Mobile phone should not be banned in school

What Is Stress? 137 Stress and the DSM 138 Factors Predisposing a Person to Stress 138 Characteristics of Stressors 139 Measuring Life Stress 140 Resilience 140

Stress and Physical Health 141 The Stress Response 142 The Mind–Body Connection 143 Understanding the Immune System 143

Stress and Immune System Functioning 145 Stress and Cytokines 145 Chronic Stress and Inflammation 146 Stress and Premature Aging 147

The World Around Us Racial Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health in African Americans 147

Emotions and Health 149 Personality 149 Depression 150 Anxiety 151 Social Isolation and Lack of Social Support 151 Positive Emotions 151 The Importance of Emotion Regulation 153

Treatment of Stress-Related Physical Disorders 153 Biological Interventions 153 Psychological Interventions 153

Stress and Mental Health 155 Adjustment Disorder 155 Adjustment Disorder Caused by Unemployment 156 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 156

Perspectives to Understanding the Causes of Abnormal Behavior 66

The Biological Perspective 66 Genetic Vulnerabilities 67

Developments in Thinking Nature, Nurture, and Psychopathology: A New Look at an Old Topic 71

Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity 72 Imbalances of Neurotransmitters and Hormones 73 Temperament 75 The Impact of the Biological Viewpoint 76

The Psychological Perspective 76 The Psychodynamic Perspective 77

Developments in Thinking The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives 82

The Behavioral Perspective 83 The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective 86 What the Adoption of a Perspective Does and Does Not Do 89

The Social Perspective 90 Early Deprivation or Trauma 90 Problems in Parenting Style 93 Marital Discord and Divorce 95 Low Socioeconomic Status and Unemployment 96 Maladaptive Peer Relationships 97 Prejudice and Discrimination in Race, Gender, and Ethnicity 98 The Impact of the Social Perspective 99

The Cultural Perspective 99 Universal and Culture-Specific Symptoms of Disorders 99 Culture and Over- and Undercontrolled Behavior 100

The World Around Us Culture and Attachment Relationships 101

Unresolved Issues Theoretical Perspectives and the Causes of Abnormal Behavior 102 Summary 103

Key Terms 104

4 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis 106

The Basic Elements in Assessment 107 The Relationship Between Assessment and Diagnosis 107 Taking a Social or Behavioral History 108 Ensuring Culturally Sensitive Assessment Procedures 109 The Influence of Professional Orientation 109 Reliability, Validity, and Standardization 110 Trust and Rapport Between the Clinician and the Client 110

Assessment of the Physical Organism 111 The General Physical Examination 111 The Neurological Examination 111 The Neuropsychological Examination 114

Psychosocial Assessment 115

vi Contents

Biological Causal Factors 191 Psychological Causal Factors 192

Developments in Research Nocturnal Panic Attacks 194

Treatments 195

Generalized Anxiety Disorder 197

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Generalized Anxiety Disorder 198

Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 199 Comorbidity with Other Disorders 199 Psychological Causal Factors 199 Biological Causal Factors 201 Treatments 202

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 203 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 203

Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Why Is OCD No Longer Considered to Be an Anxiety Disorder? 203

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 205

Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 206 Comorbidity with Other Disorders 206 Psychological Causal Factors 206 Biological Causal Factors 208 Treatments 210 Body Dysmorphic Disorder 212

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Body Dysmorphic Disorder 213

Hoarding Disorder 215 Trichotillomania 215

Cultural Perspectives 216

The World Around Us Taijin Kyofusho 216

Unresolved Issues The Choice of Treatments: Medications or Cognitive-Behavior Therapy? 217 Summary 218

Key Terms 219

7 Mood Disorders and Suicide 220 Mood Disorders: An Overview 221

Types of Mood Disorders 221

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Major Depressive Disorder 222

The Prevalence of Mood Disorders 222

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Manic Episode 223

Unipolar Depressive Disorders 224 Major Depressive Disorder 224 Persistent Depressive Disorder 227

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Persistent Depressive Disorder 228

Other Forms of Depression 228

Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Was It Wise to Drop the Bereavement Exclusion for Major Depression? 229

Developments in Thinking A New DSM-5 Diagnosis: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 229

Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Changes to the Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD 157

Acute Stress Disorder 158

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Causes and Risk Factors 158

DSM-5 Criteria for… Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 159

Prevalence of PTSD in the General Population 160 Rates of PTSD after Traumatic Experiences 160 Causal Factors in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 162 Individual Risk Factors 162 Biological Factors 163 Sociocultural Factors 164 Long-Term Effects of Posttraumatic Stress 165

Prevention and Treatment of Stress Disorders 165 Prevention 165

The World Around Us Does Playing Tetris After a Traumatic Event Reduce Flashbacks? 166

Treatment for Stress Disorders 167 Trauma and Physical Health 168

The World Around Us Virtual Reality Exposure Treatment for PTSD in Military Personnel 169

Unresolved Issues Why Is the Study of Trauma So Contentious? 170 Summary 170

Key Terms 172

6 Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and Their Disorders 173

The Fear and Anxiety Response Patterns 174 Fear 174 Anxiety 175

Overview of the Anxiety Disorders and Their Commonalities 176

Specific Phobias 177

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Specific Phobia 177

Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 179 Psychological Causal Factors 179 Biological Causal Factors 181 Treatments 181

Social Phobia 183 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 183 Psychological Causal Factors 184

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) 184

Biological Causal Factors 185 Treatments 186

Panic Disorder 187

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Panic Disorder 188

Agoraphobia 188 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 189

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Agoraphobia 189

Comorbidity with Other Disorders 190 The Timing of a First Panic Attack 190

Contents vii

Developments in Research What Can Neuroimaging Tell Us about Conversion Disorder? 280

Treatment of Conversion Disorder 280

Developments in Practice Treatment of a Patient Who Was Mute 281

Factitious Disorder 281

DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Factitious Disorder 282

Distinguishing Between Different Types of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 283

Dissociative Disorders: An Overview 283

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 284