Leadership research findings practice and skills free pdf

Leadership In Organizations.

Leadership Research Findings, Practice, and Skills

Eighth Edition

ANDREW J. DuBRIN Rochester Institute of Technology

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Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills, Eighth Edition

Andrew J. DuBrin

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To Rosie, Clare, Camila, Sofia, Eliana, Julian, Carson, and Owen

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CONTENTS

BRIEF

CHAPTER 1 The Nature and Importance of Leadership 1

CHAPTER 2 Traits, Motives, and Characteristics of Leaders 35

CHAPTER 3 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership 72

CHAPTER 4 Leadership Behaviors, Attitudes, and Styles 108

CHAPTER 5 Contingency and Situational Leadership 145

CHAPTER 6 Leadership Ethics and Social Responsibility 178

CHAPTER 7 Power, Politics, and Leadership 209

CHAPTER 8 Influence Tactics of Leaders 247

CHAPTER 9 Developing Teamwork 277

CHAPTER 10 Motivation and Coaching Skills 309

CHAPTER 11 Creativity, Innovation, and Leadership 344

CHAPTER 12 Communication and Conflict Resolution Skills 380

CHAPTER 13 Strategic Leadership and Knowledge Management 418

CHAPTER 14 International and Culturally Diverse Aspects of Leadership 448

CHAPTER 15 Leadership Development and Succession 483

Glossary 516

Indexes 521

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CONTENTS

PREFACE xix

CHAPTER 1 The Nature and Importance of Leadership 1 The Meaning of Leadership 2

Leadership as Shared Responsibility and Collaboration 4 Leadership as a Relationship 4 Leadership Versus Management 5

The Impact of Leadership on Organizational Performance 7 Research and Opinion: Leadership Does Make a Difference 7 Research and Opinion: Formal Leadership Does Not Make a Difference 8

Leadership Roles 10 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 1-1: Readiness for the Leadership Role 11 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 1-1: My Leadership Role Analysis 15 Leader in Action: Rosalind Brewer, Top Executive at Sam’s Club, Makes an Impact 16 The Satisfactions and Frustrations of Being a Leader 17

Satisfactions of Leaders 17 Dissatisfactions and Frustrations of Leaders 18

A Framework for Understanding Leadership 20 Skill Development in Leadership 22 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 1-2: My Leadership Portfolio 23 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 1-2: The Leadership Experience Audit 24 Followership: Being an Effective Group Member 24

Types of Followers 25 Essential Qualities of Effective Followers 26 Collaboration Between Leaders and Followers 27

Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 27–28 Leadership Case Problem A: Elon Musk, Business Leader and Superhero 29 Leadership Case Problem B: Does Julia Share Too Much Responsibility? 31 Notes 32

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CHAPTER 2 Traits, Motives, and Characteristics of Leaders 35 Personality Traits of Effective Leaders 37

General Personality Traits 37

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 2-1: How Self-Confident Are You? 39 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 2-2: Behaviors and Attitudes of a Trustworthy Leader 43 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 2-1: Enthusiasm, Optimism, and Warmth on the Job 46

Task-Related Personality Traits 47

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 2-3: My Tendencies Toward Being a Proactive Personality 48 Leadership Motives 53

The Power Motive 54 The Drive and Achievement Motive 55 Tenacity and Resilience 55

Cognitive Factors and Leadership 56 Cognitive (or Analytical) Intelligence 56 Knowledge of the Business or Group Task 57 Creativity 57 Insight into People and Situations 58 Farsightedness and Conceptual Thinking 58

Leader in Action: Kevin A. Plank, Founder of Under Armour Inc. 59 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 2-2: Group Feedback on Leadership Traits 60 The Influence of Heredity and Environment on Leadership 60 The Strengths and Limitations of the Trait Approach 62 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 63–64 Leadership Case Problem A: Store Manager, Ensign Jimmy Badger 65 Leadership Case Problem B: Blunt Brittany 67 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 2-3: My Leadership Portfolio 68 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 2-4: Analyzing the Traits, Motives, and Characteristics of a Well-Known Leader 68 Notes 68

