Interactive reader unit 1 the anglo saxon and medieval periods

Who Is Willing To Write My Essay Over The Book Beowulf

The Anglo-Saxon Epic

did you know? The original Beowulf manuscript . . . • exists in only one copy. • was damaged and

nearly destroyed in a fire in the 18th century.

• has now been preserved through digitization.

Meet the Author

“Hear me!” So begins Beowulf, the oldest surviving epic poem in English. The command was intended to capture the listening audience’s attention, for Beowulf was originally chanted or sung aloud. Centuries of poet-singers, called scops (shIps), recited the adventures of Beowulf. It is our great fortune that eventually a gifted poet unified the heroic accounts and produced an enduring work of art.

By Anonymous Unfortunately, we don’t know who that poet was or when Beowulf was composed. Scholars contend that the poet may have lived anytime between the middle of the seventh century a.d. and the end of the tenth century. However, we do know where the poem was written. In the fifth century, bloody warfare in northern Europe had driven many Germanic- speaking tribes, including groups of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, to abandon their homes. Many of these groups settled in England, where they established what is now called Anglo-Saxon civilization.

The people of the Anglo-Saxon period spoke a language known as Old English, the language in which Beowulf was composed.

Old English bears little resemblance to Modern English and so must be translated for readers today. By the time Beowulf was written, the Anglo-Saxons had also converted to Christianity. This Christian influence is evident in the poem.

Long Ago and Far Away Although Beowulf was composed in England, the poem describes events that take place in Scandinavia around the 500s among two groups: the Danes of what is now Denmark and the Geats (gCts) of what is now Sweden. Beowulf is a Geat warrior who crosses the sea to defeat Grendel, a monster who is terrorizing the Danes. He later returns to his homeland to succeed his uncle as king of the Geats.

Beowulf celebrates warrior culture and deeds requiring great strength and courage. Scops recited the poem and other tales in mead halls, large wooden buildings that provided a safe haven for warriors returning from battle. During the performances, audiences feasted and drank mead, an alcoholic beverage.

Survivor The sole surviving copy of Beowulf dates from about the year 1000. It is the work of Christian monks who preserved the literature of the past by copying manuscripts. After suffering mistreatment and several near-disasters, the Beowulf manuscript is now safely housed in the British Library in London.

The Beowulf Poet about 750?

from Beowulf Epic Poem by the Beowulf Poet Translated by Burton Raffel

KEYWORD: HML12-40AVIDEO TRAILER

Go to thinkcentral.com. KEYWORD: HML12-40B Author Online

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RL 3 Analyze the impact of the author’s choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story. RL 4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including words with multiple meanings or language that is particularly fresh, engaging, or beautiful. L 4a Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word. L 5a Interpret figures of speech in context and analyze their role in the text. L 5b Analyze nuances in the meaning of words with similar denotations.

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Where do monsters lurk? Unlike the monsters in Beowulf, those in our world are not always easy to identify. Evil can hide in the most unexpected places: behind a smiling face, between the lines of a law, in otherwise noble-sounding words. Even when evil is clearly exposed, people may disagree on how to confront it.

QUICKWRITE What does evil mean to you? Write your own definition of the word, and provide some examples of real-life monsters.

text analysis: characteristics of an epic An epic, a long narrative poem that traces the adventures of a great hero, has the power to transport you to another time and place. Beowulf takes you to the Anglo-Saxon period and the land of the Danes and the Geats, where a mighty warrior battles fantastic monsters. As you read the poem, note some of the following characteristics of epic poetry:

• The hero is a legendary figure who performs deeds requiring incredible courage and strength.

• The hero embodies character traits that reflect lofty ideals. • The poet uses formal diction and a serious tone. • The poem reflects timeless values and universal themes.

reading strategy: reading old english poetry Old English poetry is marked by a strong rhythm that is easy to chant or sing. Here are some of the techniques used in an Old English poem:

• alliteration, or the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words, which helps unify the lines

So mankind’s enemy continued his crimes

• caesura (sG-zhMrPE), or a pause dividing each line, with each part having two accented syllables to help maintain the rhythm of the lines

He took what he wanted, // all the treasures

• kenning, a metaphorical compound word or phrase substituted for a noun or name, which enhances meaning— for example, “mankind’s enemy” used in place of “Grendel”

As you read Beowulf, note examples of these techniques and consider their effect on rhythm and meaning in the poem.

vocabulary in context The words shown here help convey the monstrous forces Beowulf faces in the epic. Choose a word from the list that has the same definition as each numbered item.

word list

affliction lair purge gorge livid talon infamous loathsome

1. claw 2. burden 3. notorious 4. cram

Complete the activities in your Reader/Writer Notebook.

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Hrothgar (hrôthPgärQ), king of the Danes, has built a wonderful mead hall called Herot (hDrQEt), where his subjects congregate and make merry. As this selection opens, a fierce and powerful monster named Grendel invades the mead hall, bringing death and destruction.

A powerful monster, living down In the darkness, growled in pain, impatient a As day after day the music rang Loud in that hall, the harp’s rejoicing Call and the poet’s clear songs, sung Of the ancient beginnings of us all, recalling The Almighty making the earth, shaping These beautiful plains marked off by oceans, Then proudly setting the sun and moon To glow across the land and light it; The corners of the earth were made lovely with trees And leaves, made quick with life, with each Of the nations who now move on its face. And then As now warriors sang of their pleasure:

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a OLD ENGLISH POETRY Reread lines 1–2 aloud. Notice the use of alliteration with the repetition of the letters p and d. What mood, or feeling, does the alliteration convey?

