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ISBN-13: 978-1-337-62465-7
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Business Law TexT & exercises NiNth EditioN Roger LeRoy Miller William Eric Hollowell
Senior Vice President, Higher Ed Product, Content, and Market Development: Erin Joyner
Product Director: Bryan Gambrel
Senior Product Manager: Vicky True-Baker
Content Developer: Sarah Huber
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Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
iii
U N i T 1
The Law and Our Legal System 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Law 2
Chapter 2 Ethics in Business 13
Chapter 3 The Courts and Our Legal System 27
Chapter 4 Constitutional Law 43
Chapter 5 Business Torts 57
Chapter 6 Intellectual Property 69
Chapter 7 Business Crimes 83
U N i T 2
Contracts 97 Chapter 8 Introduction to Contracts 98
Chapter 9 Offer and Acceptance 109
Chapter 10 Consideration 121
Chapter 11 Capacity 131
Chapter 12 The Legality of Agreements 143
Chapter 13 Voluntary Consent 155
Chapter 14 Contracts That Must Be in Writing 165
Chapter 15 Third Party Rights 179
Chapter 16 Termination and Remedies 191
U N i T 3
Sales and Leases 205 Chapter 17 Introduction to Sales
and Lease Contracts 206
Chapter 18 Title and Risk of Loss 219
Chapter 19 Performance and Breach 233
Chapter 20 Warranties and Product Liability 247
Chapter 21 Consumer Protection 261
U N i T 4
Negotiable Instruments 275 Chapter 22 The Essentials of Negotiability 276
Chapter 23 Negotiable Instruments: Transfer and Liability 291
Chapter 24 Banking in the Digital Age 305
U N i T 5
Agency and Employment 321 Chapter 25 Agency Relationships 322
Chapter 26 Employment, Immigration, and Labor Law 337
Chapter 27 Employment Discrimination 351
U N i T 6
Business Organizations 365 Chapter 28 Types of Business Organizations 366
Chapter 29 Formation and Ownership of a Corporation 381
Chapter 30 Management of a Corporation 397
Chapter 31 Combining and Dissolving Corporations 407
U N i T 7
Credit and Risk 417 Chapter 32 Security Interests and Creditors’ Remedies 418
Chapter 33 Mortgages 433
Chapter 34 Bankruptcy 443
Chapter 35 Insurance 455
Contents in Brief
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
iv
U N i T 8
Property 467 Chapter 36 Personal Property 468
Chapter 37 Bailments 479
Chapter 38 Real Property 489
Chapter 39 Landlord and Tenant Law 501
Chapter 40 Wills and Trusts 511
U N i T 9
Special Topics 523 Chapter 41 Administrative Law 524
Chapter 42 Antitrust Law 537
Chapter 43 International and Space Law 549
A p p e N d i x
A Answers to the Issue Spotters A–1
Glossary G–1
Table of Cases TC–1
Index I–1
C O N T E N T S I N B R I E F
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
v
U N i T 1
The Law and Our Legal System 1
c H A p T e r 1
Introduction to the Law 2 What Is Law? 2 Business Activities and the Legal Environment 2
Highlighting the Point 3 Sources of American Law 3
Real Case 4
Highlighting the Point 6 Civil Law versus Criminal Law 7 National Law around the World 7 International Law 7
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Consulting an Expert for Advice 8
Chapter 1—Work Set 11
c H A p T e r 2
Ethics in Business 13 The Importance of Business Ethics 13 Setting the Right Ethical Tone 14
Real Case 15
Highlighting the Point 15 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 16 Business Ethics and the Law 16
Highlighting the Point 17 Approaches to Ethical Reasoning 17
Highlighting the Point 19 Business Ethics and Social Media 20
Highlighting the Point 20 Business Ethics on a Global Level 20
Highlighting the Point 21
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Managing a Company’s Reputation 22
Chapter 2—Work Set 25
c H A p T e r 3
The Courts and Our Legal System 27 Jurisdiction 27 The State Court System 28 The Federal Court System 29 The State Court Case Process 31
Highlighting the Point 32
Real Case 34 Alternative Dispute Resolution 36
Chapter 3—Work Set 41
c H A p T e r 4
Constitutional Law 43 The Constitutional Powers of Government 43
Highlighting the Point 45 Business and the Bill of Rights 45
Highlighting the Point 47
Real Case 48 Due Process and Equal Protection 48 Privacy Rights 50
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Pretexting and Marketing 51
Chapter 4—Work Set 55
c H A p T e r 5
Business Torts 57 The Basis of Tort Law 57 Intentional Torts against Persons 57
