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System Forensics, Investigation, and Response

ISSA INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY & ASSURANCE SERIES

THIRD EDITION

Chuck Easttom

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Easttom, Chuck, author. Title: System forensics, investigation, and response / Chuck Easttom. Description: Third Edition. | Burlington, MA : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2019] | Revised edition of the author’s System forensics, investigation, and response, c2014. Identifiers: LCCN 2017018109 | ISBN

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Contents Preface

About the Author

PART I Introduction to Forensics

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Forensics What Is Computer Forensics?

Using Scientific Knowledge

Collecting

Analyzing

Presenting

Understanding the Field of Digital Forensics

What Is Digital Evidence?

Scope-Related Challenges to System

Forensics

Types of Digital System Forensics

Analysis

General Guidelines

Knowledge Needed for Computer Forensics Analysis

Hardware

Software

Networks

Addresses

Obscured Information and Anti-Forensics

The Daubert Standard

U.S. Laws Affecting Digital Forensics

The Federal Privacy Act of 1974

The Privacy Protection Act of 1980

The Communications Assistance for Law

Enforcement Act of 1994

The Electronic Communications Privacy

Act of 1986

The Computer Security Act of 1987

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

of 1978

The Child Protection and Sexual Predator

Punishment Act of 1998

The Children’s Online Privacy Protection

Act of 1998

The Communications Decency Act of 1996

The Telecommunications Act of 1996

The Wireless Communications and Public

Safety Act of 1999

The USA Patriot Act of 2001

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

18 U.S.C. § 1030: Fraud and Related

Activity in Connection with Computers

18 U.S.C. § 1020: Fraud and Related

Activity in Connection with Access Devices

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act

(DMCA) of 1998

18 U.S.C. § 1028A: Identity Theft and

Aggravated Identity Theft

18 U.S.C. § 2251: Sexual Exploitation of

Children

Warrants

Federal Guidelines

The FBI

The Secret Service

The Regional Computer Forensics

Laboratory Program

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 1 ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 2 Overview of Computer Crime

How Computer Crime Affects Forensics

Identity Theft

Phishing

Spyware

Discarded Information

How Does This Crime Affect Forensics?

Hacking

SQL Injection

Cross-Site Scripting

Ophcrack

Tricking Tech Support

Hacking in General

Cyberstalking and Harassment

Real Cyberstalking Cases

Fraud

Investment Offers

Data Piracy

Non-Access Computer Crimes

Denial of Service

Viruses

Logic Bombs

Cyberterrorism

How Does This Crime Affect Forensics?

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 2 ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 3 Forensic Methods and Labs

Forensic Methodologies

Handle Original Data as Little as Possible

Comply with the Rules of Evidence

Avoid Exceeding Your Knowledge

Create an Analysis Plan

Technical Information Collection

Considerations

Formal Forensic Approaches

Department of Defense Forensic

Standards

The Digital Forensic Research Workshop

Framework

The Scientific Working Group on Digital

Evidence Framework

An Event-Based Digital Forensics

Investigation Framework

Documentation of Methodologies and Findings

Disk Structure

File Slack Searching

Evidence-Handling Tasks

Evidence-Gathering Measures

Expert Reports

How to Set Up a Forensic Lab

Equipment

Security

American Society of Crime Laboratory

Directors

Common Forensic Software Programs

EnCase

Forensic Toolkit

OSForensics

Helix

Kali Linux

AnaDisk Disk Analysis Tool

CopyQM Plus Disk Duplication Software

The Sleuth Kit

Disk Investigator

Forensic Certifications

EnCase Certified Examiner Certification

AccessData Certified Examiner

OSForensics

Certified Cyber Forensics Professional

EC Council Computer Hacking Forensic

Investigator

High Tech Crime Network Certifications

Global Information Assurance Certification

Certifications

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 3 ASSESSMENT

PART II Technical Overview: System Forensics Tools, Techniques, and Methods

CHAPTER 4 Collecting, Seizing, and Protecting Evidence Proper Procedure

Shutting Down the Computer

Transporting the Computer System to a

Secure Location

Preparing the System

Documenting the Hardware Configuration

of the System

Mathematically Authenticating Data on All

Storage Devices

Handling Evidence

Collecting Data

Documenting Filenames, Dates, and Times

Identifying File, Program, and Storage

Anomalies

Evidence-Gathering Measures

Storage Formats

Magnetic Media

Solid-State Drives

Digital Audio Tape Drives

Digital Linear Tape and Super DLT

Optical Media

Using USB Drives

File Formats

Forensic Imaging

Imaging with EnCase

Imaging with the Forensic Toolkit

Imaging with OSForensics

RAID Acquisitions

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 4 ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER LAB