Analyze Visuals Examine the composition, or arrangement of shapes, in this photograph. How does the angle of the photo contribute to its impact?

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So Hrothgar’s men lived happy in his hall Till the monster stirred, that demon, that fiend, Grendel, who haunted the moors, the wild Marshes, and made his home in a hell Not hell but earth. He was spawned in that slime, Conceived by a pair of those monsters born Of Cain, murderous creatures banished By God, punished forever for the crime Of Abel’s death. The Almighty drove Those demons out, and their exile was bitter, Shut away from men; they split Into a thousand forms of evil—spirits And fiends, goblins, monsters, giants, A brood forever opposing the Lord’s Will, and again and again defeated. b

Then, when darkness had dropped, Grendel Went up to Herot, wondering what the warriors Would do in that hall when their drinking was done. He found them sprawled in sleep, suspecting Nothing, their dreams undisturbed. The monster’s Thoughts were as quick as his greed or his claws: He slipped through the door and there in the silence Snatched up thirty men, smashed them Unknowing in their beds and ran out with their bodies, The blood dripping behind him, back To his lair, delighted with his night’s slaughter.

At daybreak, with the sun’s first light, they saw How well he had worked, and in that gray morning Broke their long feast with tears and laments For the dead. Hrothgar, their lord, sat joyless In Herot, a mighty prince mourning The fate of his lost friends and companions, Knowing by its tracks that some demon had torn His followers apart. He wept, fearing The beginning might not be the end. And that night c Grendel came again, so set On murder that no crime could ever be enough, No savage assault quench his lust For evil. Then each warrior tried To escape him, searched for rest in different Beds, as far from Herot as they could find, Seeing how Grendel hunted when they slept. Distance was safety; the only survivors Were those who fled him. Hate had triumphed.

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21 Cain: the eldest son of Adam and Eve. According to the Bible (Genesis 4), he murdered his younger brother Abel.

19 spawned: given birth to.

17 moors (mMrz): broad, open regions with patches of bog.

b

EPIC Note the description in lines 23–29 of supernatural creatures that are “again and again defeated.” What universal theme might these lines suggest?

lair (lâr) n. the den or resting place of a wild animal

c

EPIC What is the tone of lines 44–49? What words and details convey this tone?

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So Grendel ruled, fought with the righteous, One against many, and won; so Herot Stood empty, and stayed deserted for years, Twelve winters of grief for Hrothgar, king Of the Danes, sorrow heaped at his door By hell-forged hands. His misery leaped d The seas, was told and sung in all Men’s ears: how Grendel’s hatred began, How the monster relished his savage war On the Danes, keeping the bloody feud Alive, seeking no peace, offering No truce, accepting no settlement, no price In gold or land, and paying the living For one crime only with another. No one Waited for reparation from his plundering claws: That shadow of death hunted in the darkness, Stalked Hrothgar’s warriors, old And young, lying in waiting, hidden In mist, invisibly following them from the edge Of the marsh, always there, unseen.

So mankind’s enemy continued his crimes, Killing as often as he could, coming Alone, bloodthirsty and horrible. Though he lived In Herot, when the night hid him, he never Dared to touch king Hrothgar’s glorious Throne, protected by God—God, Whose love Grendel could not know. But Hrothgar’s Heart was bent. The best and most noble Of his council debated remedies, sat In secret sessions, talking of terror And wondering what the bravest of warriors could do. And sometimes they sacrificed to the old stone gods, Made heathen vows, hoping for Hell’s Support, the Devil’s guidance in driving Their affliction off. That was their way, And the heathen’s only hope, Hell Always in their hearts, knowing neither God Nor His passing as He walks through our world, the Lord Of Heaven and earth; their ears could not hear His praise nor know His glory. Let them Beware, those who are thrust into danger, Clutched at by trouble, yet can carry no solace In their hearts, cannot hope to be better! Hail To those who will rise to God, drop off Their dead bodies and seek our Father’s peace!

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91 heathen (hCPthEn): pagan; non- Christian. Though the Beowulf Poet was a Christian, he recognized that the characters in the poem lived before the Germanic tribes were converted to Christianity, when they still worshiped “the old stone gods.”

84 The reference to God shows the influence of Christianity on the Beowulf Poet.

73 reparation: something done to make amends for loss or suffering. In Germanic society, someone who killed another person was generally expected to make a payment to the victim’s family as a way of restoring peace.

d

OLD ENGLISH POETRY What does the kenning “hell- forged hands” in line 64 suggest about Grendel?

affliction (E-flGkPshEn) n. a force that oppresses or causes suffering

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So the living sorrow of Healfdane’s son Simmered, bitter and fresh, and no wisdom Or strength could break it: that agony hung On king and people alike, harsh And unending, violent and cruel, and evil.

In his far-off home Beowulf, Higlac’s Follower and the strongest of the Geats—greater And stronger than anyone anywhere in this world— Heard how Grendel filled nights with horror And quickly commanded a boat fitted out, Proclaiming that he’d go to that famous king, Would sail across the sea to Hrothgar, Now when help was needed. None Of the wise ones regretted his going, much As he was loved by the Geats: the omens were good, And they urged the adventure on. So Beowulf Chose the mightiest men he could find, The bravest and best of the Geats, fourteen In all, and led them down to their boat;

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beowulf 104 Healfdane’s son: Hrothgar.

109–110 Higlac’s follower: a warrior loyal to Higlac (hGgPlBkQ), king of the Geats (and Beowulf’s uncle).