Real Case 59 Intentional Torts against Property 60
Highlighting the Point 61 Negligence 62
Highlighting the Point 62
Highlighting the Point 63
Highlighting the Point 64 Strict Liability 64
Chapter 5—Work Set 67
Contents
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
C O N T E N T Svi
c H A p T e r 6
Intellectual Property 69 Trademarks and Related Property 69
Real Case 70
Highlighting the Point 71
Highlighting the Point 72 Patents 73 Copyrights 73
Highlighting the Point 75
Highlighting the Point 75 Trade Secrets 76 International Protection for Intellectual Property 76
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Trademarks and Service Marks 78
Chapter 6—Work Set 81
c H A p T e r 7
Business Crimes 83 Civil Law and Criminal Law 83 Constitutional Safeguards 85
Highlighting the Point 86 Crimes Affecting Business 86
Highlighting the Point 87
Highlighting the Point 87 Defenses to Criminal Liability 88 Cyber Crime 89
Real Case 90
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Protect Your Company against Hacking 92
Chapter 7—Work Set 95
U N i T 2
Contracts 97
c H A p T e r 8
Introduction to Contracts 98 The Definition of a Contract 98
Real Case 99 Types of Contracts 100
Highlighting the Point 100
Highlighting the Point 101 Interpretation of Contracts 103
Chapter 8—Work Set 107
c H A p T e r 9
Offer and Acceptance 109 Requirements of the Offer 109
Highlighting the Point 110 Termination of the Offer 111
Highlighting the Point 111 Acceptance 112
Real Case 113 E-Contracts—Offer and Acceptance 114
Highlighting the Point 115
Chapter 9—Work Set 119
c H A p T e r 1 0
Consideration 121 Elements of Consideration 121
Highlighting the Point 122
Real Case 122 The Lack of Consideration 123
Highlighting the Point 123 Settlement of Claims 124
Highlighting the Point 125 Promissory Estoppel 125
Chapter 10—Work Set 129
c H A p T e r 1 1
Capacity 131 Minors 131
Highlighting the Point 132
Highlighting the Point 132
Highlighting the Point 133
Highlighting the Point 134 Intoxicated Persons 134 Mentally Incompetent Persons 135
Real Case 135
Highlighting the Point 136
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Contracts with Minors or Intoxicated Persons 137
Chapter 11—Work Set 141
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
C O N T E N T S vii
c H A p T e r 1 2
The Legality of Agreements 143 Contracts Contrary to Statute 143
Real Case 144
Highlighting the Point 145 Contracts Contrary to Public Policy 146
Highlighting the Point 146
Highlighting the Point 147 The Effect of Illegality 148
Highlighting the Point 148
Highlighting the Point 149
Chapter 12—Work Set 153
c H A p T e r 1 3
Voluntary Consent 155 Mistakes 155 Fraudulent Misrepresentation 157
Real Case 157
Highlighting the Point 158
Highlighting the Point 159 Undue Influence and Duress 160
Highlighting the Point 160
Chapter 13—Work Set 163
c H A p T e r 1 4
Contracts That Must Be in Writing 165 The Statute of Frauds—
Writing Requirement 165
Highlighting the Point 167
Highlighting the Point 167
Highlighting the Point 169 The Sufficiency of the Writing 169
Real Case 170 The Parol Evidence Rule 170
Highlighting the Point 171
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Enforceable E-Mail Contracts 174
Chapter 14—Work Set 177
c H A p T e r 1 5
Third Party Rights 179 Assignments and Delegations 179
Highlighting the Point 181
Highlighting the Point 181
Highlighting the Point 183 Third Party Beneficiaries 183
Real Case 184
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Assignment and Delegation 186
Chapter 15—Work Set 189
c H A p T e r 1 6
Termination and Remedies 191 Contract Termination 191
Highlighting the Point 192
Highlighting the Point 194
Real Case 195 Contract Remedies 196
Highlighting the Point 197
Highlighting the Point 198
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Performance and Compromise 200
Chapter 16—Work Set 203
U N i T 3
Sales and Leases 205
c H A p T e r 1 7
Introduction to Sales and Lease Contracts 206 Sales and Leases of Goods 206
Highlighting the Point 207
Real Case 207 Sales and Lease Contracts 208
Highlighting the Point 209
Highlighting the Point 210
Highlighting the Point 211
Highlighting the Point 211
Highlighting the Point 212
Chapter 17—Work Set 217
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
C O N T E N T Sviii
c H A p T e r 1 8
Title and Risk of Loss 219 Identification 219
Real Case 220 Passage of Title 221