CHAPTER 5 Understanding Techniques for Hiding and Scrambling Information Steganography

Historical Steganography

Steganophony

Video Steganography

More Advanced Steganography

Steganalysis

Invisible Secrets

MP3Stego

Additional Resources

Encryption

The History of Encryption

Modern Cryptography

Breaking Encryption

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 5 ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 6 Recovering Data Undeleting Data

File Systems and Hard Drives

Windows

Forensically Scrubbing a File or Folder

Linux

Macintosh

Recovering Information from Damaged Media

Physical Damage Recovery Techniques

Recovering Data After Logical Damage

File Carving

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 6 ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 7 Email Forensics

How Email Works

Email Protocols

Faking Email

Email Headers

Getting Headers in Outlook

Getting Headers from Yahoo! Email

Getting Headers from Gmail

Other Email Clients

Email Files

Paraben’s Email Examiner

ReadPST

Tracing Email

Email Server Forensics

Email and the Law

The Fourth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution

The Electronic Communications Privacy

Act

The CAN-SPAM Act

18 U.S.C. 2252B

The Communication Assistance to Law

Enforcement Act

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

The USA Patriot Act

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 7 ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 8 Windows Forensics

Windows Details

Windows History

64-Bit

The Boot Process

Important Files

Volatile Data

Tools

Windows Swap File

Windows Logs

Windows Directories

UserAssist

Unallocated/Slack Space

Alternate Data Streams

Index.dat

Windows Files and Permissions

MAC

The Registry

USB Information

Wireless Networks

Tracking Word Documents in the Registry

Malware in the Registry

Uninstalled Software

Passwords

ShellBag

Prefetch

Volume Shadow Copy

Memory Forensics

Volatility

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 8 ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 9 Linux Forensics

Linux and Forensics

Linux Basics

Linux History

Linux Shells

Graphical User Interface

K Desktop Environment (KDE)/Plasma

Linux Boot Process

Logical Volume Manager

Linux Distributions

Linux File Systems

Ext

The Reiser File System

The Berkeley Fast File System

Linux Logs

The /var/log/faillog Log

The /var/log/kern.log Log

The /var/log/lpr.log Log

The /var/log/mail.* Log

The /var/log/mysql.* Log

The /var/log/apache2/* Log

The /var/log/lighttpd/* Log

The /var/log/apport.log Log

Other Logs

Viewing Logs

Linux Directories

The /root Directory

The /bin Directory

The /sbin Directory

The /etc Folder

The /etc/inittab File

The /dev Directory

The /mnt Directory

The /boot Directory

The /usr Directory

The /var Directory

The /var/spool Directory

The /proc Directory

Shell Commands for Forensics

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

The Command

Can You Undelete in Linux?

Manual Method

Kali Linux Forensics

Forensics Tools for Linux

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 9 ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 10 Macintosh Forensics

Mac Basics

Mac History

Mac File Systems

Partition Types

Macintosh Logs

The /var/log Log

The /var/spool/cups Folder

The /Library/Receipts Folder

The /Users/<user>/.bash_history Log

The /var/vm Folder

The /Users/ Directory

The /Users/<user>/Library/Preferences/

Folder

Directories

The /Volumes Directory

The /Users Directory

The /Applications Directory

The /Network Directory

The /etc Directory

The

/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/dom.apple.preferences.plist

File

Macintosh Forensic Techniques

Target Disk Mode

Searching Virtual Memory

Shell Commands

How to Examine a Mac

Can You Undelete in Mac?

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS

CHAPTER 10 ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 11 Mobile Forensics

Cellular Device Concepts

Terms

Operating Systems

The BlackBerry

What Evidence You Can Get from a Cell Phone

Types of Investigations

Phone states

Seizing Evidence from a Mobile Device

The iPhone

BlackBerry

JTAG

CHAPTER SUMMARY

KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS