Introduction of thums up and campa cola range

THE BEVERAGE BATTLEFIELD In 2007, the president and CEO of Coca-Cola asserted that Coke has had a rather rough run in India, but now it seems to be getting its positioning right. Similarly, PepsiCo’s Asia chief asserted that India is the beverage battlefield for this decade and beyond.

Even though the government had opened its doors wide to for- eign companies, the experience of the world’s two giant soft drink companies in India during the 1990s and the beginning of the new millennium was not a happy one. Both companies experienced a range of unexpected problems and difficult situations that led them to recognize that competing in India requires special knowledge, skills, and local expertise. In many ways, Coke and Pepsi managers had to learn the hard way that “what works here” does not always “work there.” “The environment in India is challenging, but we’re learning how to crack it,” says an industry leader.

THE INDIAN SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY In India, over 45 percent of the soft drink industry in 1993 con- sisted of small manufacturers. Their combined business was worth $3.2 million. Leading producers included Parle Agro (hereafter “Parle”), Pure Drinks, Modern Foods, and McDowells. They offered carbonated orange and lemon-lime beverage drinks. Coca- Cola Corporation (hereafter “Coca-Cola”) was only a distant memory to most Indians at that time. The company had been pres- ent in the Indian market from 1958 until its withdrawal in 1977 fol- lowing a dispute with the government over its trade secrets. After decades in the market, Coca-Cola chose to leave India rather than cut its equity stake to 40 percent and hand over its secret formula for the syrup.

Following Coca-Cola’s departure, Parle became the market leader and established thriving export franchise businesses in Dubai, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Oman in the Gulf, along with Sri Lanka. It set up production in Nepal and Bangladesh and served distant markets in Tanzania, Britain, the Netherlands, and the United States. Parle invested heavily in image advertising at home, establishing the dominance of its flagship brand, Thums Up.

Thums Up is a brand associated with a “job well done” and per- sonal success. These are persuasive messages for its target market of young people aged 15 to 24 years. Parle has been careful in the past not to call Thums Up a cola drink, so it has avoided direct comparison with Coke and Pepsi, the world’s brand leaders.

The soft drink market in India is composed of six product seg- ments: cola, “cloudy lemon,” orange, “soda” (carbonated water), mango, and “clear lemon,” in order of importance. Cloudy lemon and clear lemon together make up the lemon-lime segment. Prior to the arrival of foreign producers in India, the fight for local dominance was between Parle’s Thums Up and Pure Drinks’ Campa Cola.

In 1988, the industry had experienced a dramatic shakeout fol- lowing a government warning that BVO, an essential ingredient in locally produced soft drinks, was carcinogenic. Producers either had to resort to using a costly imported substitute, estergum, or they had to finance their own R&D in order to find a substitute ingredient. Many failed and quickly withdrew from the industry.

Competing with the segment of carbonated soft drinks is another beverage segment composed of noncarbonated fruit drinks. These are a growth industry because Indian consumers perceive fruit drinks to be natural, healthy, and tasty. The leading brand has traditionally been Parle’s Frooti, a mango-flavored drink, which was also exported to franchisees in the United States, Brit- ain, Portugal, Spain, and Mauritius.

OPENING INDIAN MARKET In 1991, India experienced an economic crisis of exceptional sever- ity, triggered by the rise in imported oil prices following the first Gulf War (after Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait). Foreign exchange reserves fell as nonresident Indians (NRIs) cut back on repatriation of their sav- ings, imports were tightly controlled across all sectors, and industrial production fell while inflation was rising. A new government took office in June 1991 and introduced measures to stabilize the econ- omy in the short term, then launched a fundamental restructuring program to ensure medium-term growth. Results were dramatic. By 1994, inflation was halved, exchange reserves were greatly increased, exports were growing, and foreign investors were looking at India, a leading Big Emerging Market, with new eyes.

The turnaround could not be overstated; as one commentator said, “India has been in economic depression for so long that every- thing except the snake-charmers, cows and the Taj Mahal has faded from the memory of the world.” The Indian government was viewed as unfriendly to foreign investors. Outside investment had been allowed only in high-tech sectors and was almost entirely prohib- ited in consumer goods sectors. The “principle of indigenous avail- ability” had specified that if an item could be obtained anywhere else within the country, imports of similar items were forbidden. As a result, Indian consumers had little choice of products or brands and no guarantees of quality or reliability.

