Loading...

Messages

Proposals

Stuck in your homework and missing deadline? Get urgent help in $10/Page with 24 hours deadline

Get Urgent Writing Help In Your Essays, Assignments, Homeworks, Dissertation, Thesis Or Coursework & Achieve A+ Grades.

Privacy Guaranteed - 100% Plagiarism Free Writing - Free Turnitin Report - Professional And Experienced Writers - 24/7 Online Support

Max's maximum a case study on the urinary system answers

10/12/2020 Client: adeel.vbs2 Deadline: 2 Day

Answer Key to Short Answer Questions for


“Max’s Maximum: A Case Study on the Urinary System”


1. What does the color of Max’s urine tell Tracey about how concentrated or dilute it is? How does Max’s urine color/concentration compare to the urine specific gravity at the same time?


Max’s pale urine tells Tracey that his urine is diluted. The yellow urine is more concentrated, and the dark yellow urine is super concentrated. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of an equal volume of distilled water. Urine, with its various solutes, has a greater specific gravity than water which is (1.001-1.035), and depending on the concentration of the solute it can vary. The more concentrated the urine, the darker the color will be and specific gravity will be higher.


2. Based on the urine color and specific gravity, what might Tracey conclude about the hydration status of Max’s body at the three different times?


When Max’s urine is pale with a low specific gravity, his body is likely to be well hydrated; the kidneys are reabsorbing less water, allowing it to be eliminated in urine. When his urine is dark yellow with a higher specific gravity, his kidneys are concentrating urine and reabsorbing more water in an attempt to maintain body fluid homeostasis (defend plasma osmolality). Dehydration will trigger this response. The yellow urine signals euhydration; the corresponding high-normal specific gravity is likely due to the small amount of glucose in the urine.


3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the formation of concentrated or dilute urine. In which time period is Max’s body secreting its highest amount of ADH? Explain your answer.


ADH is going to be highest when the body is most dehydrated. In Max’s case, this is right after his 2-hour run. During his run, Max loses water via sweat and exhalation, and doesn’t effectively replace it. The osmolality of his blood increases, signaling the posterior pituitary to release ADH. ADH targets the principle cells in the collecting ducts of the kidney tubules, causing them to increase reabsorption of water from the filtrate. This negative feedback mechanism attempts to conserve water in order to decrease blood osmolality and restore body fluid homeostasis.


4. Tracey knows that proteinuria (protein in the urine) after intense exercise is physiological (normal). However, protein is typically not present in urine. Why is that?


The glomerulus is a passive filter that acts as a barrier to larger molecules, such as most plasma proteins. Also, because most proteins carry a net negative charge, they are repelled by the membrane, thereby hindering their passage. However, some smaller proteins can and do pass through the filtration membrane. Most of them are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by endocytosis and then broken down into amino acids to be returned to the blood in the peritubular capillaries. The mechanism of exercise-induced proteinuria is unclear, but it is typically a transient occurrence. Any kidney disease can render the glomerulus dysfunctional, leading to a more sustained proteinuria. In fact, Max’s hypertension, if left unchecked, could damage the filtration membrane of the glomerulus. The proteinuria will increase the specific gravity of his urine (along with his relative dehydration).


5. Tracey had been slightly concerned about the trace glucose that was found in Max’s urine six hours after his exercise until she discovered that he had eaten an entire large pizza an hour before the urinalysis. Explain why glucose might show up in Max’s urine after a particularly heavy meal.


Glucose passes easily through the glomerular filtration membrane, and normally 100% of it is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). The reabsorption of glucose is accomplished by secondary active transport and requires a transport protein in the membrane to facilitate the movement of glucose across the membrane. Typically, there are more than enough of these transport proteins, but they do have an upper limit beyond which no more glucose can be transported. This is called the transport maximum (Tm) for glucose. Generally, the Tm for glucose is not reached until blood levels of glucose exceed 180 mg/dL, which is known as the renal threshold. The most common cause of hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) is diabetes mellitus. So, if the renal threshold is exceeded for glucose in the PCT, it will “spill” into the filtrate and be eliminated in urine. Without further testing, it’s unknown whether Max has a lower-than-normal renal threshold for glucose, or has exceeded the normal renal threshold of 180 mg/dL with his heavy meal.


6. Lactic acid accumulation can be a consequence of intense exercise. Tracey notes that Max’s kidneys are working to defend his body against acidosis. How can she tell? Describe this mechanism.


Max’s pH is more acidic right after his run. This is evidence of a higher hydrogen concentration in urine. When pH drops, the tubule cells secrete hydrogen into the filtrate, allowing it to be lost in urine. They also reabsorb bicarbonate (a base) to help buffer the body fluids. The result is a restoration of normal pH.


7. Based on Max’s urinalysis data, should he drink more water prior to exercise to ensure that he doesn’t dehydrate during intense activity? Explain your answer.


Max’s urine is already extremely dilute before exercise, indicating he is probably well hydrated. If he were to drink more, then he would simply end up with a full bladder during his run (the kidneys would eliminate the excess water). Better advice would be to drink more strategically during his run. For instance, when he is doing his training runs, Max could take a drink every 15 minutes (more if he is sweating heavily) and practice different drinking regimens when he trains until he finds one that keeps him hydrated but does not require him to stop to urinate during his run.


8. Max’s regular exercise regimen has reduced his high blood pressure, allowing him to achieve normal blood pressure on a single antihypertensive medication. The medication he takes is called an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, or ACE inhibitor, which blocks the activation of angiotensin II. Describe at least two mechanisms by which angiotensin II targets the kidneys to increase extracellular fluid volume and, therefore, increase blood pressure.


