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Series editors Keith Brown, Eve V. Clark, Jim Miller, Lesley Milroy, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Peter Roach

Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics

Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics

D. Alan Cruse University of Manchester

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

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OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan

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© Oxford University Press 2000

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Data applied for) ISBN 0-19-870010-5

1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Typeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Bath Press Ltd., Bath, Avon

To Paute, Pierre, and Lisette

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Contents

Part 2 Words and their Meanings 5 Introduction to lexical semantics

6 Contextual variability of word meaning

7 Word meanings and concepts

8 Paradigmatic sense relations of inclusion and identity

9 Paradigmatic relations of exclusion and opposition

10 Word fields

11 Extensions of meaning

12 Syntagmatic relations

13 Lexical decomposition

Part 3 Semantics and Grammar 14 Grammatical semantics

Parti Fundamental Notions 1 Introduction

2 Logical matters

3 Types and dimensions of meaning

4 Compositionality

Typographic conventions

Preface

ix