Highlighting the Point 222
Highlighting the Point 223 Risk of Loss 223
Highlighting the Point 224
Highlighting the Point 225 Insurable Interest 227
Highlighting the Point 227
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Risk Management 228
Chapter 18—Work Set 231
c H A p T e r 1 9
Performance and Breach 233 Obligations of the Seller or Lessor 233
Highlighting the Point 234
Highlighting the Point 235
Highlighting the Point 236 Obligations of the Buyer or Lessee 237
Real Case 238 Remedies of the Seller or Lessor 238
Highlighting the Point 239 Remedies of the Buyer or Lessee 240
Highlighting the Point 240
Chapter 19—Work Set 245
c H A p T e r 2 0
Warranties and Product Liability 247 Warranties of Title 247
Highlighting the Point 248 Express Warranties 248
Real Case 249 Implied Warranties 249
Highlighting the Point 250 Warranty Disclaimers and Limitations on Liability 251
Highlighting the Point 252 Product Liability 252
Highlighting the Point 254
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Quality Control Management 256
Chapter 20—Work Set 259
c H A p T e r 2 1
Consumer Protection 261 Deceptive Advertising 261
Highlighting the Point 262
Highlighting the Point 263 Labeling Laws and Consumer Sales 263 Credit Protection 264
Highlighting the Point 266
Real Case 267
Highlighting the Point 268 Protection of Health and Safety 268
Highlighting the Point 269
Chapter 21—Work Set 273
U N i T 4
Negotiable Instruments 275 c H A p T e r 2 2
The Essentials of Negotiability 276 Types of Instruments 276 What Is a Negotiable Instrument? 279
Real Case 280
Highlighting the Point 282 Transfer of Instruments 282
Highlighting the Point 283
Highlighting the Point 284
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Writing and Indorsing Checks 286
Chapter 22—Work Set 289
c H A p T e r 2 3
Negotiable Instruments: Transfer and Liability 291 Requirements for HDC Status 291
Highlighting the Point 292 Signature Liability 293
Real Case 294
Highlighting the Point 296 Warranty Liability 297
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
C O N T E N T S ix
Highlighting the Point 297 Defenses 298 Discharge 299
Chapter 23—Work Set 303
c H A p T e r 2 4
Banking in the Digital Age 305 Checks and the Bank-Customer Relationship 305 Honoring Checks 306
Real Case 307
Highlighting the Point 309 Accepting Deposits 310
Highlighting the Point 311 Electronic Fund Transfers 313 E-Money and Online Banking 314
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Banking Risks 315
Chapter 24—Work Set 319
U N i T 5
Agency and Employment 321
c H A p T e r 2 5
Agency Relationships 322 Principal-Agent Relationships 322
Highlighting the Point 323 Agency Formation 323
Highlighting the Point 324 Duties of Agents and Principals 324 Agent’s Authority 326
Highlighting the Point 327
Highlighting the Point 327 Liability in Agency Relationships 328
Real Case 329 Termination of Agency Relationships 329
Highlighting the Point 330
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Independent Contractors 332
Chapter 25—Work Set 335
c H A p T e r 2 6
Employment, Immigration, and Labor Law 337 Employment at Will 337
Highlighting the Point 338 Worker Protections 338
Highlighting the Point 339
Highlighting the Point 340 Retirement Income and Security 341
Highlighting the Point 343 Immigration Law 343 Labor Law 344
Real Case 345
Chapter 26—Work Set 349
c H A p T e r 2 7
Employment Discrimination 351 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 351
Highlighting the Point 352
Real Case 354 Discrimination Based on Age 355
Highlighting the Point 356 Discrimination Based on Disability 356
Highlighting the Point 357 Defenses to Employment Discrimination 358
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Human Resources Management 359
Chapter 27—Work Set 363
U N i T 6
Business Organizations 365
c H A p T e r 2 8
Types of Business Organizations 366 Sole Proprietorships 366
Real Case 367 Partnerships 367
Highlighting the Point 369
Highlighting the Point 370
Highlighting the Point 370
Highlighting the Point 371
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
C O N T E N T Sx
Highlighting the Point 372
Highlighting the Point 373
Highlighting the Point 374 Limited Liability Companies 374
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Business Formation 375
Chapter 28—Work Set 379
c H A p T e r 2 9
Formation and Ownership of a Corporation 381 Formation of a Corporation 381
