Models of career development ppt

Short Discussion Question

Choose 3 questions out of 6.

Write about 3 paragraphs each. (Total around 2~3 pages)

I've attached few powerpoint files which include career development theories. (please refer to it)

Depth answers. Add your own ideas, interpretations.

1. Give examples of how different cultural work values and worldviews can be sources of conflict and misunderstanding in the workplace.

2. Discuss some of the specific gender-related career issues and career counseling implications.

3. How have your gender and your cultural background influenced your career?

4. Describe some of the ways families are changing and the potential impact on career development.

5. Discuss the special needs of individuals with disabilities.

6. Describe some examples of discrimination gay/lesbian/bisexual persons might experience at work.

Career Counseling: A Holistic Approach

Theories of Career Development

Part I

Theories of Career Development

This chapter reviews 9 theories.
Grouped according to Gelso and Fretz (2001):
Trait-oriented

Social learning and cognitive

Developmental

Person-in-environment

Theories of Career Development

Initially vocational psychology focused on using assessments for job placement.
Beginning in the early 1950s, the field began to include other factors:
Self-concept

Self-knowledge

Developmental issues

Theories of Career Development

Theories have been criticized.
Vague about how to use findings

Out of touch with what practitioners need – a more direct link between theory and practice

Theories of Career Development

What is a theory?
What a theory is not
Theories can help us with guidelines for counseling.
Trait-Oriented Theories

Embedded in Parson’s paradigm
Individuals are attracted to occupational environments that meet their personal needs and provide them with satisfaction.
Include:
Trait-and-factor

Peron-environment-correspondence

John Holland’s typology

Trait-and-Factor Theory

Parsons (1909) maintained that vocational guidance is accomplished by:
Studying the individual

Surveying occupations

Matching the individual with the occupation.

This process is called trait-and-factor theory.
Trait-and-Factor Theory

Parson’s three-step procedures may at first glance be judged to be completely dominated by test results.
Brown, Brooks, and Associates (1990) argued that advocates of trait-and-factor approaches never approved of excessive use of testing.
Test results are only one means of evaluating individual differences (Williamson, 1939).
Trait-and-Factor Theory

Sharf (2002) summarized the advantages and disadvantages of trait-and-factor theory.
It is a static theory rather than a developmental one.

The following assumptions also raise concerns about this theory:
There is a single career goal for everyone.

Career decisions are primarily based on measured abilities.

Trait-and-Factor Theory

Prediger (1995) suggested that person-environment fit theory has enhanced the potential for a closer relationship between assessment and career counseling.
Prediger suggested a similarity model, designed not to predict success or to find the “ideal career,” but to provide a means of evaluating occupations that are similar to people in important ways.
Practical Applications

Major role of early approaches = diagnosis.
Contemporary practices expanded the use of test data.
Example

Holland’s typology

Instead of predicting success in particular career, the counselor interprets test data and informs client of similarities to workers in particular careers.

Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC)

Previously referred to as the theory of work adjustment (TWA).
The theory of work adjustment and person-environment-correspondence counseling (Dawis, 1996) involve workplace reinforcers that can lead to job satisfaction.
PEC Theory

Work is more than step-by-step task-oriented procedures.
Work includes human interaction and sources of satisfaction, dissatisfaction, rewards, stress, and many other psychological variables.

Individuals seek to achieve and maintain a positive relationship with their work environments.

PEC Theory

According to Dawis and Lofquist, individuals bring their requirements to a work environment, and the work environment makes its requirements of individuals.
To survive, the individual and the work environment must achieve some degree of congruence (correspondence).
To achieve this agreement, the individual must successfully meet the job requirements, and the work environment must fulfill the individual’s requirements.
PEC Theory

Examples of occupational reinforcers:
Achievement

Authority

Advancement

Coworkers

Activity

Security

Social service

Status

Variety

Lofquist and Dawis (1984) found a strong relationship between job satisfaction and work adjustment.
PEC Theory

Implication of the theory of work adjustment:
Job satisfaction should be evaluated according to several factors.

Job satisfaction is an important career counseling concern but does not alone measure work adjustment.

Job satisfaction is an important predictor of job tenure.

PEC Theory

Implications of the theory of work adjustment:
Individual needs and values are significant components of job satisfaction.

Individuals differ significantly in specific reinforcers of career satisfaction.