CHAPTER 3 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership 72 The Meanings of Charisma 73

Charisma: A Relationship Between the Leader, Group Members, and Other Stakeholders 74

The Effects of Charisma 75

Three Types of Charismatic Leaders 76 Characteristics of Charismatic Leaders 77

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Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 3-1: A Checklist of Behaviors and Attitudes Reflecting Charisma 80 The Vision Component of Charismatic Leadership 81 The Communication Style of Charismatic Leaders 83

Leadership by Inspiration 83

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 3-1: Formulating a Vision 83 Leadership by Storytelling 84 Extensive Use of Social Networking 85

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 3-2: Charismatic Leadership by Storytelling 85 The Development of Charisma 86

Techniques for Developing Charisma 87

Transformational Leadership 89 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 3-2: The Dual-Level Transformational Leadership (TFL) Scale 90

How Transformations Take Place 91 Attributes of Transformational Leaders 94 The Impact of Transformational and Charismatic Leadership on Performance and

Behavior 95

Leader in Action: Mary Barra, CEO of GM 97 Concerns about Charismatic Leadership 98

Challenges to the Validity of Charismatic Leadership 98 The Dark Side of Charismatic Leadership 98

Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 99–101 Leadership Case Problem A: Tim Puts His Charisma Online 102 Leadership Case Problem B: Turnaround Ashley 103 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 3-3: My Leadership Portfolio 104 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 3-4: Finding Inspirational Messages on a Social Networking Site 104 Notes 104

CHAPTER 4 Leadership Behaviors, Attitudes, and Styles 108 The Classic Dimensions of Consideration and Initiating Structure 109 Task-Related Attitudes and Behaviors 112 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-1: Feedback Skills 114 Relationship-Oriented Attitudes and Behaviors 115 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 4-1: Task-Oriented Attitudes and Behaviors 116 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-2: Clarifying Your Interpersonal Work Values 119

CONTENTS vii

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360-Degree Feedback for Fine-Tuning a Leadership Approach 121 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-3: Applying Relationship-Oriented and Task-Oriented Attitudes and Behaviors 122 Leadership Styles 124

Participative Leadership 125 Autocratic Leadership 126

Leader in Action: Craig Federighi, Senior Vice President, Software Engineering at Apple Inc. 127

Leadership Grid™ Styles 127

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 4-2: What Style of Leader Are You or Would You Be? 128

Entrepreneurial Leadership 131

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 4-3: Entrepreneurial Thinking and Behavior 132

Gender Differences in Leadership Style 134

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-4: Entrepreneurial Leadership 134 Selecting the Best Leadership Style 136

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-5: Contrasting Leadership Styles 137 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 137–138 Leadership Case Problem A: Frank Won’t Accept “We Can’t” for an Answer 139 Leadership Case Problem B: Tricia and Her Facebook Friends and Twitter Followers 140 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-6: My Leadership Portfolio 141 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-7: The Entrepreneurial Leadership Style 142 Notes 142

CHAPTER 5 Contingency and Situational Leadership 145 Situational Influences on Effective Leadership Behavior 146 Fiedler’s Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness 148

Measuring Leadership Style: The Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Scale 148 Measuring the Leadership Situation 149 Overall Findings 149 Making the Situation More Favorable for the Leader 150 Evaluation of Fiedler’s Contingency Theory 151

The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Effectiveness 151 Matching the Leadership Style to the Situation 153 Steps Leaders Can Take to Influence Performance and Satisfaction 154

Situational Leadership® II (SLII) 155

viii CONTENTS

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Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 5-1: Measuring Your Situational Perspective 156

Basics of SLII 157 Evaluation of SLII 158

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 5-1: Applying Situational Leadership II 159 The Normative Decision Model 159

