POWER Transmission Questions- Mechanical Principles
Please could you answer all questions on page 3+4...
1,
a,
b,
c, (i)(ii)
d, (i) (ii) (iii)
2, (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)
A,
B,
C,
D,
Due December 10th 2018.
I have uploaded pages to help with the questions.
TOPIC TITLE : POWER TRANSMISSION
LESSON 1 : FLAT BELT DRIVES
MP - 3 - 1
© Teesside University 2011
Published by Teesside University Open Learning (Engineering)
School of Science & Engineering
Teesside University
Tees Valley, UK
TS1 3BA
+44 (0)1642 342740
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or
otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's
prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is
published and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________________________________________
Belt drive is a system using pulleys, which transmits power by the friction
between the belt and the wheel. To enable this, the belt must be tensioned to
grip the wheel. Belt drives are quiet, clean and relatively economical. The
belt is continuous and passes over pulleys which are keyed to their respective
shafts.
Belt drives are most often used to produce speed reduction between a motor
and the machine being driven, e.g. a motor driving an air compressor. Other
applications vary from small tape drives in video or audio recorders, normally
flat tape, to large multi-belt systems used in heavy industrial equipment. This
lesson only concentrates on flat belt drives.
The effectiveness of a belt drive depends upon the friction between the belt
and pulley and on the angle of contact between the belt and the pulley surface.
________________________________________________________________________________________
YOUR AIMS ________________________________________________________________________________________
After studying this lesson, you should be able to:
• list the factors that govern the power transmitted by a flat belt drive
• determine maximum power transmitted
• apply belt tension equations for flat belt drives.
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________________________________________________________________________________________
BELT DRIVES ________________________________________________________________________________________
Before we study belt drives in detail, consider the following:
FIG. 1(a) FIG. 1(b)
FIGURE 1(a) shows a stationary pulley with a belt wrapped around it, each of
the two ends of the belt being anchored to a vertical surface. A horizontal
force F is applied to the pulley, putting the belt in tension, with equal forces
at the upper and lower lengths of belt. The force F = .
FIGURE 1(b) shows the same pulley and belt but the pulley is now being
gradually turned clockwise, still maintaining the force F. Due to friction
between the belt and pulley, the effect is to further tighten the lower length of
belt and slacken the upper length of belt to give values of F1 (tighter) and F2 (slacker). Hence F1 > F2, but for equilibrium F = F1 + F2. On rotating the
pulley further, a point is reached when the pulley slips on the belt and forces F1 and F2 will then have reached their respective maximum and minimum values.
The above simplified explanation forms the basis for belt drive calculations.
F F
2 2 +F
2
F 2
F 2
F F
F2
F1
ω
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________________________________________________________________________________________
POWER TRANSMITTED BY A BELT DRIVE ________________________________________________________________________________________
FIG. 2
FIGURE 2 shows a portion of a continuous belt in contact with a drive pulley
of effective radius r. The tension F1 is greater than the tension F2 due to
friction between the belt and the pulley.
F1 is referred to as the tension in the 'tight side' of the belt.
F2 is referred to as the tension in the 'slack side' of the belt.
The pulley drives the belt in a clockwise direction and, provided there is no slip,
the peripheral speed of the pulley will be equal to the linear speed of the belt.
Nett clockwise torque on pulley =
=
F r F r
T F
1 2
1
–
––
–
F r
P T
P F F r
2
1 2
( )
=
= ( )
Now power
Hence
ω
ω
r
F2
F1
ω
d
Driver
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The difference in tensions (F1 – F2) may be called the effective tangential
force,
where ω = angular velocity of pulley (rad s–1) r = effective radius of pulley (m)
F1 = tension in tight side of belt (N)
F2 = tension in slack side of belt (N).
Also note that since
θ represents the angle of lap, i.e. angle of contact between
belt and pulley.