Career counselors should consider the reinforcers available in work environments and compare them with individual needs of clients.

PEC Theory

Career counselors use occupational information to assist clients in matching individual needs, interests, and abilities with patterns and levels of different reinforcers in the work environment.
A worker’s attempt to improve his or her fit within the work environment is referred to as work adjustment.

Practical Applications

Depends heavily on client assessment.
Major concern = abilities/skills and values
Presentation of assessment information should be tailored to client’s abilities, values, and style.
Highly verbal Verbal presentation

High spatial ability Graphic presentation

Work adjustment in today’s society
John Holland:
A Typology Approach

According to John Holland (1992), individuals are attracted to a given career by their particular personalities and numerous variables that constitute their backgrounds.
John Holland:
A Typology Approach

Career choice is an expression of, or an extension of, personality into the world of work followed by subsequent identification with specific occupational stereotypes.
Congruence of ones’ view of self with occupational preference establishes what Holland refers to as the modal personal style.
Holland’s Modal Personal Styles and Occupational Environments

Holland (1985, 1992)

Personal Styles

Themes

Occupational Environments

May lack social skills; prefers concrete vs. abstract work tasks; may seem frank, materialistic, and inflexible; usually has mechanical abilities

Realistic

Skilled trades such as plumber, electrician, and machine operator; technician skills such as airplane mechanic, photographer, draftsperson, and some service occupations

Very task-oriented; is interested in math and science; may be described as independent, analytical, and intellectual; may be reserved and defers leadership to others

Investigative

Scientific such as chemist, physicist, and mathematician; technician such as laboratory technician, computer programmer, and electronics worker

Prefers self-expression through the arts; may be described as imaginative, introspective, and independent; values aesthetics and creation of art forms

Artistic

Artistic such as sculptor, artist, and designer; musical such as music teacher, orchestra leader, and musician; literary such as editor, writer, and critic

Prefers social interaction and has good communication skills; is concerned with social problems, and is community-service-oriented; has interest in educational activities

Social

Educational such as teacher, educational administrator, and college professor; social welfare such as social worker, sociologist, rehabilitation counselor, and professional nurse

Prefers leadership roles; may be described as domineering, ambitious, and persuasive; makes use of good verbal skills

Enterprising

Managerial such as personnel, production, and sales manager; various sales positions, such as life insurance, real estate, and car salesperson

May be described as practical, well-controlled, sociable, and rather conservative; prefers structured tasks such as systematizing and manipulation of data and word processing

Conventional

Office and clerical worker such as timekeeper, file clerk, teller, accountant, keypunch operator, secretary, bookkeeper, receptionist, and credit manager

John Holland’s Typology

Holland’s 6 occupational environments/personal orientations can be arranged in a hexagon.
Realistic

Investigative

Artistic

Social

Enterprising

Conventional

John Holland’s Typology

The categories next to each other on the hexagon are most similar.
The categories opposite of each other on the hexagon are most dissimilar.
Realistic

Investigative

Artistic

Social

Enterprising

Conventional

John Holland’s Typology

A code is used to represent the relative strength of client characteristics.
Example: SEC

Realistic

Investigative

Artistic

Social

Enterprising

Conventional

The Hexagon of General Occupational Themes (GOTs)

Investigative

Enterprising

Social

Artistic

Conventional

Realistic

GOT: Realistic

Investigative

Enterprising

Social

Artistic

Conventional

Realistic

Realistic: The Doers

Like to work with their hands, tools/machines, computers
Rugged, practical, physically strong, sensible, self-reliant
Enjoy fixing, building, repairing, working outdoors
Motivated to use hands-on skills to produce tangible results
Work Environments

Sample Jobs

Manufacturing or industrial firms
Construction, mining and energy industries
Transportation fields (air, trucking, local transit, etc.)
The outdoors; small, rural communities
Situations permitting casual dress
Structured settings, clear lines of authority
Forester
Law Enforcement
Military
Carpenter
Engineer
Veterinarian
Computer & IS
Radiology Technologist
Interests:

Motivated to use hands-on skills to produce tangible results
Likes to work with their hands, tools, machinery, computer networks
Rugged, practical, physically strong
Described as practical, persistent, adventurous, sensible, self-reliant
Buys boats, campers, hiking equipment
Workplace

Manufacturing or industrial firms with tangible products
Construction, mining and energy industries
Transportation fields (air, trucking, local transit, etc.)
The outdoors; small, rural communities
Situations permitting casual dress
Sample Job titles:

Forester
Carpenter
Veterinarian
Radiological Technologist
GOT: Investigative

Investigative

Enterprising

Social

Artistic

Conventional

Realistic

Investigative: The Thinkers

Like to gather information, uncover new facts/theories, and interpret data
Potentially competent in science, math, analysis
Described as curious, independent, reserved, non-conforming
Motivated to probe questions of intellectual curiosity
Work Environments

Sample Jobs

Unstructured organizations that allow freedom in work styles
Research and design laboratories and firms
Universities and colleges
Medical facilities
Computer-related industries
Scientific foundations and think tanks
Chemist
Software Developer
R&D Manager
Veterinarian
University Professor
Physician
Science Teacher
Interests:

Motivated to probe questions of intellectual curiosity
Likes to gather information, uncover new facts/theories, and interpret data
Potentially competent in science, math, analysis, writing and problem solving
Described as curious, independent, reserved, rational, non-conforming
Buys telescopes, computers, electronic equipment, sailboats, etc.
Workplace

Research and design laboratories
Universities and colleges
Medical facilities
Scientific foundations and think tanks
Job titles

Chemist
R&D Manager
Veterinarian
Respiratory Therapist
Science Teacher
GOT: Artistic

Investigative

Enterprising

Social

Artistic

Conventional

Realistic

Artistic: The Creators

Like art, music, drama, etc.
Enjoy writing, creating or appreciating art, acting/performing
Described as impulsive, non-conforming, independent
Motivated to express themselves through their work
Work Environments

Sample Jobs

Unstructured, flexible organizations that allow self-expression
Art studios
Theaters and concert halls
Institutions that teach artistic skills (universities, music & dance schools, art institutes, etc.)
Museums, libraries, galleries
Advertising, public relations, graphic design and interior-design firms
Artist
Architect
Librarian
Attorney
Journalist
Medical Illustrator
Public Relations Director
Musician
Interests:

Motivated to express themselves through their work
Express their interests in leisure as well as vocational activities
Described as impulsive, non-conforming & independent
Buys art objects, books, instruments
Workplace

Unstructured, flexible organizations that allow self-expression
Institutions that teach artistic skills (universities, music & dance schools, art institutes, etc.)
Museums, libraries, galleries
Job titles

Librarian
Urban & Regional Planner
Broadcast Journalist
Medical Illustrator
Public Relations Director
Musician
GOT: Social

Investigative

Enterprising

Social

Artistic

Conventional

Realistic

Social: The Helpers

Like to work with people, often in groups
Enjoy helping, nurturing, and teaching
Solve problems through discussions and interactions with others
Described as humanistic, idealistic, cooperative
Motivated to help and empower
Work Environments

Sample Jobs

Social service agencies
Schools
Religious organizations
Human resources departments
Medical service and healthcare facilities
Mental health clinics
Social Worker
Athletic Trainer
School Counselor
Registered Nurse
Elementary School Teacher
Dietitian
Community Service Director
Interests

Motivated to help and empower
Likes to work with people, often in groups
Enjoy helping, nurturing, and teaching, especially young people
Solve problems through discussions of feelings and interactions with others
May enjoy working with people through leading, directing and persuading.
Described as humanistic, idealistic, cooperative
Spends money on social events and charity
Workplace

Medical service and healthcare facilities
Mental health clinics
Job titles

Parks & Recreation Manager
School Counselor
School Administrator
Registered Nurse
Elementary School Teacher
Dietitian
GOT: Enterprising

Investigative

Enterprising

Social

Artistic

Conventional

Realistic

Enterprising:The Persuaders

Enjoy working with people and leading them toward organizational goals and/or economic success
Like to lead, manage, persuade, give speeches
Seek positions of leadership, power, status
Described as persuasive, competitive, energetic, sociable
Motivated to persuade others of the merits of an idea or product
Work Environments

Sample Jobs

Industrial and manufacturing firms
Government and political organizations
Seats of power and finance (large corporations, brokerage firms, executive offices, etc.)
Retail and wholesale firms
Fund-raising organizations
Independently owned businesses
Investments Manager
Realtor
Buyer
Marketing Manager
Human Resources Manager
Chef
Elected Public Official
Interests:

Motivated to persuade others of the merits of an idea or product
Enjoy working with other people and leading them toward organizational goals and/or economic success
Seeks positions of leadership, power, status
Likes to lead groups, give speeches, manage people and projects, persuade
Described as persuasive, adventuresome, competitive, energetic, sociable, optimistic
Buys country club memberships, sporting event tickets, nice cars
Workplace:

Industrial and manufacturing firms
Seats of power and finance (large corporations, brokerage firms, executive offices, etc.)
Retail and wholesale firms
Job titles:

Investments Manager
Restaurant Manager
Realtor
Operations Manager
Buyer
Marketing Manager
Human Resources Manager
GOT: Conventional

Investigative

Enterprising

Social

Artistic

Conventional

Realistic

Conventional:The Organizers

Like activities requiring attention to detail, organization, accuracy and data systems
Enjoy mathematics and data management activities
Described as practical, organized, systematic, accurate, conscientious
Motivated to organize information, bring order to data and things
Work Environments

Sample Jobs

Large corporations
Business offices
Financial institutions (banks, credit companies, etc.)
Accounting firms
Quality control and inspection departments
Structured organizations with well-ordered chains of command
Banker
Computer Systems Analyst
Paralegal
Actuary
Financial Analyst
Accountant
Business Education Teacher
Interests

Motivated to organize information and bring order to data and things
Likes activities requiring attention to detail, organization, accuracy and data systems.
Enjoys mathematics and data management activities
Described as practical, organized, systematic, accurate, conscientious
Buys hobby collections (stamps, antiques, etc), home improvement supplies, games
Workplace

Large corporations
Business offices
Accounting firms
Job titles

Paralegal
Financial Analyst
Accountant
Nursing Home Administrator
Food Services Manager
Business Education Teacher
The Hexagon of General Occupational Themes

Investigative

Enterprising

Social

Artistic

Conventional

Realistic

Holland’s Theory - Assumptions

Most people can be categorized as one of six types.
There are six kinds of environments.
People search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles.
Holland’s Hexagonal Model

Consistency: The closer the types are on the hexagon, the more consistent the individual is.
Example: ESA would have higher consistency than RAE.

Differentiation: Individuals who fit a pure personality type will express little resemblance to other types.
Those who fit several personality types are considered undifferentiated.

Holland’s Hexagonal Model

Identity: Individuals who have a clear and stable picture of goals, interests, talents.
Congruence: When an individual’s personality type matches the environment.
Calculus: The theoretical relationships between types of occupational environments lend themselves to empirical research.
John Holland’s Typology

Knowledge of both self and occupational environment is critical.
Theory is primarily descriptive.
RIASEC model has been tested with wide range of ethnically diverse individuals.
John Holland’s Typology

Theory emphasizes the accuracy of self-knowledge and occupational information necessary for career decision making.
Impact on interest assessments
Practicality
Most of Holland’s propositions are clearly defined and lend themselves to empirical evaluations.
John Holland’s Typology - Practical Applications

Several inventories available designed by Holland and others for use with his theory:
Vocational Preference Inventory

My Vocational Situation

The Position Classification Inventory

Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory

Self-Directed Search (SDS)

Steps in using the SDS

Trait-Oriented Theories -- Summary

Emphasize how standardized tests are used.
Human traits can be matched with work environments to evaluate potential work sites.
Individual’s work needs can be compared with components of job satisfaction found in certain occupational environments.
Self-knowledge is essential for evaluating career information.
Trait-Oriented Theories -- Summary

One should consider a number of occupations that matches their personal needs and abilities.
More attention needs to be given to work adjustment, job satisfaction, and problems faced by people in career transition.
Individuals in the 21st century will change jobs several times over their life span.

The job market will continue to fluctuate.

Workers will be required to adapt quickly, will be challenged with new procedures, tools, requirements, culturally diverse coworkers, etc.

