Hunches that communication theory are built about should be

A FIRST LOOK AT

COMMUNICATION THEORY

NINTH EDITION

EM GRIFFIN

ANDREW LEDBETTER

GLENN SPARKS

gri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd igri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd i 04/03/14 4:35 PM04/03/14 4:35 PM

Final PDF to printer

This page intentionally left blank

A FIRST LOOK AT

COMMUNICATION THEORY

NINTH EDITION

EM GRIFFIN Wheaton College

ANDREW LEDBETTER Texas Christian University

GLENN SPARKS Purdue University

gri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd iiigri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd iii 04/03/14 4:35 PM04/03/14 4:35 PM

Final PDF to printer

A FIRST LOOK AT COMMUNICATION THEORY, NINTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2012, 2009, and 2006. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QVS/QVS 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4

ISBN 978-0-07-352392-7 MHID 0-07-352392-5

Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L. Strand Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan Vice President, Content Production & Technology Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Managing Director: David S. Patterson Executive Director of Development: Lisa Pinto Managing Editor: Penina Braffman Associate Marketing Manager: Alexandra Schultz Development Editor: Adina Lonn Director, Content Production: Terri Schiesl Content Project Manager: Jessica Portz Buyer: Nichole Birkenholz Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, MO Media Project Manager: Jennifer Bartell Compositor: Laserwords Private Limited Typeface: 10/12 Palatino LT Std Roman Printer: Quad/Graphics

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

CIP APPLIED FOR

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

www.mhhe.com

gri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd ivgri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd iv 04/03/14 4:35 PM04/03/14 4:35 PM

Final PDF to printer

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

v

Em Griffi n is Professor Emeritus of Communication at Wheaton College in Illinois, where he taught for over 35 years and was chosen Teacher of the Year. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. in communication from Northwestern University; his research interest is in the development of close friendships. Em is the author of three applied communication books: The Mind Changers (persuasion), Getting Together (group dynamics), and Making Friends (close relationships). For three decades, Em has been an active volunteer with Opportunity International, a nonprofi t development organization providing fi nancial solutions and training to empower people living in poverty to transform their lives. He also serves as a mediator and coach at the Center for Confl ict Resolution in Chicago. Em’s wife, Jean, is an artist and a musi- cian. They recently celebrated 50 years of marriage and have two adult children, Jim and Sharon, and six grandchildren, Josh, Amy, Sam, Kyle, Alison, and Dan. You can reach Em at em.griffi n@wheaton.edu.

Andrew Ledbetter is an Associate Professor of Communication Studies at Texas Christian University. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. in communication studies from the University of Kansas. His research addresses how people use commu- nication technology to maintain their interpersonal relationships. A related inter- est concerns how parent–child communication predicts health and well-being. Andrew has published more than 35 articles and received recognition for teaching excellence from both the National Communication Association and Central States Communication Association. His wife, Jessica, is a former attorney who teaches business law at Texas Christian University. With their daughters, Sydney and Kira, they enjoy involvement in their church, playing board and card games, read- ing, cooking, and following the TCU Horned Frogs and Kansas Jayhawks. You can reach Andrew at a.ledbetter@tcu.edu, visit his blog at www.andrewledbetter.com, or follow him on Twitter via @dr_ledbetter.

Glenn Sparks is a professor in the Brian Lamb School of Communication at Pur- due University in Indiana, where he has taught for 28 years. He received his Ph.D. in communication arts from the University of Wisconsin–Madison; his research focuses on the effects of media. Glenn is the author of Media Effects Research: A Basic Overview and a personal memoir, Rolling in Dough: Lessons I Learned in a Doughnut Shop. He’s co-author of Refrigerator Rights: Our Crucial Need for Close Connection. Glenn is an avid sports fan and also enjoys trying to increase his skill playing the theremin. He is married to Cheri, a developmental therapist; they have three adult children, David, Erin, and Jordan, and one grandchild, Caleb. You can reach Glenn at sparks@purdue.edu.

gri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd vgri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd v 04/03/14 4:35 PM04/03/14 4:35 PM

Final PDF to printer

DEDICATION

We dedicate this book to our wives, Jeanie, Jessica , and Cheri, who encouraged us to work together, celebrated with us when the process went well, and comforted us when it didn’t. Just as they lovingly supported us in this project, we commit to

being there for them in what they feel called to do.

Em, Andrew, Glenn

gri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd vigri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd vi 04/03/14 4:35 PM04/03/14 4:35 PM

Final PDF to printer

CONTENTS

Preface for Instructors x

DIVISION ONE OVERVIEW

CHAPTER 1 Launching Your Study of Communication Theory 2

CHAPTER 2 Talk About Theory 13

CHAPTER 3 Weighing the Words 24

CHAPTER 4 Mapping the Territory (Seven Traditions in the Field of Communication Theory) 37

DIVISION TWO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal Messages 52

CHAPTER 5 Symbolic Interactionism of George Herbert Mead 54

CHAPTER 6 Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) of W. Barnett Pearce & Vernon Cronen 66

CHAPTER 7 Expectancy Violations Theory of Judee Burgoon 81

Relationship Development 94

CHAPTER 8 Social Penetration Theory of Irwin Altman & Dalmas Taylor 96

CHAPTER 9 Uncertainty Reduction Theory of Charles Berger 108

CHAPTER 10 Social Information Processing Theory of Joseph Walther 121

Relationship Maintenance 134

CHAPTER 11 Relational Dialectics of Leslie Baxter & Barbara Montgomery 136

CHAPTER 12 Communication Privacy Management Theory of Sandra Petronio 151

CHAPTER 13 The Interactional View of Paul Watzlawick 164

Infl uence 175

CHAPTER 14 Social Judgment Theory of Muzafer Sherif 177

gri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd viigri23925_00_fm_i-xvi.indd vii 04/03/14 4:35 PM04/03/14 4:35 PM

Final PDF to printer

viii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 15 Elaboration Likelihood Model of Richard Petty & John Cacioppo 188

CHAPTER 16 Cognitive Dissonance Theory of Leon Festinger 200

DIVISION THREE GROUP AND PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

Group Communication 214