Following liberalization of the Indian economy and the disman- tling of complicated trade rules and regulations, foreign investment increased dramatically. Processed foods, software, engineering plastics, electronic equipment, power generation, and petroleum industries all benefited from the policy changes.

PEPSICO AND COCA-COLA ENTER THE INDIAN MARKET Despite its huge population, India had not been considered by for- eign beverage producers to be an important market. In addition to the deterrents imposed by the government through its austere trade policies, rules, and regulations, local demand for carbonated drinks in India was very low compared with countries at a similar stage of economic development. In 1989, the average Indian was buying only three bottles a year, compared with per-capita consumption rates of 11 bottles a year in Bangladesh and 13 in Pakistan, India’s two neighbors.

PepsiCo PepsiCo entered the Indian market in 1986 under the name “Pepsi Foods Ltd. in a joint venture with two local part- ners, Voltas and Punjab Agro.” As expected, very stringent condi- tions were imposed on the venture. Sales of soft drink concentrate

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to local bottlers could not exceed 25 percent of total sales for the new venture, and Pepsi Foods Ltd. was required to process and dis- tribute local fruits and vegetables. The government also mandated that Pepsi Food’s products be promoted under the name “Lehar Pepsi” (“lehar” meaning “wave”). Foreign collaboration rules in force at the time prohibited the use of foreign brand names on products intended for sale inside India. Although the requirements for Pepsi’s entry were considered stringent, the CEO of Pepsi-Cola International said at that time, “We’re willing to go so far with India because we want to make sure we get an early entry while the mar- ket is developing.”

In keeping with local tastes, Pepsi Foods launched Lehar 7UP in the clear lemon category, along with Lehar Pepsi. Marketing and distribution were focused in the north and west around the major cities of Delhi and Mumbai (formally Bombay). An aggressive pric- ing policy on the one-liter bottles had a severe impact on the local producer, Pure Drinks. The market leader, Parle, preempted any further pricing moves by Pepsi Foods by introducing a new 250-ml bottle that sold for the same price as its 200-ml bottle.

Pepsi Foods struggled to fight off local competition from Pure Drinks’ Campa Cola, Duke’s lemonade, and various brands of Parle. The fight for dominance intensified in 1993 with Pepsi Food’s launch of two new brands, Slice and Teem, along with the introduction of fountain sales. At this time, market shares in the cola segment were 60 percent for Parle (down from 70 percent), 26 percent for Pepsi Foods, and 10 percent for Pure Drinks.

Coca-Cola In May 1990, Coca-Cola attempted to reen- ter India by means of a proposed joint venture with a local bot- tling company owned by the giant Indian conglomerate Godrej. The government turned down this application just as PepsiCo’s application was being approved. Undeterred, Coca-Cola made its return to India by joining forces with Britannia Industries India Ltd., a local producer of snack foods. The new venture was called “Britco Foods.”

Among local producers, it was believed at that time that Coca-Cola would not take market share away from local com- panies because the beverage market was itself growing consis- tently from year to year. Yet this belief did not stop individual local producers from trying to align themselves with the market leader. Thus, in July 1993, Parle offered to sell Coca-Cola its bottling plants in the four key cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmed- abad, and Surat. In addition, Parle offered to sell its leading brands Thums Up, Limca, Citra, Gold Spot, and Mazaa. It chose to retain ownership only of Frooti and a soda (carbonated water) called Bisleri.

FAST FORWARD TO THE NEW MILLENNIUM Seasonal Sales Promotions—2006 Navratri Campaign In India the summer season for soft drink con- sumption lasts 70 to 75 days, from mid-April to June. During this time, over 50 percent of the year’s carbonated beverages are consumed across the country. The second-highest season for con- sumption lasts only 20 to 25 days during the cultural festival of Navratri (“Nav” means nine and “ratri” means night). This tra- ditional Gujarati festival goes on for nine nights in the state of Gujarat, in the western part of India. Mumbai also has a signifi- cant Gujarati population that is considered part of the target mar- ket for this campaign.