The Oseberg Ship (850), Viking. Viking Ship Museum, Bygdoy, Norway. © Werner Forman/Art Resource, New York.

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He knew the sea, would point the prow Straight to that distant Danish shore. . . . e

Beowulf and his men sail over the sea to the land of the Danes to offer help to Hrothgar. They are escorted by a Danish guard to Herot, where Wulfgar, one of Hrothgar’s soldiers, tells the king of their arrival. Hrothgar knows of Beowulf and is ready to welcome the young prince and his men.

Then Wulfgar went to the door and addressed The waiting seafarers with soldier’s words:

“My lord, the great king of the Danes, commands me To tell you that he knows of your noble birth And that having come to him from over the open Sea you have come bravely and are welcome. Now go to him as you are, in your armor and helmets, But leave your battle-shields here, and your spears, Let them lie waiting for the promises your words May make.” Beowulf arose, with his men Around him, ordering a few to remain With their weapons, leading the others quickly Along under Herot’s steep roof into Hrothgar’s Presence. Standing on that prince’s own hearth, Helmeted, the silvery metal of his mail shirt Gleaming with a smith’s high art, he greeted The Danes’ great lord: “Hail, Hrothgar! Higlac is my cousin and my king; the days Of my youth have been filled with glory. Now Grendel’s Name has echoed in our land: sailors Have brought us stories of Herot, the best Of all mead-halls, deserted and useless when the moon Hangs in skies the sun had lit, Light and life fleeing together. My people have said, the wisest, most knowing And best of them, that my duty was to go to the Danes’ Great king. They have seen my strength for themselves, Have watched me rise from the darkness of war, Dripping with my enemies’ blood. I drove Five great giants into chains, chased All of that race from the earth. I swam In the blackness of night, hunting monsters Out of the ocean, and killing them one

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139 mail shirt: flexible body armor made of metal links or overlapping metal scales. 140 smith’s high art: the skilled craft of a blacksmith (a person who fashions objects from iron). 142 cousin: here, a general term for a relative. Beowulf is actually Higlac’s nephew.

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EPIC An epic is a long narrative poem that traces the adventures of a great hero. Almost all national cultures have their own epics, whose stories and heroes play a role in defining the national character. An epic may describe how a nation was established or highlight specific traits associated with its people. Read lines 109–124. At what point in the story is Beowulf introduced? What traits of an epic hero does he appear to possess? Which traits of Beowulf’s might also be used to describe the British people and their origins?

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By one; death was my errand and the fate They had earned. Now Grendel and I are called f Together, and I’ve come. Grant me, then, Lord and protector of this noble place, A single request! I have come so far, Oh shelterer of warriors and your people’s loved friend, That this one favor you should not refuse me— That I, alone and with the help of my men, May purge all evil from this hall. I have heard, Too, that the monster’s scorn of men Is so great that he needs no weapons and fears none. Nor will I. My lord Higlac Might think less of me if I let my sword Go where my feet were afraid to, if I hid Behind some broad linden shield: my hands Alone shall fight for me, struggle for life Against the monster. God must decide Who will be given to death’s cold grip. Grendel’s plan, I think, will be What it has been before, to invade this hall And gorge his belly with our bodies. If he can, If he can. And I think, if my time will have come, There’ll be nothing to mourn over, no corpse to prepare For its grave: Grendel will carry our bloody Flesh to the moors, crunch on our bones And smear torn scraps of our skin on the walls Of his den. No, I expect no Danes Will fret about sewing our shrouds, if he wins. And if death does take me, send the hammered Mail of my armor to Higlac, return The inheritance I had from Hrethel, and he From Wayland. Fate will unwind as it must!”

Hrothgar replied, protector of the Danes: “Beowulf, you’ve come to us in friendship, and because

Of the reception your father found at our court. Edgetho had begun a bitter feud, Killing Hathlaf, a Wulfing warrior: Your father’s countrymen were afraid of war, If he returned to his home, and they turned him away. Then he traveled across the curving waves To the land of the Danes. I was new to the throne, Then, a young man ruling this wide

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172 linden shield: a shield made from the wood of a linden tree. 172–174 Beowulf insists on fighting Grendel without weapons.

185 shrouds: cloths in which dead bodies are wrapped.

188 Hrethel (hrDthPEl): a former king of the Geats—Higlac’s father and Beowulf’s grandfather. 189 Wayland: a famous blacksmith and magician.

193 Edgetho (DjPthI): Beowulf’s father. 194 Wulfing: a member of another Germanic tribe.

purge (pûrj) v. to cleanse or rid of something undesirable

gorge (gôrj) v. to stuff with food; glut

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EPIC Notice that in lines 153–159, Beowulf boasts about past victories that required superhuman strength and courage. Why might the people of Beowulf’s time have valued such traits?

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Kingdom and its golden city: Hergar, My older brother, a far better man Than I, had died and dying made me, Second among Healfdane’s sons, first In this nation. I bought the end of Edgetho’s Quarrel, sent ancient treasures through the ocean’s Furrows to the Wulfings; your father swore He’d keep that peace. My tongue grows heavy, And my heart, when I try to tell you what Grendel Has brought us, the damage he’s done, here In this hall. You see for yourself how much smaller g Our ranks have become, and can guess what we’ve lost To his terror. Surely the Lord Almighty Could stop his madness, smother his lust! How many times have my men, glowing With courage drawn from too many cups Of ale, sworn to stay after dark And stem that horror with a sweep of their swords. And then, in the morning, this mead-hall glittering With new light would be drenched with blood, the benches Stained red, the floors, all wet from that fiend’s Savage assault—and my soldiers would be fewer Still, death taking more and more. But to table, Beowulf, a banquet in your honor: Let us toast your victories, and talk of the future.” h

Then Hrothgar’s men gave places to the Geats, Yielded benches to the brave visitors And led them to the feast. The keeper of the mead Came carrying out the carved flasks, And poured that bright sweetness. A poet Sang, from time to time, in a clear Pure voice. Danes and visiting Geats Celebrated as one, drank and rejoiced. . . .

