of drivers wait for gas at a station in Accra. One of the great ironies in many SSA cities appears in situations where Africans experience shortages of a major export commodity of their own country. Here, the irony is that Ghana is an exporter of petroleum, yet has not been able to keep up with demand in its own capital city. 344

8.12 Fishing boats at Soumbedione fish market in Dakar. 351 8.13 The influence of Dakar extends well inland to the landlocked states of Mali, Burkina

Faso, and Niger via the Trans-Sahel Highway. These residents of Mali’s capital, Bamako, share a language with the residents of Dakar: French. 352

8.14 African cities located in low-elevation coastal zones, such as Monrovia, Liberia, are vulnerable to severe flooding from sea-level rise. 357

8.15 Principal Urban Centers of Sub-Saharan Africa, many of which are primate capital cities. 360

8.16 By using billboards to help change human behavior, Lusaka, Zambia, tries to create a greener capital city as a role model for the nation. 361

8.17 Getting hair cut and styled is one of the basic services provided by every culture. Around Kaunda Square in Lusaka, entrepreneurs earn a bit more by adding telephone services to their business model. 363

8.18 Namushi and her grocery shop on Kaunda Square in Kinshasa. 365 9.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of South Asia. 368 9.2 As cities fill up with people, streets become more congested with not only cars, but

bicycles and camels as well. 373

List of Illustrations xxiii

9.3 The Golden Quadrilateral of express highways links the anchor cities of India’s urban hierarchy: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai. 375

9.4 On a Delhi roadside, the driver of a cycle rickshaw takes time for a mid-day nap. 376 9.5 The Sikhs, neither Hindu nor Muslim, are a major part of India’s cultural diversity,

seen here in their main gurdwara, the place where they worship. 378 9.6 The dhobi-wallahs, or “washer-men” make their living washing (and drying)

clothes. 379 9.7 The Taj Mahal has become the single most recognized icon of India. It was built

in Agra as a tomb for Shah Jahan’s wife and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 380

9.8 The Red Fort, in Old Delhi, remains a potent feature of Indian nationalism. 381 9.9 To the left is a Muslim neighborhood and to the right a Hindu one in Old Delhi. 382

9.10 Labor is cheap in India, so porters are often called upon to transport bulk goods from one part of the city (in this case, Mumbai) to another. 383

9.11 A Model of the Colonial-based city in South Asia. 386 9.12 A Model of the Bazaar-based City in South Asia. 388 9.13 A produce vendor in Chennai typifies the bazaar-based city. 389 9.14 “Bollywood” films are popular all across the Indian subcontinent and beyond,

including here in Calcutta. 391 9.15 Marine Drive, with Nariman Point in the background, serves as the setting for the

annual Mumbai Marathon. 392 9.16 Delhi and Shajahanabad (Old Delhi). 394 9.17 Any service you can think of is available on the streets of India’s cities. Here in

the Karol Bagh neighborhood of Delhi, for a few rupees, you can get your pants pressed. 395

9.18 Fishmongers are widespread in Kolkata. Not only does the city have a huge consuming population, but it is also along the coast. 397

9.19 Infrastructure damage resulting from the Kathmandu earthquakes amounted to 10 billion US dollars. 405

9.20 Three generations of women position themselves on the curb to sell what produce they can to passersby in Mumbai. 406

10.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of Southeast Asia. 412 10.2 The Central Market in downtown Phnom Penh was built in 1937 in art deco style. It

is the soul of the city, a place where you can purchase just about anything. 415 10.3 “Plan of the Angkor Complex, ca. A.D. 1200.” 416 10.4 Angkor Wat, built between 1113 and 1150 by Suryavarman II, is one of but hundreds

of wats spread throughout Cambodia. Because it symbolizes Cambodia’s golden age, its image can also be found on the nation’s flag. 417

10.5 New residential, leisure, and commercial developments rise on the outskirts of Manila, taking the place of former sugar cane plantations. 418