As the Regional Marketing Manager for Coca-Cola India stated, “As part of the ‘think local—act local’ business plan, we have tried to involve the masses in Gujarat with ‘Thums Up Toofani Ram- jhat,’ with 20,000 free passes issued, one per Thums Up bottle. [‘Toofan’ means a thunderstorm and ‘ramjhat’ means ‘let’s dance,’ so together these words convey the idea of a ‘fast dance.’] There are a number of [retail] on-site activities too, such as the ‘buy one—get one free’ scheme and lucky draws where one can win a free trip to Goa.” (Goa is an independent Portuguese-speaking state on the west coast of India, famed for its beaches and tourist resorts.)

For its part, PepsiCo also participates in annual Navratri cel- ebrations through massive sponsorships of “garba” competitions in selected venues in Gujarat. (“Garba” is the name of a dance, done by women during the Navratri festival.) The Executive Vice President for PepsiCo India commented: “For the first time, Pepsi has tied up with the Gujarati TV channel, Zee Alpha, to telecast ‘Navratri Utsav’ on all nine nights. [‘Utsav’ means festival.] Then there is the mega offer for the people of Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat, and Rajkot where every refill of a case of Pepsi 300-ml. bottles will fetch one kilo of Basmati rice free.” These four cities are located in the state of Gujarat. Basmati rice is considered a premium-quality rice. After the initial purchase of a 300-ml bottle, consumers can get refills at reduced rates at select stores.

The TV Campaign Both Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola engage in TV campaigns employing local and regional festivals and sports events. A summer campaign featuring 7UP was launched by Pepsi with the objectives of growing the category and building brand awareness. The date was chosen to coincide with the India– Zimbabwe One-Day cricket series. The new campaign slogan was “Keep It Cool” to emphasize the product attribute of refreshment. The national campaign was to be reinforced with regionally adapted TV campaigns, outdoor activities, and retail promotions.

A 200-ml bottle was introduced during this campaign in order to increase frequency of purchase and volume of consumption. Prior to the introduction of the 200-ml bottle, most soft drinks were sold in 250-ml, 300-ml, and 500-ml bottles. In addition to 7UP, Pepsi Foods also introduced Mirinda Lemon, Apple, and Orange in 200-ml bottles.

In the past, celebrity actors Amitabh Bachchan and Govinda, who are famous male stars of the Indian movie industry, had endorsed Mirinda Lemon. This world-famous industry is referred to as “Bollywood” (the Hollywood of India based in Bombay).

Pepsi’s Sponsorship of Cricket and Football (Soccer) After India won an outstanding victory in the India– England NatWest One-Day cricket series finals, PepsiCo launched a new ad campaign featuring the batting sensation Mohammad Kaif. PepsiCo’s lineup of other cricket celebrities includes Saurav Ganguly, Rahul Dravid, Harbhajan Singh, Zaheer Khan, V. V. S. Laxman, and Ajit Agarkar. All of these players were part of the Indian team for the World Cup Cricket Series. During the two months of the Series, a new product, Pepsi Blue, was marketed nationwide. It was positioned as a “limited edition,” icy-blue cola sold in 300-ml, returnable glass bottles and 500-ml plastic bottles, priced at 8 rupees (Rs) and Rs 15, respectively. In addition, com- memorative, nonreturnable 250-ml Pepsi bottles priced at Rs 12 were introduced. (One rupee was equal to US 2.54 cents in 2008.)

In addition to the sponsorship of cricket events, PepsiCo also has taken advantage of World Cup soccer fever in India by fea- turing football heroes such as Baichung Bhutia in Pepsi’s celebrity

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and music-related advertising communications. These ads featured football players pitted against sumo wrestlers. To consolidate its investment in its promotional campaigns, Pep- siCo sponsored a music video with celebrity endorsers including the Bollywood stars, as well as several nationally known cricketers. The new music video aired on SET Max, a satellite channel broad- cast mainly in the northern and western parts of India and popular among the 15–25-year age group.

Coca-Cola’s Lifestyle Advertising While Pepsi’s promotional efforts focused on cricket, soccer, and other athletic events, Coca-Cola’s India strategy focused on relevant local idioms in an effort to build a “connection with the youth market.” The urban youth target market, known as “India A,” includes 18–24 year olds in major metropolitan areas.