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OLD ENGLISH POETRY Observe that as Hrothgar begins to speak about Grendel in lines 207–210, his tone, or his attitude toward his subject, becomes bleak and despairing. What repeated sounds does the poet use to suggest this tone?

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EPIC Note that Hrothgar delivers a long speech to Beowulf in lines 190–224. What values are reflected in the speech?

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After the banquet, Hrothgar and his followers leave Herot, and Beowulf and his warriors remain to spend the night. Beowulf reiterates his intent to fight Grendel without a sword and, while his followers sleep, lies waiting, eager for Grendel to appear.

Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty Hills and bogs, bearing God’s hatred, Grendel came, hoping to kill i Anyone he could trap on this trip to high Herot. He moved quickly through the cloudy night, Up from his swampland, sliding silently Toward that gold-shining hall. He had visited Hrothgar’s Home before, knew the way— But never, before nor after that night, Found Herot defended so firmly, his reception So harsh. He journeyed, forever joyless, Straight to the door, then snapped it open, Tore its iron fasteners with a touch

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the battle with grendel

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OLD ENGLISH POETRY Reread lines 233–235. Notice that the translator uses punctuation to convey the effect of the midline pauses, or caesuras, in the lines. In what way does the rhythm created by the pauses reinforce the action recounted here?

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And rushed angrily over the threshold. He strode quickly across the inlaid Floor, snarling and fierce: his eyes Gleamed in the darkness, burned with a gruesome Light. Then he stopped, seeing the hall Crowded with sleeping warriors, stuffed With rows of young soldiers resting together. And his heart laughed, he relished the sight, Intended to tear the life from those bodies By morning; the monster’s mind was hot With the thought of food and the feasting his belly Would soon know. But fate, that night, intended Grendel to gnaw the broken bones Of his last human supper. Human Eyes were watching his evil steps, Waiting to see his swift hard claws. Grendel snatched at the first Geat He came to, ripped him apart, cut His body to bits with powerful jaws, Drank the blood from his veins and bolted Him down, hands and feet; death And Grendel’s great teeth came together, Snapping life shut. Then he stepped to another Still body, clutched at Beowulf with his claws, Grasped at a strong-hearted wakeful sleeper —And was instantly seized himself, claws Bent back as Beowulf leaned up on one arm.

That shepherd of evil, guardian of crime, Knew at once that nowhere on earth Had he met a man whose hands were harder; His mind was flooded with fear—but nothing Could take his talons and himself from that tight Hard grip. Grendel’s one thought was to run From Beowulf, flee back to his marsh and hide there: This was a different Herot than the hall he had emptied. But Higlac’s follower remembered his final Boast and, standing erect, stopped The monster’s flight, fastened those claws In his fists till they cracked, clutched Grendel Closer. The infamous killer fought For his freedom, wanting no flesh but retreat, Desiring nothing but escape; his claws Had been caught, he was trapped. That trip to Herot Was a miserable journey for the writhing monster!

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246 threshold: the strip of wood or stone at the bottom of a doorway.

talon (tBlPEn) n. a claw

infamous (GnPfE-mEs) adj. having a very bad reputation

278–289 Up to this point Grendel has killed his human victims easily.

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The high hall rang, its roof boards swayed, And Danes shook with terror. Down The aisles the battle swept, angry And wild. Herot trembled, wonderfully Built to withstand the blows, the struggling Great bodies beating at its beautiful walls; Shaped and fastened with iron, inside And out, artfully worked, the building Stood firm. Its benches rattled, fell To the floor, gold-covered boards grating As Grendel and Beowulf battled across them. j Hrothgar’s wise men had fashioned Herot To stand forever; only fire, They had planned, could shatter what such skill had put Together, swallow in hot flames such splendor Of ivory and iron and wood. Suddenly The sounds changed, the Danes started In new terror, cowering in their beds as the terrible Screams of the Almighty’s enemy sang In the darkness, the horrible shrieks of pain And defeat, the tears torn out of Grendel’s Taut throat, hell’s captive caught in the arms Of him who of all the men on earth Was the strongest.

That mighty protector of men Meant to hold the monster till its life Leaped out, knowing the fiend was no use To anyone in Denmark. All of Beowulf ’s Band had jumped from their beds, ancestral Swords raised and ready, determined To protect their prince if they could. Their courage Was great but all wasted: they could hack at Grendel From every side, trying to open A path for his evil soul, but their points Could not hurt him, the sharpest and hardest iron Could not scratch at his skin, for that sin-stained demon Had bewitched all men’s weapons, laid spells That blunted every mortal man’s blade. And yet his time had come, his days Were over, his death near; down To hell he would go, swept groaning and helpless To the waiting hands of still worse fiends.

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OLD ENGLISH POETRY Reread lines 293–300. What impression of the battle does the alliteration help convey?

Language Coach Homophones Many word pairs sound alike but have different spellings and meanings. For example, taught is the past tense of teach. Which word in line 311 is a homophone for taught? Guess the word’s meaning using the surrounding text.