Decision-Making Styles 160 Contingency Factors and Application of the Model 160

Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) and Contingency Theory 161 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 5-2: Quality of Leader–Member Relations 162 Leadership During a Crisis 163 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 5-3: Checklist for Crisis Leadership 164 Leader in Action: Sandra E. Peterson, Group Worldwide Chairman of the Johnson & Johnson Consumer Health Unit 169 Evidence-Based Leadership for the Contingency and Situational Approach 169 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 170–172 Leadership Case Problem A: Supervisory Styles at the Red Rascal 173 Leadership Case Problem B: Metal Recycling Executive Attempts to Salvage Martha Stewart Living 174 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 5-2: My Leadership Portfolio 175 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 5-3: Crisis Leadership 175 Notes 175

CHAPTER 6 Leadership Ethics and Social Responsibility 178 Principles and Practices of Ethical and Moral Leadership 179 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 6-1: The Leadership Ethics Quiz 180

Four Ethical Leadership Behaviors 181 Factors Contributing to Ethical Differences 182

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 6-2: The Air Force Character Attributes Checklist 185

The Ethical Mind for Leaders 186

Guidelines for Evaluating the Ethics of a Decision 187 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-1: Should “Dinosaur Power” Be Placed on the Market? 188 A Sampling of Unethical Leadership Behaviors 188 Leadership, Social Responsibility, and Creating an Ethical Organizational Culture 190

Providing Strategic Leadership of Ethics and Social Responsibility 191 Creating a Pleasant Workplace 191

CONTENTS ix

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Helping Build a Sustainable Environment 192

Leader in Action: Leadership at Coca-Cola and Nestlé Waters Protects Freshwater Supplies 194 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-2: Conducting an Environmental Audit 195

Engaging in Social Entrepreneurship 195 Engaging in Philanthropy 196 Working with Suppliers to Improve Working Conditions 196 Establishing Written Codes of Ethical Conduct 197 Developing Formal Mechanisms for Dealing with Ethical Problems 197 Accepting Whistleblowers 198 Providing Training in Ethics and Social Responsibility 198 Placing Company Interests over Personal Interests 199

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-3: Getting More Bang for the Buck with Layoffs 199 Ethical and Socially Responsible Behavior and Organizational Performance 200 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 201–202 Leadership Case Problem A: Are Drivers or Smartphones to Blame? 203 Leadership Case Problem B: Let’s Go Green 204 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-4: My Leadership Portfolio 205 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-5: Company Policy for Employee Recycling of Electronic Products 206 Notes 206

CHAPTER 7 Power, Politics, and Leadership 209 Sources and Types of Power 211

Position Power 211 Personal Power 212 Power Stemming from Ownership 212

Manager Assessment Quiz 7-1: Rating a Manager’s Power 213 Power Stemming from Dependencies 214 Power Derived from Capitalizing on Opportunity 215 Power Stemming from Managing Critical Problems 215 Power Stemming from Being Close to Power 215 Power and Self-Serving Behavior 216

Tactics for Becoming an Empowering Leader 216 The Nature of Empowerment 217 Empowering Practices 218

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 7-1: Empowering Attitudes and Beliefs 219 Effective Delegation and Empowerment 222

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Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-1: Conducting an Empowerment Session 223 Factors that Contribute to Organizational Politics 223

Pyramid-Shaped Organization Structure 224 Subjective Standards of Performance 224 Environmental Uncertainty and Turbulence 224 Emotional Insecurity 225 Machiavellian Tendencies 225 Encouraging Admiration from Subordinates 225

Political Tactics and Strategies 225 Ethical Political Tactics and Strategies 226

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 7-2: The Positive Organizational Politics Questionnaire 227 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-2: Paying Back Favors from Network Members 229 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-3: Asking Advice Role Play 232 Leader in Action: Carol B. Tomé, the Home Depot CFO 235 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 7-3: The Blunder Quiz 236

Unethical Political Tactics and Strategies 236

Exercising Control over Dysfunctional Politics 238 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-4: Controlling Office Politics 240 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 240–241 Leadership Case Problem A: Ray, the Empowered Athletic Club Director 242 Leadership Case Problem B: Brenda the Tweeting Leader 243 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-5: My Leadership Portfolio 244 Notes 244