10.6 In Pleiku, Vietnam, a woman makes a living by selling fresh fruits and vegetables— proudly displayed as in an American supermarket—to shoppers in the early morning hours. 418

10.7 For 130 years, Malacca was a Portuguese colony. Today, a miniature version of the fort has been rebuilt, primarily to enhance Malacca’s status as a World Heritage City. 421

xxiv List of Illustrations

10.8 A statue in Manila honors Raja Solayman, the city’s Muslim prince, who defended the town against the Spaniards in the 1500s. 423

10.9 Urban Growth in Southeast Asia, 1900–2005. 424 10.10 Fast food—or “good food fast”—is widely available on the streets of Southeast Asian

cities. Here, early morning breakfast is served in Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). 425 10.11 Bricktown is one of the historic, and now gentrified, neighborhoods of Kuala

Lumpur. It was settled by Indians, mostly Tamils, brought in by the British to make bricks. 426

10.12 A Generalized Model of Major Land Use in the Large Southeast Asian City. 433 10.13 The Singapore River was at the very heart of commercial life in Singapore. A hundred

years ago, it would have been packed with junks, with wharves and warehouses along both sides. 436

10.14 This colorful and finely detailed Indian temple in Singapore is one of the best-known cultural landmarks of the city. 437

10.15 When Kuala Lumpur’s Petronas Towers opened in 1999, they became the world’s tallest, a title they held until 2004. 440

10.16 A mosque, Jamek Bandaraya, backed by the downtown skyline, now occupies the original site of Kuala Lumpur, a “muddy confluence” of two streams seen in this picture. 441

10.17 Motorbikes are one way of breaking through traffic jams on Bangkok’s overcrowded streets. 443

10.18 Traditional Manila contrast with modern Manila as the city attempts to accommodate the rapidly expanding population by going up and spilling out onto the city’s streets. 446

10.19 If Ronald McDonald wants to sell fast food in Bangkok, he must adapt to Thai culture. Globalization is not a one-way street. 453

11.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of East Asia. 456 11.2 Foreign Penetration of China in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. 462 11.3 Map showing urbanized areas in Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. Pink represents

urban areas. 463 11.4 The Osaka castle in the center of Osaka city played a major role in the unification of

Japan during the sixteenth century. 465 11.5 With Taipei 101, Taiwan’s capital reaches for new skylines, in stark contrast to

twentieth-century socialist-era development. 466 11.6 Tokyo Metropolitan Area and change in population density, 1970–2005. 468 11.7 One of Tokyo’s busy narrow side streets, with commercial and residential land use in

close proximity. Streets of this size and mix are quite common still even in the busy core of Tokyo and other large Japanese cities. 471

11.8 Beijing metropolitan area has been expanding outward, fueled by in-migration and local residents moving from the city center to the suburbs. The map shows population growth rates by subdistrict unit in the urbanized part of Beijing based on census data for 1982 and 2010. 472

11.9 Pockets of traditional courtyard houses remain in hutongs, or alleys, in the inner city of Beijing. Many of them have been torn down to make room for high-rise apartments and offices. Some “saved” are converted into shops in main hutongs. 473

11.10 Model of the City in the PRC. 474

List of Illustrations xxv

11.11 Millions of migrants eke out their living on the urban fringes of Beijing; some live in run-down village houses like this one. The photo was taken after a major rainstorm in summer 2012 in Chengzhongcun. 475

11.12 Shanghai’s economic influence extends to a network of cities and smaller towns beyond its boundaries. In this satellite image, pink highlights areas of concentrated commercial and residential use. 478

11.13 Since the early 1990s, Shanghai’s new CBD has arisen across the river in Pudong, centered on the futuristic TV tower surrounded by ultramodern skyscrapers. Pudong CBD is China’s financial district. 479