FIG. 3(a)
FIG. 3(b)
Driven
r
F2
F1
ω1
Driver
ω2
‘Slack’
‘Tight’
r θ
Pulley
Belt
where linear speed of belt (m s 1v = – ).
v r
P F F v
=
= ( )
ω then:
1 2–
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The angular contact between the belt and the pulley is called the angle of lap
(see FIGURE 3(a)) and the drive will be more effective if the angle of lap is as
large as possible. For this reason it is better to have the slack side of the belt
across the top of the pulleys wherever possible since the sag of the belt will
tend to increase the angle of lap. See FIGURE 3(b).
________________________________________________________________________________________
CROSSED-BELT DRIVE ________________________________________________________________________________________
FIG. 4
A crossed belt obviously increases the angle of lap and hence increases the
effectiveness of the drive but it also results in the pulleys rotating in opposite
directions. For these reasons such drives were often used for flat belts or ropes
but are seldom seen nowadays.
Example1
The tight and slack side tensions of a belt drive are 500 N and 180 N
respectively and the pulley diameter is 0.48 m. Calculate the power
transmitted when the speed is 360 rev min–1.
Driven
ω1
Driver
ω2
Slack
Tight
5
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Solution
Example 2
A motor transmits 4 kW to a belt-driven pulley, 140 mm effective diameter,
when the pulley speed is 1200 rev min–1. Determine the tensions in the tight
and slack side of the belt if they are in the ratio 3 to 1.
Solution
First of all we need to determine the nett torque:
P T
P
=
= × =
=
=
ω
ω 1200 2 60
40
4
π π rad s
kW
4000 W
1–
Angular speed
rad s
Power
1
ω = ×
=
=
360 2
12
1
π 60
π –
–P F FF r2
500 180 0 24 12
2895
( )
= ( ) × ×
=
=
ω
– . π
W
Power 2.895 kkW
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It is now possible to determine the difference in tensions (F1 – F2), i.e. the
effective tangential force.
Now the ratio of tensions is 3 : 1, i.e.
F
F
F F
1
2
1 2
3
3
=
∴ =
Torque N m
= ( ) =
∴ =
F F r
F F r
1 2
1 2
31 83
31 83
– .
– .
where radius mr
F F
= ( )
=
=
31 83 0 07
4541 2
. .
– .77 N ........................................... 1( )
Torque
N m
T P=
=
=
ω
4000 40
31 83
π
.
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Hence, by substitution in (1):
Tensions in the belt are 682.1 N and 227.4 N.
3 454 7
2 454 7
227 4
2 2
2
2
F F
F
F
– .
.
.
=
∴ =
∴ =
∴
N
N
F F1 2454 7
454 7 227 4
682 1
= +
= +
=
.
. .
.
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________________________________________________________________________________________
BELT TENSION EQUATIONS ________________________________________________________________________________________
If the belt velocity is constant, the power transmitted will depend upon the
difference in the belt tensions (F1 – F2). Hence if the ratio can be made
greater then more power will be transmitted. However, when the ratio
reaches a certain value, known as the limiting ratio, the belt will slip on
the pulley.
It thus seems likely that depends upon:
(a) the coefficient of friction (µ) between the belt and the pulley
(b) the angle of lap (θ) of the belt round the pulley,
and that an increase in either of the above values will lead to an increase in the
ratio .
It can be shown that the limiting ratio of tensions is given by:
where: F1 = tension in tight side of belt (N)
F2 = tension in slack side of belt (N)
e = the constant 2.718 which is the base of natural logarithms
µ = coefficient of friction between belt and pulley θ = angle of lap of belt round pulley (radians).
F
F e1
2
= µθ
F
F 1
2
⎛ ⎝⎜
⎞ ⎠⎟
F
F 1
2
⎛ ⎝⎜
⎞ ⎠⎟
F
F 1
2
⎛ ⎝⎜
⎞ ⎠⎟
F
F 1
2
⎛ ⎝⎜
⎞ ⎠⎟
F
F 1
2
⎛ ⎝⎜
⎞ ⎠⎟
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The proof of this formula is given in the Appendix at the end of this lesson and
should be studied. However, it will not be necessary for you to learn this proof
in order to complete any of the assignments.
