International management culture strategy and behavior free pdf

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ISBN 978-0-07-786244-2 MHID 0-07-786244-9

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Luthans, Fred. International management : culture, strategy, and behavior / Fred Luthans, University

of Nebraska-Lincoln, Jonathan P. Doh, Villanova University.—Ninth edition. pages cm

ISBN-13: 978-0-07-786244-2 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-786244-9 1. International business enterprises—Management. 2. International business

enterprises—Management—Case studies. I. Doh, Jonathan P. II. Title. HD62.4.H63 2014 658'.049—dc23

2013039863

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iii

Dedicated in Memory of

Richard M. Hodgetts A Pioneer in International Management Education

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Preface

C hanges in the global business environment continue at a rapid and often unpredict-able pace. The global financial crisis and economic recession of 2008–2010 have given way to destabilizing political changes in many regions of the world, especially North Africa and the Middle East (see Chapter 2 opening article). In addition, rapid advances in social media have not only accelerated globalization but also provided a means for those who seek political and economic changes to organize and influence their leaders for more responsible governance (see Chapter 1 opening article). In addition, concerns about the exhaustion of finite resources and the need to pursue more sustainable growth have prompted governments, companies, and NGOs to consider alternate approaches to business and gov- ernance (see Chapter 3 opening article).

Some of these developments have challenged assumptions about globalization and economic integration, but they also underscore the inexorably interconnected nature of global economies. Although many countries and regions around the world are closely and inextricably linked, important differences in institutional and cultural environments persist, and some of these differences have become even starker in recent years. The challenges for international management reflect this dynamism and the increasing unpre- dictability of global economic and political events. Continued growth of the emerging markets is reshaping the global balance of economic power, even though differences exist between and among regions and countries. Although many emerging markets continued to experience growth during a period when developed countries’ economies stagnated or declined, some developed economies bucked this trend and some developing countries did not share in what was otherwise a dynamic period for the emerging world.

The global political and security environment remains unpredictable and volatile, with ongoing conflicts in the Middle East and Africa and continuing tensions in Iran, North Korea, Iraq, and Afghanistan. On the economic front, although little progress was made in the efforts to conclude a global multilateral agreement under the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional and bilateral agreements have proliferated, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a proposed free-trade agreement that would involve more than a dozen countries in the Americas and Asia. In addition, the tragic fire, building collapse, and other industrial accidents in India, Bangladesh, and China have renewed calls for corporations to do more to protect workers and for governments to get tougher with companies in terms of oversight and accountability. (See Chapter 3 for additional discussion.)

As noted above, the advent of social networking has transformed the way citizens interact, how businesses market, promote, and distribute their products globally, and how civil society expresses its concerns that governments provide greater freedoms and accountability. Concurrently, companies, individuals, and even students can now engage in broad “mass” collaboration through digital, online technology for the development of new and innovative systems, products, and ideas. Both social networking and mass col- laboration bring new power and influence to individuals across borders and transform the nature of their relationships with global organizations. Although globalization and tech- nology continue to link nations, businesses, and individuals, these connections also high- light the importance of understanding different cultures, national systems, and corporate management practices around the world. The world is now interconnected geographically, but also electronically and psychologically; as such, nearly all businesses have been touched in some way by globalization. Yet, as cultural, political, and economic differences persist, astute international managers must be in a position to adapt and adjust to the vagaries of different contexts and environments.

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vi Preface

In this new ninth edition of International Management , we have retained the strong and effective foundations gained from research and practice over the past decades while incorporating the important latest research and contemporary insights that have changed the context and environment for international management. Several trends have emerged that pose both challenges and opportunities for international managers. First, emerging markets continue to rise in importance, with dynamic growth and development in many emerging regions and countries. This includes the emergence of multinationals from emerging markets that are becoming globally competitive. Second, pressure for greater social and environmental responsibility among multinational organi- zations has increased, especially in light of rising pollution and the exposure of poor working conditions in many factories around the world. Third, the importance of cultural differences continues to be an omnipresent reality for international managers. And social media and other forms of electronic connectivity continue to facilitate international busi- ness of all sorts. Although we have extensive new, evidence-based material in this edition, we con- tinue to strive to make the book even more user-friendly and applicable to practice. We continue to take a balanced approach in the ninth edition of International Management: Culture, Stra t egy, and Behavior . Whereas other texts stress culture, strategy, or behavior, our emphasis on all three critical dimensions—and the interactions among them—has been a primary reason why the previous editions have been the market-leading international management text. Specifically, this edition has the following chapter distribution: environ- ment (three chapters), culture (four chapters), strategy (four chapters), and organizational behavior/human resource management (three chapters). Because the context of interna- tional management changes rapidly, all the chapters have been updated and improved. New real-world examples and research results are integrated throughout the book, accentuating the experiential relevance of the straightforward content. As always, we emphasize a bal- ance of research and application. For the new ninth edition we have incorporated important new content in the areas of sustainability and sustainable management practices, the emergence and role of social media as a means of transacting business around the world, the rise of emerging market multinationals and the challenges they pose for developed country MNCs, and other important developments in the international management field. Many of these topics— such as social media—are integrated throughout the book, as they touch on—and influence—many aspects of international management. We have incorporated the latest research and practical insights on pressure for MNCs to adopt more sustainable practices, and the strategies many companies are using to differentiate their products through such “green” management practices. We have updated discussion of a range of contemporary topics, including continued exploration of the role of the comprehensive GLOBE study on cross-cultural leadership. A continuing and relevant end-of-chapter feature in this edition is the “Internet Exercise.” The purpose of each exercise is to encourage students to use the Internet to find information from the websites of prominent MNCs to answer relevant questions about the chapter topic. An end-of-book feature is a series of Skill-Building and Experi- ential Exercises for aspiring international managers. These in-class exercises represent the various parts of the text (culture, strategy, and behavior) and provide hands-on experience. We have extended from the eighth edition of International Management the chapter- opening discussions called “The World of International Management” (WIM) based on very recent, relevant news stories to grab readers’ interest and attention. Many of these opening articles are new to this edition and all have been updated. These timely opening discussions transition the reader into the chapter topic. At the end of each chapter, there is a pedagogical feature that recapitulates the chapter’s subject matter: “The World of International Management—Revisited.” Here we pose several discussion questions based on the topic of the opening feature in light of the student’s entire reading of the chapter. Answering these questions requires readers to reconsider and to draw from the chapter material. Suggested answers to these “WIM—Revisited” discussion questions appear in

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