Meno 3 definitions of virtue

Philosophy Essay

Final “Summary Reflection” Essay Topic Possibilities:

This essay is due Wednesday, April 19th

Instructions :

Choose one of the following topics and write your essay

in accordance with the guidelines regarding the structure and

the content of “summary reflection” essays I posted separately on Blackboard .

Possible Topics :

1) At the beginning of Plato's Meno, Meno offers Socrates several definitions of virtue

or arete. None of the definitions satisfy Socrates. Reviewing the definitions and

Socrates' responses to them, what seems to be the major fault of each in Socrates'

eyes? Do you think Socrates is raising legitimate objections to the definitions? Why

or why not? Discuss as critically and creatively as possible.

2) In his attempt to refute Meno's definition of virtue as "the desire of things honorable

and the power of attaining them," Socrates argues that "no one desires that which is

evil." Explain the definition and Socrates' refutation of it in detail. What is Socrates'

argument exactly, and how does it serve to show that Meno's definition is inadequate?

Do you think Socrates' argument is legitimate? Why or why not? Discuss as

critically and creatively as possible.

3) After attempting to define "virtue" unsuccessfully, Meno finally gives up and admits

that he does not know what virtue is. Socrates then invites Meno to join a mutual

inquiry regarding the nature of virtue. At this suggestion, Meno introduces a paradox

which, if legitimate, would make inquiry into the nature of virtue impossible. What is

the paradox, and how does Socrates respond to it? What do you think of Socrates'

response? How, in other words, do you read the nature and the significance of

Socrates' notion of "learning as recollection"? Discuss as critically and creatively as

possible.

4) After arguing that all learning is recollection, Socrates lets Meno talk him into an

investigation of the teach-ability of virtue. How does Socrates approach this question,

and what seems to be his ultimate answer? Do you think the answer Meno and

Socrates give to the problem is the answer Plato wants us to accept? Explain your

answer, and in the process, discuss, if you wish, how you think virtue is acquired.

Discuss as critically and creatively as possible.

5) One of the key implications of Plato's famous "Parable of the Cave" (despite it's rather

tragic ending) is that true freedom involves attaining knowledge of ultimate reality –

(otherwise, we will be perpetually enslaved to the "shadows on the wall" which are

no more than illusions). In other words, Plato would have us believe that

enlightenment is liberating. Of course, this notion is famously captured by the phrase,

"You shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free."

Considering this general viewpoint, then, do you personally believe that, in gaining

true knowledge of ourselves, of others, and the world, we will simultaneously be

gaining true freedom? Do you think such "true knowledge" is even possible or is all

knowledge "conditioned" or "colored" by the circumstances, the history, the culture,

the particular interests and values, of the knower? If you believe the latter, is it still

possible for some form of knowledge to be liberating? After summarizing the parable

clearly and in detail, discuss as fully and as clearly as possible, given the parameters

of the essay, your personal view of the relationship between knowledge and freedom.

6) As Harold Kushner suggests, there are at least three general propositions that seem to

underlie the thematic of the Book of Job, namely, that 1) God is omnipotent (that is,

He is all-powerful or supremely great); 2) God is supremely just and loving; and 3)

that Job is an essentially good or innocent man. In order to make sense of the story,

Kushner says that one of the propositions has to be denied, (that is, if you accept any

two propositions, you have to deny the third). In other words, the three propositions,

taken together, are not compatible with each other. Which of the propositions are

accepted and which denied by Job's friends? Which are accepted and which

challenged by Job? Is there yet a third or even a fourth possibility? What is

Kushner's alternative? What is your alternative? In order to make sense of the story,

which proposition do you think needs to be denied? If you think none needs to be

denied, how do you explain the compatibility of the three propositions? Discuss as

critically and creatively as possible.

7) Choose one of the three theodicies discussed by Hick, namely, the Augustinian, the

Irenaean, or the Process theodicy, and explain precisely how it answers the problem of

evil. After explaining the theodicy in as much detail as possible, discuss whether you

think the theodicy adequately solves the problem. Then discuss how you view the

problem and how you resolve it in your own heart and mind. Discuss as critically and

creatively as possible.

8) As an alternative to question #7 above, you might take perhaps two of the theodicies,

explain them, compare them, and then discuss which one you think more adequately

solves the problem of evil and why. If you feel that both fall short of providing an

adequate solution, you should, of course, explain this as well and then go on to

discuss your own perspective on the problem. Discuss as critically and creatively as

possible.

9) Another possibility would be to explain the problem of evil as clearly and as fully and

profoundly as you possibly can (calling upon any of the material we have covered in

Job, Kushner, Hick) and then try to develop as complete and sensitive a response to the

problem as you can. In other words, you could take the task and the challenge of your

essay to be the construction of your own unique theodicy. Discuss as critically and

creatively as possible.

And, as always,

Let me know if you have any questions at all about this essay assignment!