Note that where an open belt connects two pulleys of different diameters the
angle of lap on the smaller pulley will be less than that on the larger pulley.
From FIGURE 5 it can be seen that θs is less than θl.
FIG. 5
Calculations, then, will be based on the smaller pulley, which normally is the
drive wheel.
The formula for = eµθ does not include the effect of centrifugal force which
has a tendency to push the belt away from the pulley. It is possible to allow for
this effect but it is not serious unless high speeds are involved, and in any case
it is beyond the scope of our studies at this stage.
F
F 1
2
θs θl
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Since the power transmitted P = (F1 – F2)v and from = e µθ we have
This is the maximum power that can be transmitted at a given speed with no
slip occurring.
Example 3
Calculate the maximum power that may be transmitted by a flat belt driving a
pulley 360 mm diameter which rotates at 180 rev min–1. The maximum belt
tension is 500 N and the angle of lap is 145°. Coefficient of friction between
belt and pulley is 0.35.
P F F v
F F
e v
vF e
= ( )
= ⎛ ⎝⎜
⎞ ⎠⎟
= ( )
1 2
1 1
1 1
–
–
– –
µθ
µθ
F
F 1
2
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Solution
Using
Example 4
A flat belt drive is required to transmit 5 kW at a speed of 240 rev min–1 with
the smaller pulley 300 mm effective diameter. The angle of lap between belt
and pulley is 150° and the coefficient of friction between belt and pulley is 0.3.
Determine the magnitude of the tensions in the tight and slack side of the belt.
Maximum possible power W= 997
P vF e
r F e
= ( )
= ( )
= × × ×
1
1
1
1
0 18 2 180
50
–
–
.
–
–
µθ
µθω
π 60
00 1
997
0 35 2 5307× ( )
=
×– – . .e
W
Angle of lap 145
145 360
radians
2.5307 ra
= °
= ×
=
2π
ddians
Tight-side tension N= =F1 500
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Solution
ω
ω
ω
= ×
=
=
∴ =
=
240 2 60
8
500
π
π rad s
Power
1–
P T
T P
00 8
198 9
1
1 2
1 2
π
Torque N m
=
= ( )
∴ =
=
.
–
–
T F F r
F F T
r
998 9 0 15
13261 2
. .
–F F = N ...........................................
Angle of lap
1
150 3
( )
=θ 660
2
2 618
×
=
π
. rad
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Substitute in (1):
This value of F1 may be calculated using the relationship F1 = 2.193F2
Tensions in the tight and slack sides are 2437 N and 1111 N respectively.
i.e.
N
F1 2 193 1111
2436 4
= ×
=
.
.
2 193 1326
1 193 1326
1326 1 193
111
2 2
2
2
. –
.
.
F F
F
F
=
=
=
= 11
1326
1326 1111
2437
1 2
1
N
N
∴ = +
= +
=
F F
F
F
F e
e
e
F
F
F
1
2
0 3 2 618
0 7854
1
2
2 193
=
=
=
=
∴
×
µθ
. .
.
.
11 22 193= . F
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________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTES ________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS ________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Determine the difference in tensions for a belt drive which transmits
800 watts when the belt speed is 240 m min–1.
2. A belt-driven pulley of diameter 420 mm and rotating at 240 rev min–1 is
to transmit 1.5 kW. If the tension in the tight side of the belt is 540 N
calculate the tension in the slack side.
3. The maximum permissible force in a belt material is 80 N per cm of belt
width. When transmitting 4 kW of power from a pulley 200 mm in
effective diameter the tension in the tight side of the belt is to be twice the
tension in the slack side. Determine the necessary width of belt required
to the nearest cm. The pulley speed is 900 rev min–1.
4. Calculate the maximum power which can be transmitted by a flat-belt
drive with an angle of lap of 135°, belt speed 18 m s–1 and coefficient of
friction between belt and pulley of 0.3 if maximum belt tension is 250 N.