11.14 This view of Hong Kong Island, taken from Kowloon across the harbor, dramatically conveys the modernity and wealth of today’s Hong Kong. The Central Plaza building towers over the wave-like profile of the Convention Center, where the ceremony of the handover to China took place in 1997. 482

11.15 Also called the “Umbrella Movement,” the Occupy Central protest in 2014 was the largest civil disobedience movement since 1967. The protest was against the proposed “universal suffrage” system, which critics consider as not genuine. 483

11.16 Map of Taiwan. 485 11.17 The Potala Palace dominates Lhasa, the capital of Tibet. This city used to be the home

of Tibet’s traditional ruler, the Dalai Lama. 490 11.18 Migrant workers shine shoes on a street in Wuhan, the largest city in central China.

“Rural migrant workers,” numbered about 170 million in 2014, are everywhere in China’s major cities, doing all kinds of work. The huge army of cheap migrant labor is crucial to China’s success in being the “world’s factory.” 492

11.19 Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration project in downtown Seoul during the Lantern Festival. 496

12.1 Major Urban Agglomerations of Australia and the Pacific Islands. 502 12.2 One of The Travelers on Melbourne’s Sandridge Bridge represents the convict era

in Australian history. The former railroad bridge is now a pedestrian crossing and sculpture garden. 506

12.3 Adelaide is the state capital and primate city of South Australia. It was founded as a planned capital city for a new British colony in the 1830s. 507

12.4 Canberra’s distinctive but controversial Parliament House is difficult to appreciate from the outside because much of the structure is underground. The inside is breathtaking, filled with beautiful art and materials native to Australia. 508

12.5 Built on an isthmus and connected to a rich hinterland, Auckland now hosts many activities found in major world cities, including the famous Sky Tower that dominates the skyline. 509

12.6 The Papua New Guinea High Commission, with its distinctive Pacific aesthetic, is located in Australia’s national capital, Canberra. Members of the Commonwealth of Nations exchange High Commissioners instead of Ambassadors. 511

12.7 Melbourne’s traditional image is being shattered today by skyscrapers like Eureka Tower (world’s tallest residential building when built) and Deborah Halpern’s Angel, a sculpture with roots in the aboriginal aesthetic of Australia. 513

12.8 Sydney is known as a city of suburbs and single-family homes such as this one. 516 12.9 New roles for women, and new problems, have emerged in Australian cities over the

past three decades. 517

xxvi List of Illustrations

12.10 The advantage of high population density and compact urban form is that you can walk or bike to Old Victoria Market in Melbourne for the freshest of fruits, and vegetables. 519

12.11 Changes over the past three decades have produced new types of urban localities in Australia. 519

12.12 Completed in 1932, the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened up the city’s North Shore. Tourists, tethered by lifelines, have been climbing the arch since 1998. 520

12.13 Now a UNESCO World Heritage site, the Sydney Opera House has become a symbol of the island continent. 521

12.14 Sydney’s skyline, typical of a world city, dominates the capacious harbor. Can you identify Sydney Tower? 523

12.15 Kings Park in Perth offers a view of the skyline that serves the commercial interests of Western Australia and the Indian Ocean rim. 526

12.16 Ponsonby Road is now a focal point of chic eateries and boutique shopping in Auckland. 529

12.17 Located on Auckland’s North Shore, Devonport’s landscape has been almost completely transformed by suburbanization. Nevertheless, a few visual reminders of the original inhabitants remain, including this Maori warrior. 531

12.18 In Newcastle, NSW, this ClimateCam billboard broadcasts figures on the city’s electricity consumption. These are updated hourly as a way of raising awareness about the city’s contribution to resource use, GHG emissions and climate change. 532

12.19 One of the challenges of urban governance in Australia is maintaining safe streets. Signs like this one in Sydney have been increasing rapidly as people everywhere become more security conscious. 533