CHAPTER 8 Influence Tactics of Leaders 247 A Model of Power and Influence 249 Description and Explanation of Influence Tactics 250 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 8-1: Survey of Influence Tactics 251

Essentially Ethical and Honest Tactics 252

Leader in Action: Doug Scott, Truck Group Marketing Manager at Ford Motor Company 258

Essentially Neutral Influence Tactics 258

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 8-2: Measure of Ingratiating Behavior in Organizational Settings (MIBOS) 260

Essentially Dishonest and Unethical Tactics 262

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-1: Influence Tactics 264

CONTENTS xi

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Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-2: Identifying Influence Tactics 264 Leadership Influence for Organizational Change 265 Relative Effectiveness and Sequencing of Influence Tactics 266

Relative Effectiveness of Influence Tactics 266 Sequencing of Influence Tactics 268

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-3: Applying Influence Tactics 268 Implicit Leadership Theories and Leadership Influence 269 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 270–271 Leadership Case Problem A: Steve Tackles Mall World 272 Leadership Case Problem B: Maya the Manipulator 273 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-4: My Leadership Portfolio 274 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-5: A Leadership Essay 274 Notes 275

CHAPTER 9 Developing Teamwork 277 The Leader’s Role in the Team-Based Organization 279 Leader Actions That Foster Teamwork 280

Actions Leaders Can Take Using Their Own Resources 281

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-1: Shelters for the Homeless 284 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 9-1: Team Player Attitudes 286

Actions Generally Requiring Organization Structure or Policy 291

Leader in Action: Jerry Murrell, the CEO and Founder of Five Guys Rewards Teamwork 292 Offsite Training and Team Development 295

Features of Outdoor and Offsite Training Programs 295

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-2: The Team Leader Candidates 296 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-3: Trust Me 296

Evaluation of Outdoor Training for Team Development 297

The Leader–Member Exchange Model and Teamwork 298 Different-Quality Relationships 298 First Impressions 301

Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 302 Leadership Case Problem A: The Global Insurance Tag Team 303 Leadership Case Problem B: Ashley Wants to Boost Teamwork 304 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-4: My Leadership Portfolio 305 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-5: The Trust Fall 306 Notes 306

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CHAPTER 10 Motivation and Coaching Skills 309 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 10-1: How Meaningful Is My Work? 311 Leadership and Employee Engagement 312

The Impact of Worker Engagement on Productivity 312

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-1: Collecting Live Data on Worker Engagement 313

Meaningful Work for Employee Engagement 313

Expectancy Theory and Motivational Skills 314 Basic Components of Expectancy Theory 315 Leadership Skills and Behaviors Associated with Expectancy Theory 317

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-2: Estimating Valences for Applying Expectancy Theory 318 Goal Theory 319

Basic Findings of Goal Theory 320 The Importance of How Goals Are Attained and Other Concerns 322

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-3: The Application of Goal Theory 323 Using Recognition and Pride to Motivate Others 323 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 10-2: How Much Do I Crave Recognition? 324

Appealing to the Recognition Need of Others 325 Appealing to Pride 326

Coaching as an Approach to Motivation 327 Key Characteristics of Coaching 327 Fallacies About Coaching 328

Leader in Action: Tammy the Kindly Coach 329 Coaching Skills and Techniques 329 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 10-3: Characteristics of an Effective Coach 333 Executive Coaching and Leadership Effectiveness 333 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-4: Coaching for Improved Performance 334

Specific Forms of Assistance Provided by Executive Coaches 334 Contributions of and Concerns About Executive Coaching 335

Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 336–338 Leadership Case Problem A: We Need More Engagement Around Here 338 Leadership Case Problem B: Tyler Faces a Feedback Challenge 340 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-5: My Leadership Portfolio 341 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-6: Position Paper on Motivation 341 Notes 341

CONTENTS xiii

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CHAPTER 11 Creativity, Innovation, and Leadership 344 Steps in the Creative Process 346 Characteristics of Creative Leaders 347