Angiotensin II directly signals the renal tubules to reabsorb sodium. Where sodium goes, water follows by osmosis, causing blood volume and pressure to increase.


Angiotensin II signals the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. ADH acts on the principle cells of the collecting ducts to cause reabsorption of water from the filtrate into the blood. Blood volume and pressure are increased.


Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, which leads to a decline in peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure and more fluid reabsorption. Blood volume and pressure are increased.


Angiotensin II prompts the release of aldosterone from the adrenal medulla. Aldosterone stimulates renal tubules to reabsorb sodium (with water following) and this leads to an increase in blood volume and pressure.


Angiotensin II stimulates the glomerular mesangial cells to contract and reduce glomerular filtration rates. Less filtrate is produced, less fluid is lost in urine, and blood volume and pressure are increased.


Angiotensin II triggers thirst by acting at the hypothalamus. This increases blood volume and blood pressure.

Homework is Completed By:

Writer Writer Name Amount Client Comments & Rating
Instant Homework Helper

ONLINE

Instant Homework Helper

$36

She helped me in last minute in a very reasonable price. She is a lifesaver, I got A+ grade in my homework, I will surely hire her again for my next assignments, Thumbs Up!

Order & Get This Solution Within 3 Hours in $25/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 3 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 6 Hours in $20/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 6 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 12 Hours in $15/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 12 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

6 writers have sent their proposals to do this homework:

Peter O.
Calculation Guru
Writer Writer Name Offer Chat
Peter O.

ONLINE

Peter O.

Hello, I can assist you in writing attractive and compelling content on ganja and its movement globally. I will provide with valuable, informative content that you will appreciate. The content will surely hit your target audience. I will provide you with the work that will be according to the needs of the targeted audience and Google’s requirement.

$55 Chat With Writer
Calculation Guru

ONLINE

Calculation Guru

I see that your standard of work is to get content for articles. Well, you are in the right place because I am a professional content writer holding a PhD. in English, as well as having immense experience in writing articles for a vast variety of niches and category such as newest trends, health issues, entertainment, technology, etc and I will make sure your article has all the key pointers and relevant information, Pros, Cons and basically all the information that a perfect article needs with good research. Your article is guaranteed to be appealing, attractive, engaging, original and passed through Copyscape for the audience so once they start reading they keep asking for more and stay interested.

$55 Chat With Writer

Let our expert academic writers to help you in achieving a+ grades in your homework, assignment, quiz or exam.

Similar Homework Questions

Three levels of computer ethics - I know you love her but let her go - Soil moisture budget a level geography - When spending large amounts to purchase advertising - Assessing a company's future financial health harvard solution - Case study based assignment on supply chain model - Humanistic and existential personality theories worksheet answers - EMPOWERING WOMEN SINCE 1993///? +27835179056 SAFE ABORTION CLINIC//PILLS ekuPhakameni Hillcrest Illovo Beach Isipingo Karridene - Discussion 3 - How to record journal entries in excel - Matlab code for boost converter - Deep roots distillery - Veltri corporation is working on its direct - Capstone - Worship coordinator job description - Ethical hacking vs penetration testing - What is the average cost of a stitch fix box - What is the primary objective of financial reporting - Surface mount bias tee - Sunderland uni term dates - Is a university better than a college - Nursing theory - Schedules of reinforcement worksheet with answers - What cultural conflicts emerged in the 1990s - Alis test practice paper - Martinez company's ending inventory includes the following items - 3 unit formula sheet - Nursing care plan - Frontline management training package - Medication competency assessment answers - Hephaestus symbols of power - Suppose the memory cells at addresses 00 through 05 - Direct shear test lab report conclusion - What is the output of the following program segment - Murderball summary - Discussion - Density of water in g mm3 - H2so4 aq naoh aq - Annual Updates - What are body and movement concepts - Dairy milk chocolate tagline - Dvd rental database postgresql - All summer in the day - Daphnia heart rate temperature lab report - Monkey and hunter physics problem - University of greenwich extenuating circumstances - Down grange athletics track - 2869 ridgecrest dr saranac mi 48881 - Define slumpy - Amazon vs walmart case study answers - Power sonic ps-1270 f1 charger - Altheide and johnson 1994 - What does mis stand for - Insider Threat - Why is some risk diversifiable and some not diversifiable - Indexed sequential file organization - Slender sword crossword clue - Electron configuration of ions - Angles saxons jutes map - How to calculate azimuth with interior angles - Accountable care organizations vs managed care - How do ticker timers work - Pam runs a mail order business for gym equipment - Human resource management case study examples with solution - History - When was chinese cinderella set - Network security first step 2nd edition pdf - North star pendant from the movie the patriot - Sota instruments model zbb5 ionic silver generator - Koppers logs mitre 10 - Peter pan pirate scene - What language technique is used in this quote - Picot question for short staffing - Wumpus world python - Unit II Journal - Consent form for endodontic treatment - Second cup head office phone number - Example of soap note nurse practitioner - INTERVIEW INVSTIGATION ---CJT202 ASSIGNMENT - Trevor noah owns tomi lahren - Rabbit proof fence cinematography - Journeyman electrician study guide pdf - Supervisory management essay - Econ Essay - Advocacy Through Legislation - Iacp code of ethics pdf - Unit 7 Article Review - Gas or grouse case study answers - World Perspective Week 6 - Chemical dependency treatment plan samples - Accounting lessons grade 12 - Consumer Behavior - Our fear of immigrants - How to find volume of an irregular shaped object - Ch that has only primary hydrogen atoms - Simplify 3 1 2 times 3 1 2 - Electrical testers at harbor freight - Basics of motors and generators - Suppose that there are million workers in canada - Happy endings margaret atwood pdf