Several ad campaigns were used to appeal to this market seg- ment. One campaign was based on use of “gaana” music and ballet. (“Gaana” means to sing.)

The first ad execution, called “Bombay Dreams,” featured A. R. Rahman, a famous music director. This approach was very suc- cessful among the target audience of young people, increasing sales by about 50 percent. It also won an Effi Award from the Mumbai Advertising Club. A second execution of Coke’s southern strategy was “Chennai Dreams” (Chennai was formerly called Madras), a 60-second feature film targeting consumers in Tamil Nadu, a region of southern India. The film featured Vijay, a youth icon who is famous as an actor in that region of south India.

Another of the 60-second films featured actor Vivek Oberoi with Aishwarya Rai. Both are famous as Bollywood movie stars. Aishwarya won the Miss World crown in 1994 and became an instant hit in Indian movies after deciding on an acting career.

This ad showed Oberoi trying to hook up with Rai by deliber- ately leaving his mobile phone in the taxi that she hails, and then calling her. The ad message aimed to emphasize confidence and optimism, as well as a theme of “seize the day.” This campaign used print, outdoor, point-of-sale, restaurant and grocery chains, and local promotional events to tie into the 60-second film. “While awareness of soft drinks is high, there is a need to build a deeper brand connect” in urban centers, according to the Director of Marketing for Coca-Cola India. “Vivek Oberoi—who’s an up and coming star today, and has a wholesome, energetic image—will help build a stronger bond with the youth, and make them feel that it is a brand that plays a role in their life, just as much as Levi’s or Ray-Ban.”

In addition to promotions focused on urban youth, Coca-Cola India worked hard to build a brand preference among young people in rural target markets. The campaign slogan aimed at this market was “thanda matlab Coca-Cola” (or “cool means Coca-Cola” in Hindi). Coca-Cola India calls its rural youth target market “India B.” The prime objective in this market is to grow the generic soft drink category and to develop brand preference for Coke. The “thanda” (“cold”) campaign successfully propelled Coke into the number three position in rural markets.

Continuing to court the youth market, Coke has opened its first retail outlet, Red Lounge. The Red Lounge is touted as a one- stop destination where the youth can spend time and consume Coke products. The first Red Lounge pilot outlet is in Pune, and based on the feedback, more outlets will be rolled out in other cities. The lounge sports red color, keeping with the theme of the Coke logo. It has a giant LCD television, video games, and Inter- net surfing facilities. The lounge offers the entire range of Coke

products. The company also is using the Internet to extend its reach into the public domain through the website www.happiness .coca-cola.com. The company has created a special online “Sprite- itude” zone that provides consumers opportunities for online gam- ing and expressing their creativity, keeping with the no-nonsense attitude of the drink.

Coca-Cola’s specific marketing objectives are to grow the per- capita consumption of soft drinks in the rural markets, capture a larger share in the urban market from competition, and increase the frequency of consumption. An “affordability plank,” along with introduction of a new 5-rupee bottle, was designed to help achieve all of these goals.

The “Affordability Plank” The purpose of the “afford- ability plank” was to enhance affordability of Coca-Cola’s prod- ucts, bringing them within arm’s reach of consumers, and thereby promoting regular consumption. Given the very low per-capita consumption of soft drinks in India, it was expected that price reductions would expand both the consumer base and the market for soft drinks. Coca-Cola India dramatically reduced prices of its soft drinks by 15 to 25 percent nationwide to encourage consump- tion. This move followed an earlier regional action in North India that reduced prices by 10 to 15 percent for its carbonated brands Coke, Thums Up, Limca, Sprite, and Fanta. In other regions such as Rajasthan, western and eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, prices were slashed to Rs 5 for 200-ml glass bottles and Rs 8 for 300-ml bottles, down from the existing Rs 7 and Rs 10 price points, respectively.

Another initiative by Coca-Cola was the introduction of a new size, the “Mini,” expected to increase total volume of sales and account for the major chunk of Coca-Cola’s carbonated soft drink sales.