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Now he discovered—once the afflictor Of men, tormentor of their days—what it meant To feud with Almighty God: Grendel Saw that his strength was deserting him, his claws Bound fast, Higlac’s brave follower tearing at His hands. The monster’s hatred rose higher, But his power had gone. He twisted in pain, And the bleeding sinews deep in his shoulder Snapped, muscle and bone split And broke. The battle was over, Beowulf Had been granted new glory: Grendel escaped, But wounded as he was could flee to his den, His miserable hole at the bottom of the marsh, Only to die, to wait for the end Of all his days. And after that bloody Combat the Danes laughed with delight. He who had come to them from across the sea, Bold and strong-minded, had driven affliction Off, purged Herot clean. He was happy, Now, with that night’s fierce work; the Danes Had been served as he’d boasted he’d serve them; Beowulf, A prince of the Geats, had killed Grendel, Ended the grief, the sorrow, the suffering Forced on Hrothgar’s helpless people By a bloodthirsty fiend. No Dane doubted The victory, for the proof, hanging high From the rafters where Beowulf had hung it, was the monster’s Arm, claw and shoulder and all.

And then, in the morning, crowds surrounded Herot, warriors coming to that hall From faraway lands, princes and leaders Of men hurrying to behold the monster’s Great staggering tracks. They gaped with no sense Of sorrow, felt no regret for his suffering, Went tracing his bloody footprints, his beaten And lonely flight, to the edge of the lake Where he’d dragged his corpselike way, doomed And already weary of his vanishing life. The water was bloody, steaming and boiling In horrible pounding waves, heat Sucked from his magic veins; but the swirling Surf had covered his death, hidden

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338 sinews (sGnPyLz): the tendons that connect muscles to bones.

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Deep in murky darkness his miserable End, as hell opened to receive him. k

Then old and young rejoiced, turned back From that happy pilgrimage, mounted their hard-hooved Horses, high-spirited stallions, and rode them Slowly toward Herot again, retelling Beowulf ’s bravery as they jogged along. And over and over they swore that nowhere On earth or under the spreading sky Or between the seas, neither south nor north, Was there a warrior worthier to rule over men. (But no one meant Beowulf ’s praise to belittle Hrothgar, their kind and gracious king!)

And sometimes, when the path ran straight and clear, They would let their horses race, red And brown and pale yellow backs streaming Down the road. And sometimes a proud old soldier Who had heard songs of the ancient heroes And could sing them all through, story after story, Would weave a net of words for Beowulf ’s Victory, tying the knot of his verses Smoothly, swiftly, into place with a poet’s Quick skill, singing his new song aloud While he shaped it, and the old songs as well. . . . l

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Text Analysis 1. Clarify Why does Beowulf journey across the sea to the land of

the Danes?

2. Summarize How does Beowulf trap and kill Grendel?

3. Analyze Motivation What drives Grendel to attack so many men at Herot, the mead hall?

4. Make Inferences Why does Beowulf hang Grendel’s arm from the rafters of Herot?

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GRAMMAR AND STYLE To capture a scene, the poet often uses vivid imagery. Notice the use in lines 369–374, for example, of adjectives such as bloody, steaming, pounding, and swirling to help readers see and feel the violent, churning water.

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OLD ENGLISH POETRY Reread lines 389–396. In what ways does this description reflect the techniques used by Anglo-Saxon poets? Cite details.

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Although one monster has died, another still lives. From her lair in a cold and murky lake, where she has been brooding over her loss, Grendel’s mother emerges, bent on revenge.

So she reached Herot, Where the Danes slept as though already dead; Her visit ended their good fortune, reversed The bright vane of their luck. No female, no matter How fierce, could have come with a man’s strength, Fought with the power and courage men fight with, Smashing their shining swords, their bloody, Hammer-forged blades onto boar-headed helmets, Slashing and stabbing with the sharpest of points. The soldiers raised their shields and drew Those gleaming swords, swung them above The piled-up benches, leaving their mail shirts And their helmets where they’d lain when the terror took hold of them. To save her life she moved still faster, Took a single victim and fled from the hall, Running to the moors, discovered, but her supper Assured, sheltered in her dripping claws. She’d taken Hrothgar’s closest friend, The man he most loved of all men on earth; She’d killed a glorious soldier, cut A noble life short. No Geat could have stopped her: Beowulf and his band had been given better

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grendel’s mother

400 vane: a device that turns to show the direction the wind is blowing—here associated metaphorically with luck, which is as changeable as the wind.

404 boar-headed helmets: Germanic warriors often wore helmets bearing the images of wild pigs or other fierce creatures in the hope that the images would increase their ferocity and protect them against their enemies.

What mood is conveyed by this photograph? Which elements help create that mood?

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Beds; sleep had come to them in a different Hall. Then all Herot burst into shouts: She had carried off Grendel’s claw. Sorrow Had returned to Denmark. They’d traded deaths, Danes and monsters, and no one had won, Both had lost! . . .

Devastated by the loss of his friend, Hrothgar sends for Beowulf and recounts what Grendel’s mother has done. Then Hrothgar describes the dark lake where Grendel’s mother has dwelt with her son.

“They live in secret places, windy Cliffs, wolf-dens where water pours From the rocks, then runs underground, where mist Steams like black clouds, and the groves of trees Growing out over their lake are all covered With frozen spray, and wind down snakelike Roots that reach as far as the water And help keep it dark. At night that lake Burns like a torch. No one knows its bottom, No wisdom reaches such depths. A deer, Hunted through the woods by packs of hounds, A stag with great horns, though driven through the forest From faraway places, prefers to die On those shores, refuses to save its life In that water. It isn’t far, nor is it A pleasant spot! When the wind stirs And storms, waves splash toward the sky, As dark as the air, as black as the rain That the heavens weep. Our only help, Again, lies with you. Grendel’s mother Is hidden in her terrible home, in a place You’ve not seen. Seek it, if you dare! Save us, Once more, and again twisted gold, Heaped-up ancient treasure, will reward you For the battle you win!” . . .