Knowledge 348

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 11-1: The Creative Personality Test 349 Cognitive Abilities 350 Personality 351 Passion for the Task and the Experience of Flow 351

Overcoming Traditional Thinking as a Creativity Strategy 352 Organizational Methods to Enhance Creativity 353 Leader in Action: Modern Business Examples of Thinking Outside the Box 354

Systematically Collecting Fresh Ideas 354 Brainstorming 356 Using the Pet-Peeve Technique 356

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 11-1 357 The Morality of Enhancing Creativity 358

Self-Help Techniques to Enhance Creative Problem Solving 359 Practicing Creativity-Enhancing Activities 359 Staying Alert to Opportunities 360

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 11-2: The Multiple Uses Technique 360 Maintaining an Enthusiastic Attitude, Including Being Happy 361 Maintaining and Using a Systematic Place for Recording Your Ideas 361 Playing the Roles of Explorer, Artist, Judge, and Lawyer 361 Engaging in Appropriate Physical Exercise 362

Establishing a Climate and Culture for Creative Thinking 363 Leadership Practices for Enhancing Creativity 363

Leadership Diagnostic Activity 11-1: Assessing the Climate for Creativity and Innovation 364

Methods of Managing Creative Workers 367

Leader in Action: Jack Dorsey, the Creative Leader and Cofounder of Twitter and Square 369 Additional Leadership Practices That Enhance Innovation 370 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 372–373 Leadership Case Problem A: The Rapid Cash Store Needs Ideas 374 Leadership Case Problem B: “How Can We Encourage a Few Disrupters?” 375 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 11-3: My Leadership Portfolio 376 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 11-4: The Multimedia Presentation 377 Notes 377

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CHAPTER 12 Communication and Conflict Resolution Skills 380 Communication Networks for Leaders 381 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 12-1: A Self-Portrait of My Communication Effectiveness 382

Face-to-Face Communication Networks 383 Social Media Networks 384

Inspirational and Powerful Communication 385 Speaking and Writing 385 The Six Basic Principles of Persuasion 391 Nonverbal Communication Including Videoconferencing and Telepresence 392

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 12-1: Feedback on Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior 395 Listening as a Leadership Skill 395

Show Respect 396 Selective Listening to Problems 396 Making the Rounds 396

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 12-2: Leadership Listening 397 Overcoming Cross-Cultural Communication Barriers 397 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 12-2: Cross-Cultural Skills and Attitudes 397 The Leader’s Role in Resolving Conflict and Negotiating 402

Conflict Management Styles 402

Leader in Action: IBM CEO, Ginni Rometty, Expresses Anger at Total Workforce 403 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 12-3: My Conflict Resolution Style 404

Resolving Conflict Between Two Group Members 407 Negotiating and Bargaining 408

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 12-3: Win–Win Bargaining 410 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 411–412 Leadership Case Problem A: Margot, the Cross-Cultural Communicator 413 Leadership Case Problem B: Sean Contemplates a Delicate Confrontation 414 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 12-4: My Leadership Portfolio 415 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 12-5: Evaluating the Communication Skills of an Organizational Leader 415 Notes 416

CONTENTS xv

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CHAPTER 13 Strategic Leadership and Knowledge Management 418 The Nature of Strategic Leadership 419

High-Level Cognitive Activity of the Leader 420

Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 13-1: Are You a Strategic Thinker? 421 Maintaining a Human and Emotional Aspect 422 Gathering Multiple Inputs to Formulate Strategy 423 Anticipating and Creating a Future 424 Revolutionary and Contrarian Thinking 424 Creating a Vision 425 Leadership Effectiveness and Strategy Implementation 426

Leader in Action: Ford CEO Alan Mulally Focuses on the Company and the Outside World 427 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 13-1: Mapping Out a Future for an Organization 428 Conducting a SWOT Analysis 428

Internal Strengths 428 Internal Weaknesses 429 External Opportunities 429 External Threats 429

Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 13-2: Conducting a SWOT Analysis 430 A Sampling of Business Strategies Formulated by Leaders 430 Knowledge Management and the Learning Organization 434