The price reduction and new production launch were announced together in a new television ad campaign for Fanta and Coke in Tamil. A 30-second Fanta spot featured the brand ambassador, actress Simran, well-known for her dance sequences in Hindi movies. The ad showed Simran stuck in a traffic jam. Thirsty, she tosses a 5-rupee coin to a roadside stall and signals to the vendor that she wants a Fanta Mini by pointing to her orange dress. (Fanta is an orangeade drink.) She gets her Fanta and sets off a chain reaction on the crowded street, with everyone from school children to a traditional “nani” mimicking her action. (“Nani” is the Hindi word for grandmother.) The director of mar- keting commented that the company wanted to make consumers “sit up and take notice.”

A NEW PRODUCT CATEGORY Although carbonated drinks are the mainstay of both Coke’s and Pepsi’s product lines, the Indian market for carbonated drinks is now not growing. It grew at a compounded annual growth rate of only 1 percent between 1999 and 2006, from $1.31 billion to $1.32 billion. However, the overall market for beverages, which includes soft drinks, juices, and other drinks, grew 6 percent from $3.15 billion to $3.34 billion.

To encourage growth in demand for bottled beverages in the Indian market, several producers, including Coke and Pepsi, launched their own brands in a new category, bottled water. This market was valued at 1,000 crores.1

1One crore = 10,000,000 rupees, and US$1 = Rs 48, so 1,000 crores = US$208,300.

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Pepsi and Coke responded to the declining popularity of soft drinks or carbonated drinks and the increased focus on all bever- ages that are noncarbonated. The ultimate goal is leadership in the packaged water market, which is growing more rapidly than any other category of bottled beverages. Pepsi is a significant player in the packaged water market with its Aquafina brand, which has a significant share of the bottled water market and is among the top three retail water brands in the country.

PepsiCo consistently has been working toward reducing its dependence on Pepsi-Cola by bolstering its noncola portfolio and other categories. This effort is aimed at making the company more broad-based in category growth so that no single product or category becomes the key determinant of the company’s market growth. The noncola segment is said to have grown to contribute one-fourth of PepsiCo’s overall business in India during the past three to four years. Previously, the multinational derived a major chunk of its growth from Pepsi-Cola.

Among other categories on which the company is focusing are fruit juices, juice-based drinks, and water. The estimated fruit juice market in India is approximately 350 crores and growing month to month. One of the key factors that has triggered this trend is the emergence of the mass luxury segment and increasing consumer consciousness about health and wellness. “Our hugely successful international brand Gatorade has gained momentum in the country with consumers embracing a lifestyle that includes sports and exercise. The emergence of high-quality gymnasiums, fitness and aerobic centres mirror[s] the fitness trend,” said a spokesperson.

Coca-Cola introduced its Kinley brand of bottled water and in two years achieved a 28 percent market share. It initially produced bottled water in 15 plants and later expanded to another 15 plants. The Kinley brand of bottled water sells in various pack sizes: 500 ml, 1 liter, 1.5 liters, 2 liters, 5 liters, 20 liters, and 25 liters. The smallest pack was priced at Rs 6 for 500 ml, while the 2-liter bottle was Rs 17.

The current market leader, with 40 percent market share, is the Bisleri brand by Parle. Other competing brands in this segment include Bailley by Parle, Hello by Hello Mineral Waters Pvt. Ltd., Pure Life by Nestlé, and a new brand launched by Indian Railways, called Rail Neer.

CONTAMINATION ALLEGATIONS AND WATER USAGE Just as things began to look up for the American companies, an environmental organization claimed that soft drinks produced in India by Coca-Cola and Pepsi contained significant levels of pes- ticide residue. Coke and Pepsi denied the charges and argued that extensive use of pesticides in agriculture had resulted in a minute degree of pesticide in sugar used in their drinks. The result of tests conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare showed that soft drinks produced by the two companies were safe to drink under local health standards.

Protesters in India reacted to reports that Coca-Cola and Pepsi contained pesticide residues. Some states announced partial bans on Coke and Pepsi products. When those reports appeared on the front pages of newspapers in India, Coke and Pepsi executives were confident that they could handle the situation. But they stumbled.

They underestimated how quickly events would spiral into a nationwide scandal, misjudged the speed with which local

politicians would seize on an Indian environmental group’s report to attack their global brands, and did not respond swiftly to quell the anxieties of their customers.