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447–449 Germanic warriors placed great importance on amassing treasure as a way of acquiring fame and temporarily defeating fate.

Language Coach Homographs Words with the same spelling but different meanings, pronunciations, or both are homographs. The word wind, for example, can rhyme with sinned or kind. What is the pronunciation and meaning of wind in line 430? How can you tell?

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Beowulf accepts Hrothgar’s challenge, and the king and his men accompany the hero to the dreadful lair of Grendel’s mother. Fearlessly, Beowulf prepares to battle the terrible creature.

He leaped into the lake, would not wait for anyone’s Answer; the heaving water covered him Over. For hours he sank through the waves; At last he saw the mud of the bottom. And all at once the greedy she-wolf Who’d ruled those waters for half a hundred Years discovered him, saw that a creature From above had come to explore the bottom Of her wet world. She welcomed him in her claws, Clutched at him savagely but could not harm him, Tried to work her fingers through the tight Ring-woven mail on his breast, but tore

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the battle with grendel’s mother

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And scratched in vain. Then she carried him, armor And sword and all, to her home; he struggled To free his weapon, and failed. The fight Brought other monsters swimming to see Her catch, a host of sea beasts who beat at His mail shirt, stabbing with tusks and teeth As they followed along. Then he realized, suddenly, That she’d brought him into someone’s battle-hall, And there the water’s heat could not hurt him, Nor anything in the lake attack him through The building’s high-arching roof. A brilliant Light burned all around him, the lake Itself like a fiery flame. m Then he saw The mighty water witch, and swung his sword, His ring-marked blade, straight at her head; The iron sang its fierce song, Sang Beowulf ’s strength. But her guest Discovered that no sword could slice her evil Skin, that Hrunting could not hurt her, was useless Now when he needed it. They wrestled, she ripped And tore and clawed at him, bit holes in his helmet, And that too failed him; for the first time in years Of being worn to war it would earn no glory; It was the last time anyone would wear it. But Beowulf Longed only for fame, leaped back Into battle. He tossed his sword aside, Angry; the steel-edged blade lay where He’d dropped it. If weapons were useless he’d use His hands, the strength in his fingers. So fame Comes to the men who mean to win it And care about nothing else! He raised His arms and seized her by the shoulder; anger Doubled his strength, he threw her to the floor. She fell, Grendel’s fierce mother, and the Geats’ Proud prince was ready to leap on her. But she rose At once and repaid him with her clutching claws, Wildly tearing at him. He was weary, that best And strongest of soldiers; his feet stumbled And in an instant she had him down, held helpless. Squatting with her weight on his stomach, she drew A dagger, brown with dried blood, and prepared To avenge her only son. But he was stretched

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480 Hrunting (hrOnPtGng): the name of Beowulf’s sword. (Germanic warriors’ swords were possessions of such value that they were often given names.)

476 his ring-marked blade: For the battle with Grendel’s mother, Beowulf has been given an heirloom sword with an intricately etched blade.

m

EPIC Reread lines 464–474. What details of the battle and its setting are characteristic of an epic?

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On his back, and her stabbing blade was blunted By the woven mail shirt he wore on his chest. The hammered links held; the point Could not touch him. He’d have traveled to the bottom of the earth, Edgetho’s son, and died there, if that shining Woven metal had not helped—and Holy God, who sent him victory, gave judgment For truth and right, Ruler of the Heavens, Once Beowulf was back on his feet and fighting.

Then he saw, hanging on the wall, a heavy Sword, hammered by giants, strong And blessed with their magic, the best of all weapons But so massive that no ordinary man could lift Its carved and decorated length. He drew it From its scabbard, broke the chain on its hilt, And then, savage, now, angry And desperate, lifted it high over his head And struck with all the strength he had left, Caught her in the neck and cut it through, Broke bones and all. Her body fell To the floor, lifeless, the sword was wet With her blood, and Beowulf rejoiced at the sight.

The brilliant light shone, suddenly, As though burning in that hall, and as bright as Heaven’s Own candle, lit in the sky. He looked n At her home, then following along the wall Went walking, his hands tight on the sword, His heart still angry. He was hunting another Dead monster, and took his weapon with him For final revenge against Grendel’s vicious Attacks, his nighttime raids, over And over, coming to Herot when Hrothgar’s Men slept, killing them in their beds, Eating some on the spot, fifteen Or more, and running to his loathsome moor With another such sickening meal waiting In his pouch. But Beowulf repaid him for those visits, Found him lying dead in his corner, Armless, exactly as that fierce fighter Had sent him out from Herot, then struck off His head with a single swift blow. The body Jerked for the last time, then lay still.

