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Exam Questions

Agenda

• What is a stereotype? • Sources of stereotypes • Functions of stereotypes • Consequences of stereotyping • Avoiding stereotypes • Practice • Presentation & Discussion

Stereotype • The term was first used in the 18-th century to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography and then was used for printing instead of the original. • Nowadays is often used to talk about a fixed (often distorted and/or oversimplified) image of a person as a representative of a particular group.

Stereotype in communication

• A fixed impression of a group of people through which we then perceive specific individuals (DeVito, 2016).

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Sources of Stereotypes

Can you name any?

Sources of Stereotypes • Families • Media (including advertising) • Toys • Video games • Peers • Social/governmental institutions

Stereotypes? Why? “Human perception is the process of selecting cues quickly from the environment, organizing them into a coherent pattern and labeling such a pattern, and interpreting that pattern in accordance to our expectation” (Ting-Toomy & Chung, 2012)

Perception Process Steps

1.  Selective attention 2.  Selective organization and labeling 3.  Selective interpretation (and behaviour!) (Ting-Toomy & Chung, 2012)

Psychological and physical adaptation

Predicting people’s behaviour

Self-defence

Positive Stereotypes Consequences

Positive Stereotypes

Idealiza- tion

Disappoint- ment

Negative Stereotypes Consequences

• Distorted images

stereotypes

• Unfair attitude

prejudice • Unjust treatment

discrimination

Ethnocentrism • Comes from 2 Greek words: ethno (one’s own ethnic or cultural group) and centrism (one’s own group should be looked upon as the centre of the world”) • Means that we consider the views and standards of our own ingroup as more important than those of any outgroup • People make judgements based on their own group’s standards and values

Ethnocentrism •  Is a defensive mechanism used to view our culture as superior to other cultures • As a result of ethnocentrism, we expect others to behave in the same way • Consists of implicit and explicit attitudes towards outgroup members’ customs and behaviors.

(Ting-Toomy & Chung, 2012)

Ethnocentrism

“We” vs. “them”

A we born biased? •  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EoNYklyShs

The ethnocentric continuum

Low • Treats others as equals • Evaluated other ways of doing things as equal to own ways

Equality

• Wants to decrease distance between self and others Sensitivity

• Lacks concern for others but is not hostile Indifference

• Avoids and limits interpersonal interaction with others

• Prefers to be with own kind Avoidance

• Engages in hostile behaviour • Views own culture as superior to other cultures

Disparagement High

Degree of ethnocentrism

Communication Distances

Communications

(DeVito, 2016)

Avoiding Stereotypes Step 1

• Recognize what distorted images of yourself as a representative of a particular cultural group you have and try to eliminate them to avoid ethnocentrism

Avoiding Stereotypes Step 2

• Recognize what images of other cultural groups you have and reject them if you cannot prove them.

Avoiding Stereotypes Step 3

• Include representatives from other cultures into your friend list and start communicating with them.

Avoiding Stereotypes Step 4

Develop Cultural Awareness • Read about other cultures, watch documentaries, and participate in different cultural events to have objective attitudes and judgments.

Avoiding Stereotypes Step 5

• Accept that fact that all people are different. It does not make them better or worse. It just makes them different from YOU.

Your turn What other suggestions would you offer for decreasing ethnocentrism, increasing cultural awareness and sensitivity, and making intercultural communication more productive?

•  You will focus on individuals rather than groups •  You will build interpersonal relationships with representatives of other cultural groups based on objective judgements instead of subjective generalizations

•  You will appreciate cultural differences instead of fearing them

•  You will value the diversity of the world •  You will feel more confident while visiting other countries and will be less affected by culture shock

•  You will prevent misunderstanding and plenty of conflicts that occur as a result of the wrong assumptions and expectations

Bibliography •  A look at race relations through a child’s eyes. (2012, April 2). [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=GPVNJgfDwpw&feature=share&fb_ref=share

•  De Ney, W. and Vanderputte, K. (2011). When less is not always more: stereotype knowledge and reasoning development. Developmental Psychology, 47 (2), 432-441.

•  Doll Test (2012, February 7). [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkpUyB2xgTM

•  Elliot, Jane (2012, November 19). Brown eyes and blue eyes racism experiment (Children Session) [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeK759FF84s

Bibliography •  Foster, C. Where race does not matter: The new spirit of modernity. Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2005.

•  Goldstein, S.B. (1997). The power of stereotypes: A labeling exercise. Teaching of Psychology, 24, 256-258.

•  Hamilton, D., Sherman, S. and Ruvolo, C. (1990). Stereotype- Based Expectancies: Effects on Information Processing and Social Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 46 (2), 46-60.

•  Hybels, S. and Weaver, R. (2007). Communicating effectively. 8-th Edition, New York: McGraw Hill Publishing.

•  Okim Kang and Donald L. Rubin. (December 2009). Reverse Linguistic Stereotyping: Measuring the effect of listener expectations on speech evaluation. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 28 (4), 441-456.

Bibliography •  Osland, J.S. and Bird, A. (2000). Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sense making in context. Academy of Management Executive, 14 (1), 65-77.

•  Rogers, E.M. and Steinfatt, T.M. (1999). Intercultural Communication. Long Grove: Waveland Press.

•  Satzewich, V. (2011). Racism in Canada. New York: Oxford University Press.

•  Ting-Toomy, S., Chung, L.C. (2012). Understanding intercultural communication. New York: Oxford University Press.