The companies formed committees in India and the United States, working in tandem on legal and public relations issues. They worked around the clock fashioning rebuttals. They com- missioned their own laboratories to conduct tests and waited until the results came through before commenting in detail. Their approaches backfired. Their reluctance to give details fanned con- sumer suspicion. They became bogged down in the technicalities of the charges instead of focusing on winning back the support of their customers.

At the start, both companies were unprepared when one state after another announced partial bans on Coke and Pepsi prod- ucts; the drinks were prevented from being sold in government offices, hospitals, and schools. Politicians exploited the populist potential.

In hindsight, the Coke communications director said she could see how the environmental group had picked Coca-Cola as a way of attracting attention to the broader problem of pesticide contamina- tion in Indian food products. “Fringe politicians will continue to be publicly hostile to big Western companies, regardless of how eager they are for their investment,” she said.

Failing to anticipate the political potency of the incident, Coke and Pepsi initially hoped that the crisis would blow over and they adopted a policy of silence. “Here people interpret silence as guilt,” said an Indian public relations expert. “You have to roll up your sleeves and get into a street fight. Coke and Pepsi didn’t under- stand that.”

Coca-Cola eventually decided to go on the attack, though indi- rectly, giving detailed briefings by executives, who questioned the scientific credentials of their products’ accusers. They directed reporters to Internet blogs full of entries that were uniformly pro- Coke, and they handed out the cell phone number for the director of an organization called the Center for Sanity and Balance in Pub- lic Life. Emphasizing that he was not being paid by the industry, Kishore Asthana, from that center, said, “One can drink a can of Coke every day for two years before taking in as much pesticide as you get from two cups of tea.”

The situation continued to spin out of control. Newspapers printed images of cans of the drinks with headlines like “toxic cock- tail.” News channels broadcast images of protesters pouring Coke down the throats of donkeys. A vice president for Coca-Cola India said his “heart sank” when he first heard the accusations because he knew that consumers would be easily confused. “But even termi- nology like P.P.B.—parts per billion—is difficult to comprehend,” he said. “This makes our job very challenging.”

PepsiCo began a public relations offensive, placing large adver- tisements in daily newspapers saying, “Pepsi is one of the safest beverages you can drink today.”

The company acknowledged that pesticides were present in the groundwater in India and found their way into food products in general. But, it said, “compared with the permitted levels in tea and other food products, pesticide levels in soft drinks are negligible.”

After all the bad press Coke got in India over the pesticide con- tent in its soft drinks, an activist group in California launched a campaign directed at U.S. college campuses, accusing Coca-Cola of India of using precious groundwater, lacing its drinks with pesticides, and supplying farmers with toxic waste used for fertil- izing their crops. According to one report, a plant that produces

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300,000 liters of soda drink a day uses 1.5 million liters of water, enough to meet the requirements of 20,000 people. Other unsub- stantiated reports surfaced that farmers in India were spraying Coke on their crops because it is one-tenth the cost of pesticide but just as effective at killing bugs.

The issue revolved around a bottling plant in Plachimada, India. Although the state government granted Coke permission to build its plant in 1998, the company was obliged to get the locally elected village council’s go-ahead to exploit groundwater and other resources. The village council did not renew permission in 2002, claiming the bottling operation had depleted the farmers’ drinking water and irrigation supplies. Coke’s plant was closed until the cor- poration won a court ruling allowing it to reopen.

The reopening of the plant in 2006 led students of a major Midwestern university to call for a ban on the sale of all Coca- Cola products on campus. According to one source, more than 20 campuses banned Coca-Cola products, and hundreds of people in the United States called on Coca-Cola to close its bottling plants because the plants drain water from communities throughout India. They contended that such irresponsible practices rob the poor of their fundamental right to drinking water, are a source of toxic waste, cause serious harm to the environment, and threaten people’s health.

In an attempt to stem the controversy, Coca-Cola entered talks with the Midwestern university and agreed to cooperate with an independent research assessment of its work in India; the university selected the institute to conduct the research, and Coke financed the study. As a result of the proposed research program, the uni- versity agreed to continue to allow Coke products to be sold on campus.