13.1 Urban Populations: 1950, 2000, and 2050. 536 13.2 Global Urban Population: 2010–2050. 540 13.3 At close of business on Fridays in Portland, Oregon, placards are out to remind

commuters to enjoy their weekend. It’s good for their health. 542 13.4 Repurposing old buildings to serve as apartments and condominiums in the heart of

downtown is bringing life back to central cities. Every CBD has signs like this, but this one happens to be in Cincinnati, Ohio. 545

13.5 2015 commemorated the 50th anniversary of the “March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom” led by Martin Luther King, Jr. Here at his memorial on the National Mall, a new generation looks up to Dr. King. 546

13.6 In Seoul, Korea, open space is green space. Although it’s one of the world’s megacities, Seoul has made living with nature a priority of life and governance. 547

13.7 Even short rainstorms bring flooding to Norfolk’s streets and underpasses. The problem promises to worsen as sea levels rise and much of Norfolk subsides. 549

13.8 Is this carbon-neutral office building in Melbourne, Australia, the future of sustainable urban architecture? The colorful panels on the outside are components of the sun-shade system. What you can’t see are the night cooling windows, the green roof, the vacuum toilets, and the anaerobic digester. 552

13.9 The Shard, completed in 2012, is the latest addition to London’s collection of skyscrapers and the tallest building in the European Union. Globalization has bid a whole new generation of skyscrapers into construction. 556

List of Illustrations xxvii

13.10 Wireless networks, cell phones, and matrix barcodes bring urban landscapes to life, tell the stories of times past, and signal advances in technology that mark world cities. London is so wired, you can even talk to the long-gone goats. 558

13.11 What would you build here? Let your voice be heard. Here, people along 14th Street in Washington, DC, are being challenged to create the neighborhood they want by voting on ideas that they themselves come up with. 562

13.12 Ecumenopolis: The Global City. 565 13.13 The creative class responds to culture and the arts. Without them, cities decline.

That’s why the Chrysler Museum in Norfolk, Virginia, just invested $24 million in an upgrade and brought to town Florentijn Hofman’s Rubber Duck, at least for a short visit. 567

Boxes 1.1 Globalization and World Cities 5 1.2 Jellied Eels for the Urban Palate 21 1.3 Performance Art and Psychogeography 25 1.4 Cities and Stormwater Runoff 29 1.5 Planning for Blue Space 33 2.1 Neoliberal-Parasitic Economies in Chicago 58 2.2 The Death of the Shopping Mall? 63 2.3 Suburbs Still in Crisis 78 2.4 Returning to the Tap 91 2.5 Staying Cool in Toronto 94 3.1 From Cancún to Belize City 100 3.2 Industrial Free Zones and Transnational Urbanization 105 3.3 Gangs: A Violent Urban Social Development 110 4.1 Ethnic Geography of the Guianas 140 4.2 Water Wars in Cochabamba, Bolivia 146 4.3 Mega-Events: The 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympics in Brazil 161 4.4 Street Working Children in the Andes 172 4.5 Urban Security and Human Rights 182 5.1 Venice and the Challenges of Climate Change 207 5.2 Growing Power: Urban Agriculture in Europe 211 5.3 Security and Surveillance in London 219 5.4 Making the Spectacular Happen: Mega-events in European Cities 225 5.5 Urban Graffiti: Is the Writing on the Wall? 231 6.1 Where does Soviet Influence Begin or End? 237 6.2 New Capital Cities in the Post-Soviet Sphere: Astana’s Amazing Growth 253 6.3 Russia in Ukraine: Understanding the Annexation of Crimea 260 6.4 Islam, Language, and Space in Moscow 262 7.1 Green Space in Beirut 286 7.2 Home Space in Tehran 297 7.3 Istanbul’s Double-edged Crisis of Urban Ecology and Democracy 311 7.4 A Hopeful Vignette: Cairo’s Al-Azhar Park 318 8.1 Water, Water, Everywhere 327 8.2 Multiple Livelihoods Strategies 329 8.3 BRICS, Urban Investment, and the Middle Class 337

xxviii List of Illustrations

8.4 Kinshasa’s Imaginative and Generative Side 343 8.5 Crisis Mapping from Kenya to the Globe 350 9.1 Call Centers, SEZs, and Sweatshops 371 9.2 The Humble Rickshaw 376 9.3 Two Billion Life Years Lost 396 9.4 Festivals in City Life 401 9.5 Devastation in the Kathmandu Valley 404