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n

EPIC What does the light described in lines 526–528 suggest about Beowulf’s victory?

loathsome (lIthPsEm) adj. disgusting

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The wise old warriors who surrounded Hrothgar, Like him staring into the monsters’ lake, Saw the waves surging and blood Spurting through. They spoke about Beowulf, All the graybeards, whispered together And said that hope was gone, that the hero Had lost fame and his life at once, and would never Return to the living, come back as triumphant As he had left; almost all agreed that Grendel’s Mighty mother, the she-wolf, had killed him. o The sun slid over past noon, went further Down. The Danes gave up, left The lake and went home, Hrothgar with them. The Geats stayed, sat sadly, watching, Imagining they saw their lord but not believing They would ever see him again. —Then the sword Melted, blood-soaked, dripping down Like water, disappearing like ice when the world’s Eternal Lord loosens invisible Fetters and unwinds icicles and frost As only He can, He who rules Time and seasons, He who is truly God. The monsters’ hall was full of Rich treasures, but all that Beowulf took Was Grendel’s head and the hilt of the giants’ Jeweled sword; the rest of that ring-marked Blade had dissolved in Grendel’s steaming Blood, boiling even after his death. And then the battle’s only survivor Swam up and away from those silent corpses; The water was calm and clean, the whole Huge lake peaceful once the demons who’d lived in it Were dead. Then that noble protector of all seamen Swam to land, rejoicing in the heavy Burdens he was bringing with him. He And all his glorious band of Geats Thanked God that their leader had come back unharmed; They left the lake together. The Geats Carried Beowulf ’s helmet, and his mail shirt. Behind them the water slowly thickened As the monsters’ blood came seeping up.

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578 that noble protector of all seamen: Beowulf, who will be buried in a tower that will serve as a navigational aid to sailors.

o

EPIC What do lines 549–555 suggest about attitudes toward fame in the Anglo-Saxon period?

550 graybeards: old men.

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They walked quickly, happily, across Roads all of them remembered, left The lake and the cliffs alongside it, brave men Staggering under the weight of Grendel’s skull, Too heavy for fewer than four of them to handle— Two on each side of the spear jammed through it— Yet proud of their ugly load and determined That the Danes, seated in Herot, should see it. p Soon, fourteen Geats arrived At the hall, bold and warlike, and with Beowulf, Their lord and leader, they walked on the mead-hall Green. Then the Geats’ brave prince entered Herot, covered with glory for the daring Battles he had fought; he sought Hrothgar To salute him and show Grendel’s head. He carried that terrible trophy by the hair, Brought it straight to where the Danes sat, Drinking, the queen among them. It was a weird And wonderful sight, and the warriors stared. . . .

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Text Analysis 1. Clarify Why does Hrothgar ask Beowulf to battle Grendel’s

mother?

2. Summarize What does Beowulf do after he kills Grendel’s mother?

3. Compare and Contrast Compare the two monsters. Does the behavior of Grendel’s mother seem as wicked or unreasonable as Grendel’s behavior? Support your opinion with evidence from the text.

604 queen: Welthow, wife of Hrothgar.

p

EPIC Reread lines 587–594. Why do you think the Geats want the Danes to see Grendel’s skull?

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With Grendel’s mother destroyed, peace is restored to the land of the Danes, and Beowulf, laden with Hrothgar’s gifts, returns to the land of his own people, the Geats. After his uncle and cousin die, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules in peace and prosperity for 50 years. One day, however, a fire-breathing dragon that has been guarding a treasure for hundreds of years is disturbed by a thief, who enters the treasure tower and steals a cup. The dragon begins terrorizing the Geats, and Beowulf, now an old man, takes on the challenge of fighting it.

And Beowulf uttered his final boast: “I’ve never known fear, as a youth I fought

In endless battles. I am old, now, But I will fight again, seek fame still, If the dragon hiding in his tower dares To face me.”

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beowulf’s last battle

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Then he said farewell to his followers, q Each in his turn, for the last time:

“I’d use no sword, no weapon, if this beast Could be killed without it, crushed to death Like Grendel, gripped in my hands and torn Limb from limb. But his breath will be burning Hot, poison will pour from his tongue. I feel no shame, with shield and sword And armor, against this monster: when he comes to me I mean to stand, not run from his shooting Flames, stand till fate decides Which of us wins. My heart is firm, My hands calm: I need no hot Words. Wait for me close by, my friends. We shall see, soon, who will survive This bloody battle, stand when the fighting Is done. No one else could do What I mean to, here, no man but me Could hope to defeat this monster. No one Could try. And this dragon’s treasure, his gold And everything hidden in that tower, will be mine Or war will sweep me to a bitter death!”

Then Beowulf rose, still brave, still strong, And with his shield at his side, and a mail shirt on his breast, Strode calmly, confidently, toward the tower, under The rocky cliffs: no coward could have walked there! And then he who’d endured dozens of desperate Battles, who’d stood boldly while swords and shields Clashed, the best of kings, saw Huge stone arches and felt the heat Of the dragon’s breath, flooding down Through the hidden entrance, too hot for anyone To stand, a streaming current of fire And smoke that blocked all passage. And the Geats’ Lord and leader, angry, lowered His sword and roared out a battle cry, A call so loud and clear that it reached through The hoary rock, hung in the dragon’s Ear. The beast rose, angry, Knowing a man had come—and then nothing But war could have followed. Its breath came first, A steaming cloud pouring from the stone, Then the earth itself shook. Beowulf

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648 hoary (hôrPC): gray with age.

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OLD ENGLISH POETRY Notice the repeated use of the letter f in lines 606–611. What tone does the alliteration help convey?