In 2008 the study reported that none of the pesticides were found to be present in processed water used for beverage produc- tion and that the plants met governmental regulatory standards. However, the report voiced concerns about the company’s use of sparse water supplies. Coca-Cola was asked by the Delhi-based environmental research group to consider shutting down one of its bottling plants in India. Coke’s response was that “the easiest thing would be to shut down, but the solution is not to run away. If we shut down, the area is still going to have a water problem. We want to work with farming communities and industries to reduce the amount of water used.”

The controversies highlight the challenges that multinational companies can face in their overseas operations. Despite the huge popularity of the drinks, the two companies are often held up as symbols of Western cultural imperialism.

THE BATTLEGROUND SHIFTS Coca-Cola turned a profit in India in 2010 for the first time since its reentry in 1993. Coca-Cola now leads the industry in sales: It owns the #1 and #2 brands, Thums Up and Coke, respectively. Rather than killing the Thums Up brand, Coca-Cola executives wisely have maintained that name, with its nationalistic popularity. The nonalcoholic beverage industry also has experienced a growth surge in the past decade, at some 10 percent per year. And now the competitive battle is shifting from urban areas to the vast rural regions of India.

In a community relations campaign, Coke also pointed out the company is supporting sustainable development and inclu- sive growth by focusing on issues relating to water, environment,

healthy living, women empowerment, sanitation, and social advancement. In 2010 Coca-Cola India launched its 5by20 ini- tiative, which is the company’s global program to empower eco- nomically 5 million women entrepreneurs across six segments by 2020.

In 2017, Coke and Pepsi were once again accused of nonsus- tainability in the production of its product. More than a million wholesalers and small retailers in India’s soft drink channel boy- cotted the products, along with other carbonated drinks, over alle- gations of the amount of water used. Amit Srivastava, director at the NGO India Resource Centre, said, “According to our research Coca-Cola is the number one buyer of sugarcane in India and Pepsi is number three. If you take into account the water used for sugarcane, then we’re using 400 litres of water to make a bottle of Cola. . . . Sugarcane is a water-guzzling crop. It is the wrong crop for India.” The controversy was heightened by a severe drought that small farmers faced that year in the Tamil Nadu region in southern India.

The Indian Beverage Association (IBA), which represents many soft drink manufacturers, said it was disappointed with the boycott. “Coca-Cola and PepsiCo India together provide direct employment to 2,000 families in Tamil Nadu and more than 5,000 families indi- rectly. . . . IBA hopes that good sense will prevail and that consum- ers will continue to have the right to exercise their choice in Tamil Nadu,” it said.

In 2017 government officials were considering a “sin tax” on sweetened, carbonated soda drinks in India.

QUESTIONS 1. The political environment in India has proven to be critical

to company performance for both PepsiCo and Coca-Cola India. What specific aspects of the political environment have played key roles? Could these effects have been anticipated prior to market entry? If not, could developments in the politi- cal arena have been handled better by each company?

2. Timing of entry into the Indian market brought different results for PepsiCo and Coca-Cola India. What benefits or dis- advantages accrued as a result of earlier or later market entry?

3. The Indian market is enormous in terms of population and geography. How have the two companies responded to the sheer scale of operations in India in terms of product poli- cies, promotional activities, pricing policies, and distribution arrangements?

4. “Global localization” (glocalization) is a policy that both companies have implemented successfully. Give examples for each company from the case.

5. How can Pepsi and Coke confront the issues of water use in the manufacture of their products? How can they defuse further boycotts or demonstrations against their products? How effective are activist groups like the one that launched the campaign in California? Should Coke address the group directly or just let the furor subside?

6. Which of the two companies do you think has better long- term prospects for success in India?

7. What lessons can each company draw from its Indian expe- rience as it contemplates entry into other Big Emerging Markets?

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8. Comment on the decision of both Pepsi and Coke to enter the bottled water market instead of continuing to focus on their core products—carbonated beverages and cola-based drinks in particular.

9. Recently Coca-Cola has decided to enter the growing Indian market for energy drinks. The competition in this market is

fierce with established firms including Red Bull and Sobe. With its new brand Burn, Coke initially targeted alternative distribution channels such as pubs, bars, and gyms rather than large retail outlets such as supermarkets. Comment on this strategy.