5. An open flat-belt drive connects two pulleys each 360 mm effective
diameter with a coefficient of friction between belt and pulley surface of
0.4. Calculate the tight and slack side belt tensions if the drive transmits
5 kW when the pulley speed is 450 rev min–1.
6. A flat belt drive is to transmit 8 kW across two pulleys each 500 mm
diameter and rotating at 420 rev min–1. The coefficient of friction
between the belt and the pulley surface is 0.38. If the belt material is
manufactured in various widths in increments of 1 cm and a maximum
tension of 180 N cm–1 of belt width is permitted, calculate the width of a
suitable belt.
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________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTES ________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS ________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2. ω
ω
ω
= ×
=
=
∴ =
=
240 2 60
8
1500 8
π
π
π
rad s
Torq
1–
P T
T P
uue 59.68 N m=
Power
W
m m
P F F v
F F P
v
P
v
= ( )
∴ =
=
=
1 2
1 2
800
240
–
–
iin
m s
m s
N
Di
1
1
1
–
–
–
–
=
=
∴ =
=
240 60
4
800 4
200
1 2F F
ffference in tensions 200 N=
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3. Angular speed
rads
Power
1
ω = ×
=
900 2 60
π
30π –
P ==
∴ =
=
=
T
T P
ω
ω Torque
N m
Now
4000
42 44
30π
.
T F F r
F F T
r
= ( )
∴ =
1 2
1 2
–
–
T F F r
F F T
r
= ( )
∴ =
=
=
1 2
1 2
59 68 0 21
284 2
–
–
. .
.
N
Now N
Te
F
F
F
1
2
2
540
540 284 2
540 284 2
=
∴ =
=
– .
– .
nnsion in slack side 255.8 N=
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Maximum tension = twice minimum tension:
Substituting into equation (1)
In a practical situation, the width of belt used would be the next available
size larger than 10.61 cm, i.e. 11 cm or 12 cm width.
∴ =
∴ =
∴ =
F F
F
F
1 1
1
1
0 5 424 4
0 5 424 4
– . .
. .
8848 8. N tension in tight side
belt width
=
∴ required 848.8 80
=
∴ = F F2 10 5.
=
∴ =
42 44 0 1
424 41 2
.
.
– . N .................F F .......................... 1( )
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4. Angle of lap 135
rad
= °
∴ = ×
=
θ 135 360
2
2 3562
π
. iians
Ratio of tensions F
F e
e
1
2
0 3 2 3562
=
=
=
×
µθ
. .
ee
F
F
F
0 7069
1
2
1
2 0276
250
.
.=
( ) =
∴
Now max N
FF
P F F v
2
1 2
250 2 0276
123 3
250 123
=
=
= ( )
=
.
.
–
–
N
Power
..3 18
2281
( ) ×
=
=
watts
Maximum power 2.281 kW
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5.
Now since pulleys are equal in diameter then angle of lap θ = 180° = π radians.
F
F e
e
e
1
2
0 4
1 2566
=
=
=
µθ
.
.
π
Pulley speed
rad s
Power
1
ω
ω
= ×
=
=
∴
450 2 60
15
π
π –
T
Torque
N m
T P
T F F r
=
=
=
= ( )
∴
ω
5000 15
106 1
1 2
π
.
–
N .
F F T
r
F F
F F
1 2
1 2
1 2
106 1 0 18
589 5
–
– .
.
– .
=
∴ =
= .................................... 1( )
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substitute this in equation (1)
Tensions in tight and slack sides of belt at 824 N and 234.5 N respectively.
3 5136 589 5
2 5136 589 5
2 2
2
2
. – .
. .
F F
F
F
=
∴ =
∴
==
=
∴ = +
=
589 5 2 5136
234 5
589 5 234 5
824
1
. .
.
. .
N
F
NN
F
F
F F
1
2
1 2
3 5136
3 5136
=
∴ =
.
.
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6.