Interests:

Motivated to use hands-on skills to produce tangible results
Likes to work with their hands, tools, machinery, computer networks
Rugged, practical, physically strong
Described as practical, persistent, adventurous, sensible, self-reliant
Buys boats, campers, hiking equipment
Workplace

Manufacturing or industrial firms with tangible products
Construction, mining and energy industries
Transportation fields (air, trucking, local transit, etc.)
The outdoors; small, rural communities
Situations permitting casual dress
Sample Job titles:

Forester
Carpenter
Veterinarian
Radiological Technologist
Interests:

Motivated to probe questions of intellectual curiosity
Likes to gather information, uncover new facts/theories, and interpret data
Potentially competent in science, math, analysis, writing and problem solving
Described as curious, independent, reserved, rational, non-conforming
Buys telescopes, computers, electronic equipment, sailboats, etc.
Workplace

Research and design laboratories
Universities and colleges
Medical facilities
Scientific foundations and think tanks
Job titles

Chemist
R&D Manager
Veterinarian
Respiratory Therapist
Science Teacher
Interests:

Motivated to express themselves through their work
Express their interests in leisure as well as vocational activities
Described as impulsive, non-conforming & independent
Buys art objects, books, instruments
Workplace

Unstructured, flexible organizations that allow self-expression
Institutions that teach artistic skills (universities, music & dance schools, art institutes, etc.)
Museums, libraries, galleries
Job titles

Librarian
Urban & Regional Planner
Broadcast Journalist
Medical Illustrator
Public Relations Director
Musician
Interests

Motivated to help and empower
Likes to work with people, often in groups
Enjoy helping, nurturing, and teaching, especially young people
Solve problems through discussions of feelings and interactions with others
May enjoy working with people through leading, directing and persuading.
Described as humanistic, idealistic, cooperative
Spends money on social events and charity
Workplace

Medical service and healthcare facilities
Mental health clinics
Job titles

Parks & Recreation Manager
School Counselor
School Administrator
Registered Nurse
Elementary School Teacher
Dietitian
Interests:

Motivated to persuade others of the merits of an idea or product
Enjoy working with other people and leading them toward organizational goals and/or economic success
Seeks positions of leadership, power, status
Likes to lead groups, give speeches, manage people and projects, persuade
Described as persuasive, adventuresome, competitive, energetic, sociable, optimistic
Buys country club memberships, sporting event tickets, nice cars
Workplace:

Industrial and manufacturing firms
Seats of power and finance (large corporations, brokerage firms, executive offices, etc.)
Retail and wholesale firms
Job titles:

Investments Manager
Restaurant Manager
Realtor
Operations Manager
Buyer
Marketing Manager
Human Resources Manager
Interests

Motivated to organize information and bring order to data and things
Likes activities requiring attention to detail, organization, accuracy and data systems.
Enjoys mathematics and data management activities
Described as practical, organized, systematic, accurate, conscientious
Buys hobby collections (stamps, antiques, etc), home improvement supplies, games
Workplace

Large corporations
Business offices
Accounting firms
Job titles

Paralegal
Financial Analyst
Accountant
Nursing Home Administrator
Food Services Manager
Business Education Teacher
Holland’s Modal Personal Styles and Occupational Environments

Holland (1985, 1992)

Personal Styles Themes Occupational Environments

May lack social skills; prefers concrete vs.

abstract work tasks; may seem frank,

materialistic, and inflexible; usually h as

mechanical abilities

Realistic Skilled trades such as plumber, electrician,

and machine operator; technician skills such

as airplane mechanic, photographer,

draftsperson, and some service occupations

Very task-oriented; is interested in math and

science; may be described as independent,

analytical, and intellectual; may be reserved

and defers leadership to others

Investigative Scientific such as chemist, physicist, and

mathematician; technician such as laboratory

technician, computer programmer, and

electronics worker

Prefers self-expression through the arts; may

be described as imaginative, introspective,

and independent; values aesthetics and

creation of art forms

Artistic Artistic such as sculptor, artist, and designer;

musical such as music teacher, orchestra

leader, and musician; literary such as editor,

writer, and critic

Prefers social interaction and has good

communication skills; is concerned with social

problems, and is community -service-oriented;

has interest in educational activities

Social Educational such as teacher, educational

administrator, and college professor; social

welfare such as social worker, sociologist,

rehabilitation counselor, and professional

nurse

Prefers leadership roles; may be described as

domineering, ambitious, and pe rsuasive;

makes use of good verbal skills

Enterprising Managerial such as personnel, production,

and sales manager; various sales positions,

such as life insurance, real estate, and car

salesperson

May be described as practical, well -controlled,

sociable, and rather conservative; prefers

structured tasks such as systematizing and

manipulation of data and word processing

Conventional Office and clerical worker such as

timekeeper, file clerk, teller, accountant,

keypunch operator, secretary, bookkeeper,

receptionist, and credit manager