10.1 A Geography of Everyday Life 428 10.2 From Hacienda to Mixed-Use Suburbia 434 10.3 A Thirsty Singapore 438 10.4 Satellite Cities in Southeast Asia 448 10.5 Water Security and Urban Wastewater 451 11.1 Japan’s Aging Cities 469 11.2 “Cities with Invisible Walls:” the Hukou System in China 476 11.3 “Orphans” of China’s Urbanization? 477 11.4 Isolation: Peripheral Cities 489 11.5 A Stream Returns to the City of Seoul 496 12.1 Hobart as a Gateway to Antarctica 515 12.2 The Geography of Everyday Life in Suburban Sydney 517 12.3 Green Buildings 518 12.4 Multiculturalism and Local Government in Australia 522 12.5 Gentrification and Ponsonby Road, Auckland 529 13.1 Engineering Earth Futures 539 13.2 Living with Water 549 13.3 Human Geographies of the Twenty-first Century 554 13.4 Seeing Cities on the Soles of Your Feet 568

Tables 1.1 Urban Patterns in More Developed Regions and Less Developed Regions

(in thousands) 10 1.2 The Largest Cities in History 13 2.1 Megalopolitan Areas of the United States and Canada 52 2.2 The World’s Most Globally Engaged, Competitive, and Connected Cities 77 3.1 The U.S.-Mexican Border Twin Cities Phenomenon: Population and Employment,

2009, 2010 104 3.2 Levels of Urbanization in Central America 109 4.1 Urbanization in South American Countries, 1850–2015 142 4.2 Major Metropolitan Populations of South America, 1930–2015 143 4.3 Percentage of National Population in Largest Metropolis, 1950–2015 144 5.1 Top 10 Boys’ and Girls’ Names in London 201 5.2 Popular Ethnic Food in European Cities 202 5.3 European Green City Index: Top 10 Cities 206 6.1 Percent Urban Population in Each Federal Okrug 241 7.1 Megalopolises of the Greater Middle East 288 8.1 Female and Male, age 15–24, in Informal Employment 339 8.2 Urban Population as Percentage of Total Population 339 9.1 South Asia’s Twelve Largest Urban Agglomerations 373

List of Illustrations xxix

9.2 Topological Characteristics of South Asian Cities 384 9.3 Earthquake Occurrences in Nepal 404

10.1 Components of Urban Growth in Southeast Asia (percentage of urban growth) 430 12.1 Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand: Changes in Distribution of National

Population 504 12.2 Population of Pacific Island Cities 505 13.1 World’s Most Populous Cities in 2015 541 13.2 World’s Most Populous Cities in 2030 541 13.3 Quality of Living and Eco-City Rankings 568

Preface

In 1982, Cities of the World debuted. It pre-

sented an innovative approach to the study

of urban geography. Renowned urban geog-

raphers, who were regional specialists, shared

their knowledge of and insight into the his-

tory, patterns, challenges, and prospects for

cities in eleven world regions. Cities of the

World was an immediate success. Subse-

quent editions built on this model—revis-

ing, updating, modifying, and enhancing the

approach. With each edition, the popularity

of the book swelled. It is commonly found

in courses on urban geography, urban and

regional planning, as well as courses in global

affairs, anthropology, history, and econom-

ics, at both the undergraduate and graduate

levels.

Thirty-four years later, we present the sixth

edition of Cities of the World—and we pre-

sent it in color! Color photographs, regional

maps, and graphics provide a more appeal-

ing and accurate depiction of many dimen-

sions of the urban regions under study. Just as

each subsequent edition of Cities of the World

has embraced the changes encountered in the

global and regional urban systems, so too does

this sixth edition. In this, we deepen our focus

on urban environmental issues, social and

economic injustice, security and conflict, and

daily life. Building on 2015 as the Year of Water,

we have introduced urban water issues and

concerns as a common undercurrent running

through all chapters. Author teams explore

how “water” affects cities and how cities affect

water in their respective regions—from gla-

cier loss to increasing aridity, sea-level rise,

increased flooding, potable water scarcity, and

beyond. We hope our new subtitle “Regional

Patterns and Urban Environments” captures

these innovations.

All thirteen chapters in this sixth edition

have been substantially revised, and some

introduce new author teams, whom we wel-

come warmly. They bring fresh perspectives

and expertise to the project. Most authors

have done extensive fieldwork in their region

and also traveled extensively in both rural and

urban areas. The organization of this edition

is similar to the previous five. The “book end”

chapters explore contemporary world urbani-

zation (chapter 1) and the future of cities

(chapter 13). The remaining eleven chapters

are devoted to urbanization and cities in major

world regions. Each chapter begins with two

facing pages; on the left side, a regional map

that shows the major cities and, on the right, a

table of basic statistical information about cit-

ies and urbanization in each region and a list

of ten salient points about that region’s urban

experience are provided. The regional chap-

ters conclude with a list of references that can

be used by the student and instructor for addi-

tional information about cities in that region

or specific cities.

xxxii Preface

We owe a debt of gratitude to many indi-

viduals who played major roles in helping this

sixth edition see the light of day. We thank all

chapter authors for providing timely, insight-

ful, and well-written chapters and Alexis

Ellis for her valuable cartographic contribu-

tion, and Donna Gilbreath for her assistance

in preparing the index. Susan McEachern of

Rowman and Littlefield has provided long-

standing support for this volume and previ-

ous ones. Her eye for detail, continuity, and

change is unmatched. Susan’s team at Row-

man and Littlefield worked to ensure the high

quality of this edition, and we thank them

for their commitment, timely support, and

attention to detail throughout the process.

Finally, we thank our families whose enthu-

siastic and selfless support made this project

enjoyable and possible.

As always, we welcome feedback from stu-

dents and teachers on ways to ensure that sub-

sequent editions will make learning about the

world’s cities and global urbanization more

useful, appealing, challenging, and rewarding.

We hope you enjoy this latest edition.

Stanley D. Brunn

Jessica K. Graybill

Maureen Hays-Mitchell

Donald J. Zeigler

Cities of the World

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World Urban Development JESSICA K. GRAYBILL, MAUREEN HAYS-MITCHELL,

DONALD J. ZEIGLER, AND STANLEY D. BRUNN

KEy URbAN FACTS

Total World Population (2015) 7.3 billion

Percent Urban 54%

Total Urban Population 3.9 billion

Most Urbanized Counties Microstates such as Monaco and

Nauru (100%)

Singapore (100%)

Belgium (98%)

Least Urbanized Countries Burundi (12%)

Papua New Guinea (13%)

Uganda (16%)

Annual Urban Growth Rate (2010–2015) 0.9%

Number of Megacities (>10 million) 28

Agglomerations with 500,000 + Population 1009 (53% of world population)

Countries with Most Urban Agglomerations China (278), United States (275), India (112),

United Kingdom (140), Russia (59)

Cities with Highest Densities Dhaka, Bangladesh (112,700/sq mi, 43,500/sq km)

Hyderabad, Pakistan (104,300/sq mi, 40,300/sq km)

Mumbai, India (83,900/sq mi, 32,400/sq km)

Largest Megacities (2014) Tokyo (37.8 million)