θ = ° =180 π radians (since the pulleys are of eequal diameter)
0.38µ =
F
F e1
2
= µθ
ω
ω
ω
= ×
=
=
=
=
420 2 60
14
800
π
π rad s
Power
Torque
1–
P T
T P
00 14
181 9
1 2
1
π
T
T F F r
F
=
= ( )
∴
.
–
N m
Now torque
––
. .
– .
F T
r
F F
2
1 2
181 9 0 25
727 6
=
=
= N ................................... 1( )
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substitute in equation (1)
Belt width will be 6 cm.
F F
F F
1 1
1 1
3 2996 727 6
0 3031 727 6
0 69
– .
.
– . .
=
=
∴ . 669 727 6
1044
104
1
1
F
F
=
=
=
.
N
Maximum belt tension 44 N
minimum belt width required 1044 180
∴ =
== 5 8. cm
∴ =
=
=
∴ =
F
F e
e
F F
1
2
0 38
1 1938
2 1
3 2996
3
.
.
.
.
π
22996
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________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY ________________________________________________________________________________________
You should now be familiar with the basic principles involved when designing
flat belt drives. The two factors which govern the difference in tensions are
the angle of lap and the coefficient of friction between the pulley surface and
belt. These factors are only variable to a certain extent since the angle of lap is
virtually decided as soon as the pulley diameters and distance between pulley
centres are decided, unless a crossed belt can be used, but crossed belts cause
alignment problems and so are rarely seen nowadays.
The coefficient of friction value is governed to a large extent by the fact that a
pulley surface has to be fairly smooth or the belt will wear too quickly.
Various semi-liquid compounds are available to help preserve belts and to
make the belt surface 'sticky' so that the coefficient of friction will remain at a
reasonable value.
In modern industry, belt drives are more commonly V-belts which can enlarge
the contact surface area to increase the friction. We shall study these in our
next lesson.
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________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX ________________________________________________________________________________________
DERIVATION OF FORMULA FOR RATIO OF BELT TENSIONS
(a) Space Diagram (b) Force Vector Diagram
FIG. 6
Note that the difference in tensions (F1 – F2) takes place over the angle of
lap; hence at each small element there is a small element of difference in
tension from F to (F + δF).
Consider equilibrium of the piece of belt ab as shown in FIGURE 6(a) and
draw the force vector diagram FIGURE 6(b).
Let the tensions on either side be F and (F + δF) and let the radial reaction of the pulley on this piece of belt be δR. The difference between (F + δF) and F must be due to friction between the belt and pulley. Hence the maximum value
of δF occurs just as the belt is about to slip and is given by:
δ µδF R= ........................................... 1( )
a
b
F
F + δF
δR δθ
θ
F1
F2
δθ F + δF F
δRω
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From the triangle of forces in FIGURE 6(b), which involves the three forces
acting on the portion of belt ab, we see that if angle δθ is very small then we can write:
(arc length = radius × angle in radians)
Note that (F + δF) and F and are considered nearly equal for very small angles. Substituting this value of δR into equation (1) we have:
Let ab be made smaller: then δθ approaches zero and the limiting expression becomes:
Integrating both sides between the limits of:
F = F1 (when θ = maximum angle θ) and F = F2 (when θ = 0) we have:
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
2
1
2
1
0
0
⌠
⌡
⎮ ⎮ ⎮⎮
⌠
⌡
⎮ ⎮ ⎮⎮
=
[ ] = [ ]
d d
ln
µ θ
µ θ
θ
θ
d d
F
F = µ θ
δ µδ
µ δθ
δ µδθ
F R
F
F
F
=
=
=or
δ δθR F= ........................................... 2( )
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© Teesside University 2011
θ being the angle of lap in radians µ being the coefficient of friction between belt and pulley.
∴ = ( )
∴ ⎛ ⎝⎜
⎞ ⎠⎟
=
ln ln
ln
or
F F
F
F
1 2
1
2
0– –µ θ
µθ
F
F e1
2
= µθ
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Teesside University Open Learning (Engineering)
© Teesside University 2011
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