List ways in which secret keys can be distributed to two communicating parties.

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4.1 List ways in which secret keys can be distributed to two communicating parties.

1. A key can be selected by party A and physically delivered to party B.

2. A key can physically be deliver to part A and party B through a third party. 3. A key can be delivered to both parties through encryption either through a third

party or among themselves. However, they must have been in communication before for the encryption to take place.

4.2 What is the difference between a session key and a master key?

A session key is a temporary key that two principals uses through encryption. On the other hand, a master key is a long lasting key used by the key

distribution center. The purpose of the master key is to allow communication between the principals and the key distribution center during a transmission

session. More importantly, non-cryptographic means are used by master keys to distribute session keys. 4.3 What is a key distribution center?

It determines the entities that are allowed to communicate with each other. A key distribution center refers to a unit set up to convey temporary key to the

principals. The center employs the use of encryption to convey the keys. The center also uses the master key to transmit communication to the principals.

4.4 What entities constitute a full-service Kerberos environment?

A full-service Kerberos is characterized by certain mandatory entities. First, it must have a Kerberos server. Then, it must have a number of clients. In addition, it

must have a number of application servers.

4.5 In the context of Kerberos, what is a realm?

Kerberos realm occurs in the event of several Kerberos servers. A user is registered in a database using a unique ID. In addition, they have hashed passwords stored in the Kerberos server. The Kerberos server has the ability to share the stored information with other servers. Therefore, the realm is the node points where these servers connect.

4.6 What are the principal differences between version 4 and version 5 of Kerberos?

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The 5th version of Kerberos is supposed to address the limitations of the 4th version. It overcomes the environmental shortcomings. It lacks technical

deficiencies experienced with the 4th version. Version 4 had low functionality levels.

4.7 What is a nonce?

A value that can only be used once. Examples include a timestamp and a counter. Also include a random number. The most important requirement is that it should be different in each transaction.

4.8 What are two different uses of public-key cryptography related to key distribution?

Public key cryptography can be subjected to two major uses. First, in public key encryption in which the message is encrypted by the public key used by the

recipient and can be decryption through a private key. Secondly, public key is used to create digital signatures. With this, the message is sent using the private key of the sender upon which it can be verified by whoever has the access to the public key.

4.9 What are the essential ingredients of a public-key directory?

There has to be authority in-order to establish a public key directory. The authority establishes entry for each of the participants. Thereafter, each of the

participants have to register a public key in the directory through the authority. Participants can also access the directory electronically and are often allowed to replace their public key at given times. Furthermore, it often serves as a repository of public-key certificates. 4.10 What is a public-key certificate?

A public key certificate is composed of the public key and the ID of the owner of the public key. The certificate has to be signed by a trusted third party. The

information is presented to the authority by the user in a secure manner. Afterwards, the user is able to print his or her certificate. Public key certificate is availed to anyone who verifies the validity of his or her public key through the way of a signature.

4.11 What are the requirements for the use of a public-key certificate scheme?

Any participant can verify the currency or expiry of the certificate. Only the certificate authority can create and update certificates. Any participant can verify that

the certificate originated from the certificate authority and is not counterfeit. Any participant can read a certificate to determine the name and public key of the certificate’s owner.

4.12 What is the purpose of the X.509 standard?

It is a digital certificate that uses the universally accepted international X.509 public key infrastructure (PKI) standard. It is used to verify that the public indeed

belongs to the said user. X.509 specifies a framework for the provision of authentication services by the X.500 directory to its users. Additionally, X.509

provides alternative authentication protocols based on the use of public-key certificates. 4.13 What is a chain of certificates?

This is a series of certificates as created by certification authorities (CAs). The chain also contains an SSL Certificate. The chain or path begins with the SSL certificate. Here, the successive certificate is a certificate by one CA that certifies the public key of the next CA in the chain.

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4.14 How is an X.509 certificate revoked?

They are only considered valid upon use during the validity period. It can be revoked if considered to be no-longer trustable. Also revoked prior to the expiry date defined. The revocation takes place through the use of Certificate Authority (CA).

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4.1 List ways in which secret keys can be distributed to two communicating parties.

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4.1 List ways in which secret keys can be distributed to two communicating parties

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A key can be selected by party A and physically delivered to party B.

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can be selected by a third party and physically delivered to A and B

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A key can physically be deliver to part A and party B through a third party.

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· A third party can select the key and physically deliver it to A and B

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4.2 What is the difference between a session key and a master key?

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4.2 What is the difference between a session key and a master key

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A session key is a temporary key that two principals uses through encryption.

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A session key is a temporary encryption key used between two principals

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On the other hand, a master key is a long lasting key used by the key distribution center.

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A master key is a long lasting key between a distribution center and a user or device, used to encode the session Key

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The purpose of the master key is to allow communication between the principals and the key distribution center during a transmission session.

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A master key is a long-lasting key that is used between a key distribution center and a principal for the purpose of encoding the transmission of session keys

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4.3 What is a key distribution center?

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4.3 What is a key distribution center

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It determines the entities that are allowed to communicate with each other.

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It determines which systems are allowed to communicate with each other

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4.4 What entities constitute a full-service Kerberos environment?

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4.4 What entities constitute a full-service Kerberos environment

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Then, it must have a number of clients. In addition, it must have a number of application servers. 4.5 In the context of Kerberos, what is a realm?

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· A number of clients · A number of application servers 4.5 In the context of Kerberos, what is a realm

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4.6 What are the principal differences between version 4 and version 5 of Kerberos?

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4.6 What are the principal differences between version 4 and version 5 of Kerberos

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The 5th version of Kerberos is supposed to address the limitations of the 4th version.

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The 5th Version of Kerberos intends to address the limitations of version 4 in two areas

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4.7 What is a nonce?

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4.7 What is a nonce

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4.8 What are two different uses of public- key cryptography related to key distribution?

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4.8 What are two different uses of public- key cryptography related to key distribution

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Public key cryptography can be subjected to two major uses.

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Public-key cryptography has two different uses

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First, in public key encryption in which the message is encrypted by the public key used by the recipient and can be decryption through a private key. Secondly, public key is used to create digital signatures. With this, the message is sent using the private key of the sender upon which it can be verified by whoever has the access to the public key.

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The public key of the recipient can be used to encrypt the message, which is in turn decrypted using a private key Secondly, public key cryptography is used as digital signatures The private key of the sender is used to sign the message, which is later verified by recipients with correct public key

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4.9 What are the essential ingredients of a public-key directory?

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4.9 What are the essential ingredients of a public-key directory

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Thereafter, each of the participants have to register a public key in the directory through the authority.

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· Participants register a public key with a directory authority

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Furthermore, it often serves as a repository of public-key certificates.

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The directory may serve as a repository of public-key certificates

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4.10 What is a public-key certificate?

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4.10 What is a public-key certificate

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A public key certificate is composed of the public key and the ID of the owner of the public key.

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The public key and user ID of the key owner is presented to the authority and the certificate is given

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4.11 What are the requirements for the use of a public-key certificate scheme?

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4.11 What are the requirements for the use of a public-key certificate scheme

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Any participant can verify the currency or expiry of the certificate. Only the certificate authority can create and update certificates. Any participant can verify that the certificate originated from the certificate authority and is not counterfeit. Any participant can read a certificate to determine the name and public key of the certificate’s owner.

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· Any participant can verify the currency of the certificate · Only the certificate authority can create and update certificates · Any participant can verify that the certificate originated from the certificate authority and is not counterfeit Any participant can read a certificate to determine the name and public key of the certificate’s owner

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4.12 What is the purpose of the X.509 standard?

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4.12 What is the purpose of the X.509 standard

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It is a digital certificate that uses the universally accepted international X.509 public key infrastructure (PKI) standard.

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An X.509 certificate is a digital certificate that uses the widely accepted international X.509 public key infrastructure (PKI) standard to verify that a public key belongs to the user, computer or service identity contained within the certificate

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X.509 specifies a framework for the provision of authentication services by the X.500 directory to its users.

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X.509 defines a framework for the provision of authentication services by the X.500 directory to its users

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Additionally, X.509 provides alternative authentication protocols based on the use of public-key certificates.

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The X.509 also defines alternative authentication protocols based on the use of public-key certificates

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4.13 What is a chain of certificates?

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4.13 What is a chain of certificates

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Here, the successive certificate is a certificate by one CA that certifies the public key of the next CA in the chain.

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A successive certificate is one CA that certifies the public key of next CA in the chain

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4.14 How is an X.509 certificate revoked?

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4.14 How is an X.509 certificate revoked