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Swung his shield into place, held it In front of him, facing the entrance. The dragon Coiled and uncoiled, its heart urging it Into battle. Beowulf ’s ancient sword Was waiting, unsheathed, his sharp and gleaming Blade. The beast came closer; both of them Were ready, each set on slaughter. The Geats’ Great prince stood firm, unmoving, prepared Behind his high shield, waiting in his shining Armor. The monster came quickly toward him, Pouring out fire and smoke, hurrying To its fate. Flames beat at the iron Shield, and for a time it held, protected Beowulf as he’d planned; then it began to melt, And for the first time in his life that famous prince Fought with fate against him, with glory Denied him. He knew it, but he raised his sword And struck at the dragon’s scaly hide. r The ancient blade broke, bit into The monster’s skin, drew blood, but cracked And failed him before it went deep enough, helped him Less than he needed. The dragon leaped With pain, thrashed and beat at him, spouting Murderous flames, spreading them everywhere. And the Geats’ ring-giver did not boast of glorious Victories in other wars: his weapon Had failed him, deserted him, now when he needed it Most, that excellent sword. Edgetho’s Famous son stared at death, Unwilling to leave this world, to exchange it For a dwelling in some distant place—a journey Into darkness that all men must make, as death Ends their few brief hours on earth.

Quickly, the dragon came at him, encouraged As Beowulf fell back; its breath flared, And he suffered, wrapped around in swirling Flames—a king, before, but now A beaten warrior. None of his comrades Came to him, helped him, his brave and noble Followers; they ran for their lives, fled Deep in a wood. And only one of them Remained, stood there, miserable, remembering, As a good man must, what kinship should mean. s

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678 ring-giver: king; lord. When a man swore allegiance to a Germanic lord in return for his protection, the lord typically bestowed a ring on his follower to symbolize the bond.

r

EPIC Reread lines 668–671. What do these lines reveal about the qualities of an epic hero?

s

EPIC What values are implied in lines 691–696? What message about these values do the lines convey?

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His name was Wiglaf, he was Wexstan’s son And a good soldier; his family had been Swedish, Once. Watching Beowulf, he could see How his king was suffering, burning. Remembering Everything his lord and cousin had given him, Armor and gold and the great estates Wexstan’s family enjoyed, Wiglaf ’s Mind was made up; he raised his yellow Shield and drew his sword. . . .

And Wiglaf, his heart heavy, uttered The kind of words his comrades deserved:

“I remember how we sat in the mead-hall, drinking And boasting of how brave we’d be when Beowulf Needed us, he who gave us these swords And armor: all of us swore to repay him, When the time came, kindness for kindness —With our lives, if he needed them. He allowed us to join him, Chose us from all his great army, thinking Our boasting words had some weight, believing Our promises, trusting our swords. He took us For soldiers, for men. He meant to kill This monster himself, our mighty king, Fight this battle alone and unaided, As in the days when his strength and daring dazzled Men’s eyes. But those days are over and gone And now our lord must lean on younger Arms. And we must go to him, while angry Flames burn at his flesh, help Our glorious king! By almighty God, I’d rather burn myself than see Flames swirling around my lord. And who are we to carry home Our shields before we’ve slain his enemy And ours, to run back to our homes with Beowulf So hard-pressed here? I swear that nothing He ever did deserved an end Like this, dying miserably and alone, Butchered by this savage beast: we swore That these swords and armor were each for us all!” . . .

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Language Coach Connotation The images or feelings connected to a word are its connotations. Killed has many synonyms with different connotations. Slain (line 729) means “killed violently or in large numbers.” Butchered (line 734) means “killed viciously.” Why are these connotations important in lines 728–735?

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the death of beowulf Wiglaf joins Beowulf, who again attacks the dragon single-handed; but the remnant of his sword shatters, and the monster wounds him in the neck. Wiglaf then strikes the dragon, and he and Beowulf together finally succeed in killing the beast. Their triumph is short-lived, however, because Beowulf ’s wound proves to be mortal.

Beowulf spoke, in spite of the swollen, Livid wound, knowing he’d unwound His string of days on earth, seen As much as God would grant him; all worldly Pleasure was gone, as life would go, Soon: “I’d leave my armor to my son, Now, if God had given me an heir, A child born of my body, his life Created from mine. I’ve worn this crown For fifty winters: no neighboring people Have tried to threaten the Geats, sent soldiers

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livid (lGvPGd) adj. discolored from being bruised

Iron helmet covered with decorative panels of tinned bronze (early 600s). Anglo-Saxon. From Mound 1, Sutton Hoo, Suffolk, England. © The British Museum.

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Against us or talked of terror. My days Have gone by as fate willed, waiting For its word to be spoken, ruling as well As I knew how, swearing no unholy oaths, Seeking no lying wars. I can leave This life happy; I can die, here, Knowing the Lord of all life has never Watched me wash my sword in blood Born of my own family. Belovèd t Wiglaf, go, quickly, find The dragon’s treasure: we’ve taken its life, But its gold is ours, too. Hurry, Bring me ancient silver, precious Jewels, shining armor and gems, Before I die. Death will be softer, Leaving life and this people I’ve ruled So long, if I look at this last of all prizes.”

Then Wexstan’s son went in, as quickly As he could, did as the dying Beowulf Asked, entered the inner darkness Of the tower, went with his mail shirt and his sword. Flushed with victory he groped his way, A brave young warrior, and suddenly saw Piles of gleaming gold, precious Gems, scattered on the floor, cups And bracelets, rusty old helmets, beautifully Made but rotting with no hands to rub And polish them. They lay where the dragon left them; It had flown in the darkness, once, before fighting Its final battle. (So gold can easily Triumph, defeat the strongest of men, No matter how deep it is hidden!) And he saw, u Hanging high above, a golden Banner, woven by the best of weavers And beautiful. And over everything he saw A strange light, shining everywhere, On walls and floor and treasure. Nothing Moved, no other monsters appeared; He took what he wanted, all the treasures That pleased his eye, heavy plates And golden cups and the glorious banner, Loaded his arms with all they could hold.