Highlighting the Point 383 Corporate Classifications,
Powers, and Liability 383 Corporate Financing 385 Sales of Securities 386
Highlighting the Point 387
Real Case 387 Corporate Ownership—Shareholders 388
Highlighting the Point 389
Highlighting the Point 390
Chapter 29—Work Set 395
c H A p T e r 3 0
Management of a Corporation 397 Corporate Management—Directors 397
Highlighting the Point 399
Highlighting the Point 399 Corporate Management—Officers 400 Duties of Directors and Officers 400
Real Case 401 Liability of Directors and Officers 401
Chapter 30–Work Set 405
c H A p T e r 3 1
Combining and Dissolving Corporations 407 Mergers, Consolidations, and Share Exchanges 407
Highlighting the Point 408
Real Case 409 Purchase of Assets 409 Purchase of Stock 410
Termination of a Corporation 411
Highlighting the Point 412
Chapter 31—Work Set 415
U N i T 7
Credit and Risk 417
c H A p T e r 3 2
Security Interests and Creditors’ Remedies 418 Secured Transactions 418
Highlighting the Point 420
Highlighting the Point 421 Laws Assisting Creditors 423
Real Case 423
Highlighting the Point 424
Highlighting the Point 425
Highlighting the Point 427
Chapter 32—Work Set 431
c H A p T e r 3 3
Mortgages 433 Types of Mortgages 433
Highlighting the Point 434 Lender Protections 434
Real Case 435 Borrower Protections 435 Foreclosures 436
Highlighting the Point 437
Chapter 33—Work Set 441
c H A p T e r 3 4
Bankruptcy 443 Types of Bankruptcy Relief 443
Highlighting the Point 445 Chapter 7—Liquidation 445
Real Case 447 Chapter 11—Reorganization 448 Chapter 13—Adjustment 449
Chapter 34—Work Set 453
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
C O N T E N T S xi
c H A p T e r 3 5
Insurance 455 Insurance Terminology and Concepts 455 The Insurance Contract 457
Highlighting the Point 458
Highlighting the Point 458
Highlighting the Point 459
Real Case 460
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Risk Management in Cyberspace 461
Chapter 35—Work Set 465
U N i T 8
Property 467
c H A p T e r 3 6
Personal Property 468 The Nature of Personal Property 468 Property Ownership—Rights of Possession 469
Real Case 469 Acquiring Ownership of Personal Property 470 Mislaid, Lost, and Abandoned Property 472
Highlighting the Point 472
Chapter 36—Work Set 477
c H A p T e r 3 7
Bailments 479 The Elements of a Bailment 479
Highlighting the Point 480 The Rights of the Bailee 481
Highlighting the Point 481 The Duties of the Bailee 482
Highlighting the Point 483
Real Case 483 Special Bailments 484
Chapter 37—Work Set 487
c H A p T e r 3 8
Real Property 489 The Nature of Real Property 489 Ownership Interests 491
Highlighting the Point 491
Highlighting the Point 492 Transfer of Ownership 492
Highlighting the Point 493
Real Case 494
Linking Business Law to Your Career: Eminent Domain and Commercial Development 495
Chapter 38—Work Set 499
c H A p T e r 3 9
Landlord and Tenant Law 501 Types of Tenancy 501 The Lease Agreement 502
Real Case 503 Rights and Duties of Landlords and Tenants 503
Highlighting the Point 504 Transferring Rights to Leased Property 505 Terminating the Lease 506
Highlighting the Point 506
Chapter 39—Work Set 509
c H A p T e r 4 0
Wills and Trusts 511 Wills 511
Real Case 513
Highlighting the Point 514 Intestacy Laws 515
Highlighting the Point 515 Trusts 517
Chapter 40—Work Set 521
U N i T 9
Special Topics 523
c H A p T e r 4 1
Administrative Law 524 Agency Creation 524 The Administrative Process 525
Highlighting the Point 526 Controls on Agency Powers 528
Real Case 529 Public Accountability 530
Chapter 41—Work Set 535
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
C O N T E N T Sxii
c H A p T e r 4 2
Antitrust Law 537 The Sherman Act 537
Highlighting the Point 538
Highlighting the Point 540
Real Case 540
Highlighting the Point 541 The Clayton Act 541 Enforcement of Antitrust Laws 542 U.S. Antitrust Laws in the Global Context 543
Chapter 42—Work Set 547
c H A p T e r 4 3
International and Space Law 549 International Principles and Doctrines 549
Real Case 550
Doing Business Internationally 551 International Contract Provisions 552
Highlighting the Point 552 Regulation of International Business Activities 553 Space Law 554
Chapter 43—Work Set 559
A p p e N d i x
A Answers to the Issue Spotters A–1
Glossary G–1
Table of Cases TC–1
Index I–1
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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