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NFPA® 101®

Life Safety Code®

2015 Edition

NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 An International Codes and Standards Organization

Customer ID

129195

Copyright 2016 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Licensed, by agreement, for individual use and download on March 30, 2016 to Iupui for designated user Barbara Christe. No other reproduction or transmission in any form permitted without written permission of NFPA. For inquiries or to report unauthorized use, contact licensing@nfpa.org.

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1/14 ISBN: 978-145590902-5 (Print) ISBN: 978-145590942-1 (PDF)

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To access the Document Information Page for a specific NFPA Standard, go to http://www.nfpa.org/docinfo to choose from the list of NFPA Standards or use the search feature on the right to select the NFPA Standard number (e.g., NFPA 101). In addition to posting all existing Tentative Interim Amendments and Errata, the Document Information Page also includes the option to sign-up for an “Alert” feature to receive an email notification when new updates and other information are posted regarding the document.

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IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NFPA® STANDARDS

ADDITIONAL NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS

Updating of NFPA Standards

Users of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (“NFPA Standards”) should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments or corrected by Errata. An official NFPA Standard at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any Tentative Interim Amendments and any Errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments or corrected through the issuance of Errata, consult appropriate NFPA publications such as the National Fire Codes® Subscription Service, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org, or contact the NFPA at the address listed below.

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NFPA 101®

Life Safety Code

2015 Edition

This edition of NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, was prepared by the Technical Committees on lternative Approaches to Life Safety, Assembly Occupancies, Board and Care Facilities, uilding Service and Fire Protection Equipment, Detention and Correctional Occupancies, ducational and Day-Care Occupancies, Fire Protection Features, Fundamentals, Health are Occupancies, Industrial, Storage, and Miscellaneous Occupancies, Interior Finish and ontents, Means of Egress, Mercantile and Business Occupancies, and Residential Occupan- ies, released by the Correlating Committee on Safety to Life, and acted on by NFPA at its June ssociation Technical Meeting held June 9–12, 2014, in Las Vegas, NV. It was issued by the tandards Council on August 14, 2014, with an effective date of September 3, 2014, and upersedes all previous editions.

Several Tentative Interim Amendments (TIAs), indicated by boxed notices at the appro- riate areas within the document, were issued on August 14, 2014. These TIAs implement tandards Council Decision D#14-1 to temporarily withdraw NFPA 1124 and end all NFPA tandards development activities relating to the storage and retail sales of consumer fire- orks. For further information, see Decision D#14-1 at http://www.nfpa.org/sc2014.

Additional TIAs were issued on August 14, 2014, for NFPA 101 addressing topics other than onsumer fireworks and similarly indicated by boxed notices at the appropriate areas within he document.

For further information on Tentative Interim Amendments, see Section 5 of the Regula- ions Governing the Development of NFPA Standards, available at http://www.nfpa.org/regs.

This edition of NFPA 101 was approved as an American National Standard on September 3, 014.

Origin and Development of NFPA 101 The Life Safety Code had its origin in the work of the Committee on Safety to Life of the

ational Fire Protection Association, which was appointed in 1913. In 1912, a pamphlet titled xit Drills in Factories, Schools, Department Stores and Theaters was published following its presen- ation by the late Committee member R. H. Newbern at the 1911 Annual Meeting of the ssociation. Although the pamphlet’s publication antedated the organization of the Commit-

ee, it was considered a Committee publication.

For the first few years of its existence, the Committee on Safety to Life devoted its attention to study of the notable fires involving loss of life and to analyzing the causes of this loss of life. This ork led to the preparation of standards for the construction of stairways, fire escapes, and other gress routes for fire drills in various occupancies, and for the construction and arrangement of xit facilities for factories, schools, and other occupancies. These reports were adopted by the ational Fire Protection Association and published in pamphlet form as Outside Stairs for Fire Exits

1916) and Safeguarding Factory Workers from Fire (1918). These pamphlets served as a groundwork or the present Code. These pamphlets were widely circulated and put into general use.

In 1921, the Committee on Safety to Life was enlarged to include representatives of certain nterested groups not previously participating in the standard’s development. The Commit- ee then began to further develop and integrate previous Committee publications to provide comprehensive guide to exits and related features of life safety from fire in all classes of

ccupancy. Known as the Building Exits Code, various drafts were published, circulated, and iscussed over a period of years, and the first edition of the Building Exits Code was published y the National Fire Protection Association in 1927. Thereafter, the Committee continued its eliberations, adding new material on features not originally covered and revising various etails in the light of fire experience and practical experience in the use of the Code. New ditions were published in 1929, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1942, and 1946 to incorporate the mendments adopted by the National Fire Protection Association.

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National attention was focused on the importance of adequate exits and related fire safety features after the Cocoanut Grove Night Club fire in Boston in 1942 in which 492 lives were lost. Public attention to exit matters was further stimulated by the series of hotel fires in 1946 (LaSalle, Chicago — 61 dead; Canfield, Dubuque — 19 dead; and Winecoff, Atlanta — 119 dead). The Building Exits Code, thereafter, was used to an increasing extent for regulatory purposes. However, the Code was not written in language suitable for adoption into law, because it had been drafted as a reference document and contained advisory provisions that were useful to building designers but inappropriate for legal use. This led to a decision by the Committee to re-edit the entire Code, limiting the body of the text to require- ments suitable for mandatory application and placing advisory and explanatory material in notes. The re-editing expanded Code provisions to cover additional occupancies and building features to produce a complete document. The Code expansion was carried on concurrently with development of the 1948, 1949, 1951, and 1952 editions. The results were incorporated into the 1956 edition and further refined in subsequent editions dated 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, and 1963.

In 1955, NFPA 101B, on nursing homes, and NFPA 101C, on interior finish, were published. NFPA 101C was revised in 1956. These publications have since been withdrawn.

In 1963, the Committee on Safety to Life was restructured to represent all interested factions and to include only those members with broad knowledge of fire matters. The Committee served as a review and correlating committee for seven sectional committees whose personnel included members having a special knowledge and interest in various portions of the Code.

Under the revised structure, the sectional committees, through the Committee on Safety to Life, prepared the 1966 edition of the Code, which was a complete revision of the 1963 edition. The Code title was changed from Building Exits Code to Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures. The Code text was written in enforceable “code lan- guage,” and all explanatory notes were placed in an appendix.

The Code was placed on a 3-year revision schedule, with new editions adopted in 1967, 1970, 1973, and 1976.

In 1977, the Committee on Safety to Life was reorganized as a technical committee, with an executive committee and standing subcommittees responsible for various chapters and sections. The 1981 edition contained major editorial changes, including reorganization within the occupancy chapters, to make them parallel to each other, and the splitting of requirements for new and existing buildings into separate chapters. Chapters on detention and correc- tional facilities were added, as well as new sections for ambulatory health care centers.

The 1985 edition contained a new Chapter 21 on residential board and care occupancies with related Appendix F and Appendix G, a new Appendix D on alternative calculations for stair width, and Appendix E, a fire safety evaluation system (FSES) for detention and correctional facilities.

The 1988 edition contained a major change in the method of determining egress capacity with the deletion of the traditional units of exit width and the substitution of a straight linear approach to calculating egress capacity. Appendix C through Appendix G were moved from NFPA 101 into a new document, NFPA 101M.

The 1991 edition contained numerous new requirements for mandatory sprinklers in new health care facilities, hotels, apartment buildings, lodging and room houses, and board and care facilities, as well as mandatory sprinkler requirements for existing high-rise hotels and apartment buildings. The requirements for board and care facilities were split into two chapters, Chapter 22 for new construction and Chapter 23 for existing buildings.

The 1994 edition contained new requirements for accessible means of egress, areas of refuge, and ramps, putting the Code in substantial agreement with the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG).

The 1997 edition relocated the material on day-care occupancies from Chapters 10 and 11 for new and existing educational occupancies to new Chapters 30 and 31. The operating features requirements, previously contained in Chapter 31, were interspersed throughout the Code, as applicable.

The 2000 edition introduced a performance-based option via Section 4.4 and new Chapter 5. That edition also refor- mated the Code for substantial compliance with the NFPA Manual of Style: (1) former Chapter 1, General, was split into Chapter 1, Administration, and Chapter 4, General; (2) the mandatory references list was moved from Chapter 33 to Chapter 2; (3) all definitions were moved into Chapter 3, and each defined term was numbered; (4) the paragraph numbering style that separated the chapter number from the section number using a hyphen was changed to the use of a decimal point as the separator; and (5) the appendixes were renamed annexes. Former Chapter 32 on special structures and high-rise buildings was moved to Chapter 11 to join the core chapters (i.e., the chapters that are not occupancy specific). The subject of interior finish, contents, and furnishings was moved from Section 6.5 into a separate new chapter, Chapter 10. The occupancy chapters, formerly Chapters 8 through 32, became Chapters 12 through 42, with some reposi- tioning of chapters. For example, the day-care occupancies chapters were renumbered from Chapters 30/31 to Chap- ters 16/17, so as to be positioned immediately after the chapters for educational occupancies.

The 2003 edition reformatted all exceptions into numbered or lettered paragraphs. Some reformatting of para- graphs with multiple requirements was done for additional compliance with the NFPA Manual of Style.

The 2006 edition repositioned the inch-pound (U.S. Customary) units to appear first, followed by the metric equivalent (SI) units in parentheses. New Chapter 43, Building Rehabilitation, was added to promote the adaptive reuse of existing buildings without sacrificing needed life safety.

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The 2009 edition added provisions to Chapter 7 for electrically controlled egress doors, horizontal-sliding doors erving an area with an occupant load of fewer than 10, elevator lobby access door locking, and door inspection and aintenance. The remoteness criteria of Chapter 7 were expanded to have applicability to all three portions of the eans of egress — exit access, exit, and exit discharge. Extensive revisions were made throughout the Code to standard-

ze the use of the terms stories in height, finished ground level, grade plane, basement, and level of exit discharge. Section 9.6 and he applicable occupancy chapters were revised to limit the use of public address systems for occupant alarm notifica- ion to large venue assembly occupancies and mercantile mall buildings, where the physical configuration, function, nd human behavior present challenges with respect to effective occupant notification by standard means in accor- ance with NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm Code®. A subsection was added to Chapter 11 for special provisions applicable o air traffic control towers. The criteria for assembly stage proscenium opening fire curtains were deleted from hapter 12 and replaced by a reference to the new fire curtain provisions of NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other pening Protectives. Provisions were added to Chapters 14 through 17 for the placement and use of alcohol-based and-rub dispensers in educational and day-care occupancies. The provisions of Chapters 18 and 19 were expanded to ddress door locking where the needs of patients or clients require specialized protective measures for their safety and ecurity in hospitals, nursing homes, and limited care facilities. Also, a limitation on common path of travel was added o Chapter 18 for new health care occupancies; the requirement for patient sleeping room windows was deleted for ew and existing health care occupancies; and all existing high-rise health care occupancy buildings must be sprin- lered within 12 years of the adoption of this edition of the Code. Numerous occupancy chapters were revised to equire emergency plans in accordance with Section 4.8. Chapter 43 on building rehabilitation was revised to address ssues not identified when the chapter was written for the 2003 edition and to delete redundancies. An adoptable nnex was added for elevators for occupant evacuation prior to Phase I Emergency Recall Operations. Another doptable annex was added for supplemental escape devices and systems.

The 2012 edition expanded what had been the definitions of noncombustible material and limited-combustible material nd moved the material to new subsections in Chapter 4. The material addressing elevators for occupant controlled vacuation which had comprised Annex B was moved to Chapter 7. A new section was added to Chapter 7 to address ormally unoccupied building service equipment support areas. The Chapter 8 table addressing minimum fire pro-

ection ratings for opening protectives was expanded. Provisions for carbon monoxide detection were added to hapter 9. Requirements for carbon monoxide detection were added to some of the occupancy chapters. The health are occupancies provisions were modified to permit the health care setting to be made more homelike.

The 2015 edition includes new provisions in Chapter 4 detailing the code requirements hierarchy to be applied where a rovision in one chapter conflicts with a provision in another chapter. Means of egress provisions were revised or added elative to rooms opening directly onto an exit enclosure, door opening threshold height for spaces not normally occupied, oor encroachment on egress width, existing door frames without labels, security access turnstiles, handrail orientation on laring-width stairs, horizontal exit stacking, horizontal exit exterior wall extensions, elevators in towers, occupant evacua- ion elevators, and occupant load factors for ambulatory health care and concentrated business use. Atrium walls are ermitted to serve as part of the separation for creating separated occupancies on a story-by-story basis. The provisions for he inspection of door assemblies were revised so that fire-rated doors are addressed in Chapter 8 and non-rated, egress oors in Chapter 7. The Chapter 8 table addressing minimum fire protection rating for opening protectives was again xpanded. Provisions for alcohol-based hand-rub dispensers were added to Chapter 8 so they can be referenced by the ccupancy chapters. The high-rise building provisions of Chapter 11 were expanded to include remote video monitoring of xit stair enclosures. The assembly occupancy life safety evaluation provisions were expanded. The day-care and residential oard and care occupancy provisions were revised to permit more than one floor level to be considered the level of exit ischarge. The health care occupancy provisions were further revised to permit facilities to be made more home-like,

ncluding a reduction in nursing home minimum corridor width and the clarification of permitted smoke alarm placement or kitchens that are open to the corridor. Health care occupancy doors subject to locking are permitted to be disguised with

urals. Smoke barriers are permitted to be omitted on a non–health care floor below a health care floor. The ambulatory ealth care occupancy chapters were rewritten to be self-contained, removing the need to reference the business occupancy hapters.

To the User The following comments are offered to assist in the use of the Life Safety Code. Additional help on using the Life Safety

ode can be obtained by attending one of the seminars NFPA conducts on the Life Safety Code or by using the Life Safety ode Handbook available from NFPA. Further information on these seminars is available through the NFPA Division of ontinuing Education.

Essentially, the Code is comprised of four major parts. The first part consists of Chapters 1 through 4, Chapters 6 hrough 11, and Chapter 43; these are often referred to as the base chapters or fundamental chapters. The second part s Chapter 5, which details the performance-based option. The next part consists of Chapters 12 through 42, which are he occupancy chapters. The fourth and last part consists of Annex A and Annex B, which contain useful additional nformation.

A thorough understanding of Chapters 1 through 4, Chapters 6 through 11, and Chapter 43 is necessary to use the ode effectively, because these chapters provide the building blocks on which the requirements of the occupancy hapters are based. Note that many of the provisions of Chapters 1 through 4 and Chapters 6 through 11 are manda- ory for all occupancies. Some provisions are mandated only when referenced by a specific occupancy, while others are xempted for specific occupancies. Often, in one of the base chapters, especially in Chapter 7, the phrase “where

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permitted by Chapters 11 through 43” appears. In this case, that provision can be used only where specifically permit- ted by an occupancy chapter. For example, the provisions of 7.2.1.6.1 on delayed-egress locks are permitted only when permitted by Chapters 11 through 43. Permission to use the delayed-egress lock is normally found in the “____.2.2” subsection of each occupancy chapter. For example, 12.2.2.2.5 specifically permits the use of delayed-egress locks in new assembly occupancies. If this permission is not found in an occupancy chapter, the delayed-egress lock cannot be used. Similar types of restricted permission are found for such items as security grilles, double-cylinder locks, revolving doors, and so forth. In other locations in the base chapters, the wording “unless prohibited by Chapters 11 through 43” is used. In this case, the provision is permitted in all occupancies, unless specifically prohibited by an occupancy chapter.

Metric units of measurement in this Code are in accordance with the modernized metric system known as the International System of Units (SI). The unit liter, which is outside of but recognized by SI, is commonly used and is therefore used in this Code. In this Code, inch-pound units for measurements are followed by an equivalent in SI units, as noted in 1.5.2. The inch-pound value and the SI value are each acceptable for use as primary units for satisfying the requirements of this Code.

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Correlating Committee on Safety to Life

William E. Koffel, Chair Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]

Ron Coté, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
avid S. Collins, The Preview Group, Inc., OH [SE] Rep. American Institute of Architects

ayne D. Holmes, HSB Professional Loss Control, C [I] oward Hopper, UL LLC, CA [RT] enneth E. Isman, National Fire Sprinkler Association,

nc., NY [M] . Edmund Kalie, Jr., Prince George’s County overnment, MD [E] eorge H. McCall, Wade Hampton Fire Department, C [U]

Rep. International Association of Fire Chiefs

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Isaac I. Papier, Honeywell, Inc., IL [M] Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Jake Pauls, Jake Pauls Consulting Services in Building Use & Safety, MD [C]

Rep. American Public Health Association James R. Quiter, Arup, CA [SE] Ronald C. Reynolds, Virginia State Fire Marshal’s Office, VA [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Eric R. Rosenbaum, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [U]

Rep. American Health Care Association

haron S. Gilyeat, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE] (Alt. to W. E. Koffel)

tanley C. Harbuck, School of Building Inspection, T [C]

(Alt. to J. Pauls) effrey M. Hugo, National Fire Sprinkler Association, nc., MI [M]

(Alt. to K. E. Isman)

Robert J. James, UL LLC, FL [RT] (Alt. to H. Hopper)

Michael O’Brian, Brighton Area Fire Authority, MI [U] (Alt. to G. H. McCall)

Martin H. Reiss, The RJA Group, Inc., MA [SE] (Alt. to J. R. Quiter)

Rodger Reiswig, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, FL [M] (Alt. to I. I. Papier)

had E. Beebe, ASHE - AHA, WA [E]
Rep. TC on Board & Care Facilities arren D. Bonisch, Aon Fire Protection Engineering orporation, TX [I]

Rep. TC on Residential Occupancies ohn L. Bryan, Frederick, MD [SE]

(Member Emeritus) enneth E. Bush, Maryland State Fire Marshals Office, D [E]

Rep. TC on Mercantile & Business Occupancies ayne G. Carson, Carson Associates, Inc., VA [SE]

Rep. TC on Fundamentals hane M. Clary, Bay Alarm Company, CA [IM]

(Alt. to Nonvoting Member) Rep. Signaling Systems Correlating Committee

ohn F. Devlin, Aon Fire Protection Engineering orporation, MD [I]

Rep. TC on Fire Protection Features ichael DiMascio, Arup, MA [SE]

Rep. TC on Detention & Correctional Occupancies oseph M. Jardin, Fire Department City of New York, Y [C]

Rep. TC on Building Service & Fire Protection Equipment

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David P. Klein, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, DC [U]
Rep. TC on Health Care Occupancies James K. Lathrop, Koffel Associates, Inc., CT [SE]

Rep. TC on Means of Egress Wayne D. Moore, Hughes Associates, Inc., RI [SE]

Rep. Signaling Systems Correlating Committee Henry Paszczuk, Connecticut Department of Public Safety, CT [E]

Rep. TC on Interior Finish & Contents Aleksy L. Szachnowicz, Anne Arundel County Public Schools, MD [U]

Rep. TC on Educational & Day-Care Occupancies Jeffrey S. Tubbs, Arup, MA [SE]

Rep. TC on Assembly Occupancies Joseph H. Versteeg, Versteeg Associates, CT [E]

Rep. TC on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety Carl D. Wren, Austin Fire Department, TX [E]

Rep. TC on Industrial, Storage, & Miscellaneous Occupancies

BC-1B1D10C9FBF

on Coté, NFPA Staff Liaison

his list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time, hanges in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the protection of uman life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences and for the non- mergency and emergency movement of people.

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Technical Committee on Assembly Occupancies

Jeffrey S. Tubbs, Chair Arup, MA [SE]

Ron Coté, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
Scott W. Adams, Park City Fire Service District, UT [E] Rep. International Fire Marshals Association

Raymond J. Battalora, Aon Fire Protection Engineering, TX [I] George D. Bushey, Rosser International, GA [SE] William Conner, Bill Conner Associates LLC, IL [SE]

Rep. American Society of Theater Consultants Bhola Dhume, City of New Orleans, LA [E] Robert D. Fiedler, City of Lincoln, NE [E] Daniel P. Finnegan, Siemens Industry, Inc., NJ [M]

Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association Ralph D. Gerdes, Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC, IN [SE] Harold C. Hansen, International Association of Venue Managers, IL [U] Wesley W. Hayes, Polk County Fire Services Division, FL [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Jonathan Humble, American Iron and Steel Institute, CT [M] Kenneth F. Keberle, Arena Americas, AZ [U] John Lake, City of Gainesville, FL [E]

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015 Edition

9-B

Josh Lambert, University of Texas at Austin, TX [U] Vern L. Martindale, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, UT [U] Gregory R. Miller, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [U]

Rep. National Association of Theatre Owners Jake Pauls, Jake Pauls Consulting Services in Building Use & Safety, MD [SE] Steven W. Peavey, Altamonte Springs Building Fire Safety Division, FL [E]

Rep. Florida Fire Marshals & Inspectors Association Vincent Quinterno, Rhode Island State Fire Marshal’s Office, RI [E] Ed Roether, Ed Roether Consulting LLC, KS [SE] Karl G. Ruling, Entertainment Services & Technology Assn., NY [U]

Rep. U.S. Institute for Theatre Technology, Inc. Steven J. Scandaliato, SDG, LLC, AZ [IM]

Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association Philip R. Sherman, Philip R. Sherman, PE, NH [SE] Robert B. Treiber, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., OH [M]

Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association

FA}

Farid Alfawakhiri, American Iron and Steel Institute, IL [M]

(Alt. to J. Humble) Gene Boecker, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [U]

(Alt. to G. R. Miller) Lorrell Bush, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., FL [M]

(Alt. to R. B. Treiber) Eric Center, Cedar Hammock Fire Rescue, FL [E]

(Alt. to S. W. Peavey) David Cook, Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC, IN [SE]

(Alt. to R. D. Gerdes) Max L. Gandy, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, UT [U]

(Alt. to V. L. Martindale) Jerrold S. Gorrell, Theatre Safety Programs, AZ [U]

(Alt. to K. G. Ruling) Waymon Jackson, University of Texas at Austin, TX [U]

(Voting Alt. to UT-Austin Rep.)

7DE0A0-9486-4FE

Eugene Leitermann, Theatre Projects Consultants, Inc., CT [SE]

(Alt. to W. Conner) Christopher Prueher, Aon Fire Protection Engineering, CA [I]

(Alt. to R. J. Battalora) Charles J. Schweitzer, City of Lincoln, NE [E]

(Alt. to R. D. Fiedler) Mark V. Smith, Alachua County Fire Rescue, FL [E]

(Alt. to J. Lake) Elbert R. Thomas, Jr., New Orleans Fire Department, LA [E]

(Alt. to B. Dhume) Thomas G. Wellen, American Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., TX [IM]

(Alt. to S. J. Scandaliato) Toby J. White, Arup, MA [SE]

(Alt. to J. S. Tubbs)

7BC-1B1D10C9FB

Ron Coté, NFPA Staff Liaison

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on protection of human life nd property from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, and on the non- mergency and emergency movement of people in assembly occupancies, tents, and membrane structures.

S P G

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101–7COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

{EB

Technical Committee on Board and Care Facilities

Chad E. Beebe, Chair ASHE - AHA, WA [U]

Gregory E. Harrington, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
cott D. Allen, LifeServices Management Corporation, A [U] regory J. Austin, Gentex Corporation, MI [M]

Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association racey D. Bellamy, Telgian Corporation, GA [SE] ndrew Blum, Exponent, Inc., GA [SE] arren D. Bonisch, Aon Fire Protection Engineering orporation, TX [I] arry L. Bradley, Maryland State Fire Marshals Office, D [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association ichard L. Day, Michigan State Fire Marshal’s Office, I [E]

irgil Hall, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, IN [U] iana E. Hugue, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE] enneth E. Isman, National Fire Sprinkler Association,

nc., NY [M] dam C. Jones, Buechel Fire Protection District, KY [E]

Alternates

(Alt. to V. Hall)

regory E. Harrington, NFPA Staff Liaison

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9-B7

Philip R. Jose, P. R. Jose & Associates, MI [SE] Henry Kowalenko, Illinois Department of Public Health, IL [E] Cindy Mahan, Friendship Community Care, Inc., AR [U]

Rep. American Network of Community Options & Resources

Randy S. McDermott, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, TX [E] David E. Mills, UL LLC, IL [RT] Daniel E. Nichols, State of New York Department of State, NY [E] John A. Rickard, Katus, LLC, TX [SE] Eric R. Rosenbaum, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [U]

Rep. American Health Care Association Terry Schultz, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE] Jon Taluba, Russell Phillips & Associates, LLC, NY [SE] Fred Worley, Texas Department of Aging & Disability Services, TX [E]

obert Barnett, Illinois Department of Public Health, L [E]

(Alt. to H. Kowalenko) erry M. Bell, UL LLC, IL [RT]

(Alt. to D. E. Mills) artin J. Farraher, Siemens Industry, Inc., IL [M]

(Alt. to G. J. Austin) hris Gaut, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., O [M]

(Alt. to K. E. Isman) eter A. Larrimer, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, A [U]

7DE0A0-9486-4FE

James K. Lathrop, Koffel Associates, Inc., CT [SE] (Alt. to D. E. Hugue)

Kaitlin McGillvray, Code Consultants, Inc., NY [SE] (Alt. to T. Schultz)

David A. Seitz, HCF Management, Inc., OH [U] (Alt. to E. R. Rosenbaum)

Andrew Shanahan, Aon Fire Protection Engineering, RI [I]

(Alt. to W. D. Bonisch) Yunyong P. Utiskul, Exponent, Inc., MD [SE]

(Alt. to A. Blum)

BC-1B1D10C9FBF

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on protection of human ife and property from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, and on the mergency movement of people in residential board and care facilities.

2015 Edition

101–8 LIFE SAFETY CODE

{EB

Technical Committee on Building Service and Fire Protection Equipment

Joseph M. Jardin, Chair Fire Department City of New York, NY [C]

Rep. NFPA Fire Service Section

Gregory E. Harrington, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
Brian D. Black, BDBlack Codes, Inc., NY [M] Rep. National Elevator Industry Inc.

Harry L. Bradley, Maryland State Fire Marshals Office, MD [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Pat D. Brock, Oklahoma State University, OK [SE] Scott Caron, Rhode Island State Fire Marshal’s Office, RI [E] Flora F. Chen, Hayward, California Fire Department, CA [E] Stephen E. Dale, Cincinnati Insurance Company, OH [I] Paul M. Donga, Boston Fire Department, MA [E] Raymond A. Grill, Arup, DC [SE] Thomas P. Hammerberg, Automatic Fire Alarm Association, Inc., GA [M]

Rep. Automatic Fire Alarm Association, Inc. Claude O. Hutton, Virginia State Fire Marshal’s Office, VA [E] Kenneth E. Isman, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., NY [M] Michael Kellett, State of Connecticut, CT [E]

Rep. Connecticut State Fire Marshal/Connecticut Fire Marshals Association

David A. Killian, Walt Disney Parks & Resorts, CA [U] David L. Klepitch, Whitman, Requardt & Associates, LLP, MD [SE]

Alternates

Nonvoting

Gregory E. Harrington, NFPA Staff Liaison

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015 Edition

9-B

Richard L. Klinker, Klinker & Associates, Inc., MD [SE] Peter A. Larrimer, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, PA [U] Daniel J. Lazarz, EYP Architecture & Engineering, MA [SE] James Noveh, Jefferson Parish Fire Department, LA [E] Scott E. Panowitz, BFPE International, MD [IM]

Rep. Fire Suppression Systems Association Martin H. Reiss, The RJA Group, Inc., MA [SE] Rodger Reiswig, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, FL [M] Richard Jay Roberts, Honeywell Life Safety, IL [M]

Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association Kurt A. Ruchala, FIREPRO Incorporated, MA [SE] Eric Ruppert, Combustion Science & Engineering, Inc., MD [SE] Lawrence J. Shudak, UL LLC, IL [RT] Michael R. Szmanda, Certification & Training Corporation, MN [IM] Todd W. Warner, Brooks Equipment Company, Inc., NC [M]

Rep. Fire Equipment Manufacturers’ Association Carl D. Wren, Austin Fire Department, TX [E] David M. Wyatt, Battelle/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, WA [U]

FA}

J. Robert Boyer, UTC/Edwards Company, NJ [M] (Alt. to T. P. Hammerberg)
Michael Derr, The RJA Group, Inc., MD [SE] (Alt. to M. H. Reiss)

Daniel P. Finnegan, Siemens Industry, Inc., NJ [M] (Alt. to R. J. Roberts)

Greg Gottlieb, Hauppauge Fire District, NY [C] (Alt. to J. M. Jardin)

Claudia Hagood, Klinker and Associates, Inc., MD [SE] (Alt. to R. L. Klinker)

Bryan Lawrence Hoskins, Oklahoma State University, OK [SE]

(Alt. to P. D. Brock) Jeffrey M. Hugo, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., MI [M]

(Alt. to K. E. Isman)

7DE0A0-9486-4FE

Ignatius Kapalczynski, Simsbury Fire District, CT [E] (Alt. to M. Kellett)
Roy C. Kimball, Brooks Equipment Company, Inc., NC [M]

(Alt. to T. W. Warner) Peter Leszczak, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, CT [U]

(Alt. to P. A. Larrimer) John E. Mahoney, Arup, DC [SE]

(Alt. to R. A. Grill) Gary L. Nuschler, Otis Elevator Company, CT [M]

(Alt. to B. D. Black) Kelly Thompson, EYP Architecture & Engineering, NY [SE]

(Alt. to D. J. Lazarz) Paul J. Vautour, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, MA [M]

(Alt. to R. Reiswig)

7BC-1B1D10C9FB

Steven Orlowski, National Association of Home Builders, DC [U]

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the application of fire rotection systems including detection, alarm, and suppression, and the life safety impact of various building ystems.

101–9COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

{EB

Technical Committee on Detention and Correctional Occupancies

Michael DiMascio, Chair Arup, MA [SE]

Ron Coté, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
Clay P. Aler, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE] David L. Bondor, Texas Association of Counties, TX [I] Peter J. Collins, U.S. Department of Justice, DC [U] Randy Gaw, Correctional Service of Canada, Canada [E] A. Larry Iseminger, Jr., Maryland State Fire Marshals Office, MD [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Kenneth E. Isman, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., NY [M] John Kelly, Washington DC Fire & EMS Department, MD [E] Troy Lumley, South McCreary Fire & Rescue, KY [E]

Alternates

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Jack McNamara, Bosch Security Systems, NY [M] Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Robert R. Perry, Robert Perry Associates Inc., IL [M] Rep. Door and Hardware Institute

Terry Schultz, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE] James A. Stapleton, Jr., Habersham Metal Products Company, GA [M]

Rep. National Assn. of Architectural Metal Manufacturers

Jeffrey D. Zwirn, IDS Research & Development, Inc., NJ [M]

Rep. Automatic Fire Alarm Association, Inc.

Chris Gaut, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., MO [M]

(Alt. to K. E. Isman) William E. Koffel, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]

(Alt. to C. P. Aler)

Joseph Plati, Code Consultants, Inc., NY [SE] (Alt. to T. Schultz)

Ron Coté, NFPA Staff Liaison

FBFA}

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

2015 Edition

101–10 LIFE SAFETY CODE

{EB

Technical Committee on Educational and Day-Care Occupancies

Aleksy L. Szachnowicz, Chair Anne Arundel County Public Schools, MD [U]

Ron Coté, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
Steven D. Admire, Communication Concepts, TX [IM] Judy Biddle, AFCESA, FL [U] Samuel S. Dannaway, S. S. Dannaway Associates, Inc., HI [SE] Victor L. Dubrowski, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE] Keith S. Frangiamore, Fire Safety Consultants, Inc., IL [SE] Dominick G. Kasmauskas, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., NY [M] Alfred J. Longhitano, Alfred J. Longhitano, P.E., LLC, NY [SE] Maria B. Marks, Siemens Industry, Inc., MD [M]

Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association Vern L. Martindale, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, UT [U] Richard E. Merck, Montgomery County Fire & Rescue Service, MD [E]

Alternates

(Alt. to M. L. Sinsigalli)

Ron Coté, NFPA Staff Liaison

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7DE0A0-9486-4FE9-B

Matthew J. Mertens, North Shore Fire Department, WI [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Kurt A. Roeper, ASSA ABLOY, CT [M]

Rep. Steel Door Institute Michael L. Savage, Sr., Middle Department Inspection Agency, Inc., MD [E] Jeffrey Shirey, Maryland State Fire Marshal’s Office, MD [E] Michael L. Sinsigalli, West Hartford Fire Department, CT [E] Catherine L. Stashak, Office of the Illinois State Fire Marshal, IL [E]

Rep. Office of the Illinois State Fire Marshal Billy E. Upton, Ballou Justice Upton Architects, VA [SE] Ann Marie A. Wolf, Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc., AZ [C]

Richard M. DiMisa, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE] (Alt. to V. L. Dubrowski)

Max L. Gandy, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, UT [U]

(Alt. to V. L. Martindale) Carmen A. Rao, Wallingford Fire Prevention Bureau, CT [E]

Richard Jay Roberts, Honeywell Life Safety, IL [M] (Alt. to M. B. Marks)

Daniel W. Uthe, Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc., AZ [C]

(Alt. to A. M. A. Wolf) Kenneth Wood, Office of the Illinois State Fire Marshal, IL [E]

(Alt. to C. L. Stashak)

7BC-1B1D10C9FBFA}

his list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
hanges in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

G F

J N G J A S M D R I J W N G J I

J C

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M C

101–11COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

{EB

Technical Committee on Fire Protection Features

John F. Devlin, Chair Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corporation, MD [I]

Kristin Bigda, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
regory J. Cahanin, Cahanin Fire & Code Consulting, L [U]

Rep. Louisiana State Firemen’s Association oseph A. Castellano, The RJA Group, Inc., GA [SE] icholas A. Dawe, Cobb County Fire Marshal’s Office, A [E]

effry T. Dudley, National Aeronautics & Space dministration, FL [U] am W. Francis, American Wood Council, PA [M] ichael O. Gencarelli, U.S. Department of the Navy, C [E] alph D. Gerdes, Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC,

N [SE] ack A. Gump, Babcock & Wilcox Y-12, LLC, TN [U] ayne D. Holmes, HSB Professional Loss Control, C [I] ene L. Hortz, The Dow Chemical Company, PA [U]

effrey M. Hugo, National Fire Sprinkler Association, nc., MI [M]

Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association onathan Humble, American Iron and Steel Institute,

T [M]
Alternates

Nonvoting

Rep. TC on Air Conditioning

ristin Bigda, NFPA Staff Liaison

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C mentation, including the performance of assemblies, openings, life and property from fire and other circumstances capable of p

9-B7

Waymon Jackson, University of Texas at Austin, TX [U] Adam C. Jones, Buechel Fire Protection District, KY [E] Marshall A. Klein, Marshall A. Klein & Associates, Inc., MD [SE] William E. Koffel, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [M]

Rep. Glazing Industry Code Committee Vickie J. Lovell, InterCode Incorporated, FL [M]

Rep. Air Movement & Control Association William J. McHugh, Jr., Firestop Contractors International Association, IL [IM]

Rep. Firestop Contractors International Association Kevin D. Morin, Code Consultants, Inc., NY [SE] Jon W. Pasqualone, Martin County Board of County Commissioners, FL [E]

Rep. Florida Fire Marshals & Inspectors Association Brian T. Rhodes, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE] Kurt A. Roeper, ASSA ABLOY, CT [M]

Rep. Steel Door Institute Andrew F. Weisfield, Michael Baker Corporation, PA [SE] Kenneth Wood, Office of the Illinois State Fire Marshal,

IL [E]
A}

arid Alfawakhiri, American Iron and Steel Institute, L [M]

(Alt. to J. Humble) ric J. Apolenis, The RJA Group, Inc., GA [SE]

(Alt. to J. A. Castellano) ichard C. Butcher, Tarpon Springs Fire Rescue, FL [E]

(Alt. to J. W. Pasqualone) avid Cook, Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC, IN [SE]

(Alt. to R. D. Gerdes) rin N. Crowley, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE]

(Alt. to K. D. Morin) immy Dee, Babcock & Wilcox Y-12, LLC, TN [U]

(Alt. to J. A. Gump) ick Glenn, Aon Fire Protection Engineering orporation, IL [I]

(Alt. to J. F. Devlin) avid M. Hammerman, Marshall A. Klein and Associates,

nc., MD [SE] (Alt. to M. A. Klein)

oseph Patrick Higgins, U.S. Department of the Navy, E [E]

(Alt. to M. O. Gencarelli)

7DE0A0-9486-4FE

Howard Hopper, UL LLC, CA [RT] (Voting Alt. to UL Rep.)

Thomas R. Janicak, Ceco Door Products, IL [M] (Alt. to K. A. Roeper)

Josh Lambert, University of Texas at Austin, TX [U] (Alt. to W. Jackson)

Timothy J. Orris, AMCA International, Inc., IL [M] (Alt. to V. J. Lovell)

Eric R. Rosenbaum, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE] (Alt. to B. T. Rhodes)

Robert A. Speed, North Carolina Office of the State Fire Marshal, NC [E]

(Voting Alt. to NC State Fire Marshal rep.) Catherine L. Stashak, Office of the Illinois State Fire Marshal, IL [E]

(Alt. to K. Wood) Andrew M. Wahl, Michael Baker Corporation, PA [SE]

(Alt. to A. F. Weisfield)

BC-1B1D10C9FBF

ichael Earl Dillon, Dillon Consulting Engineers, Inc., A [SE]

Steven Orlowski, National Association of Home Builders, DC [U]

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on construction compart-

and penetrations, as related to the protection of roducing similar consequences.
2015 Edition

101–12 LIFE SAFETY CODE

{EB

Technical Committee on Fundamentals

Wayne G. Carson, Chair Carson Associates, Inc., VA [SE]

Ron Coté, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
Farid Alfawakhiri, American Iron and Steel Institute, IL [M] Andrew Blum, Exponent, Inc., GA [SE] Amy Y. Cheng, Clark County Department of Development Services, NV [E] Salvatore DiCristina, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ [E] Tod Doebler, Menomonee Falls Fire Department, WI [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Robert J. Eugene, UL LLC, WA [RT] David W. Frable, U.S. General Services Administration, IL [U] Marshall J. Gaubert, Jefferson Parish Fire Department, LA [E] Michael O. Gencarelli, U.S. Department of the Navy, DC [E] Ralph D. Gerdes, Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC, IN [SE]

Rep. American Institute of Architects Norman E. Groner, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, NY [SE] Morgan J. Hurley, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, MD [U] David J. Jacoby, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, NY [SE]

Alternates

(Alt. to F. Alfawakhiri)

Nonvoting

Ltd/Thailand, Thailand [SE]

Ron Coté, NFPA Staff Liaison

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015 Edition

9-B

David P. Klein, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, DC [U] Scott T. Laramee, Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corporation, CA [I] James K. Lathrop, Koffel Associates, Inc., CT [SE] Vickie J. Lovell, InterCode Incorporated, FL [M]

Rep. Alliance for Fire & Smoke Containment & Control, Inc.

Jack McNamara, Bosch Security Systems, NY [M] Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Ricardo Murga, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, AZ [E] Jake Pauls, Jake Pauls Consulting Services in Building Use & Safety, MD [C]

Rep. American Public Health Association Dennis L. Pitts, American Wood Council, TX [M] Milosh T. Puchovsky, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA [SE] Rodger Reiswig, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, FL [M]

Rep. Automatic Fire Alarm Association, Inc. Patrick S. Saba, Hewlett Packard Company, MD [M] Victoria B. Valentine, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., NY [M] Steven F. Wydeveld, Wydeveld Construction & Consulting, Inc., FL [SE]

FA}

William P. Adams, Apollo America, GA [M](Alt. to J. McNamara) Sharon S. Gilyeat, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
(Alt. to J. K. Lathrop) Thomas P. Hammerberg, Automatic Fire Alarm Association, Inc., GA [M]

(Alt. to R. Reiswig) Jeffrey M. Hugo, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., MI [M]

(Alt. to V. B. Valentine) Jonathan Humble, American Iron and Steel Institute, CT [M]

7DE0A0-9486-4FE

Moriel E. Kaplan, Aon Fire Protection Engineering,MD [I] (Alt. to S. T. Laramee)
Richard T. Long, Jr., Exponent, Inc., MD [SE] (Alt. to A. Blum)

Rodney A. McPhee, Canadian Wood Council, Canada [M]

(Alt. to D. L. Pitts) Robert A. Speed, North Carolina Office of the State Fire Marshal, NC [E]

(Voting Alt. to NC State Fire Marshal Rep.)

7BC-1B1D10C9FB

Pichaya Chantranuwat, Fusion Consultants Co.

Steven Orlowski, National Association of Home Builders,
DC [U]

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the basic goals, bjectives, performance requirements, and definitions for protection of human life and property from fire, arthquake, flood, wind, and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, on the non- mergency and emergency movement of people, and on high-rise buildings.

101–13COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

{EB

Technical Committee on Health Care Occupancies

David P. Klein, Chair U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, DC [U]

Ron Coté, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
Kenneth E. Bush, Maryland State Fire Marshals Office, MD [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Wayne G. Carson, Carson Associates, Inc., VA [SE] Michael A. Crowley, The RJA Group, Inc., TX [SE] Samuel S. Dannaway, S. S. Dannaway Associates, Inc., HI [SE] Buddy Dewar, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., FL [M] Alice L. Epstein, CNA Insurance, CO [I] Martin J. Farraher, Siemens Industry, Inc., IL [M] John E. Fishbeck, The Joint Commission, IL [E] Gary Furdell, State of Florida, FL [E] Michael O. Gencarelli, U.S. Department of the Navy, DC [E] Robert J. Harmeyer, MSKTD & Associates, IN [SE]

Rep. American Institute of Architects Donald W. Harris, California Office of Health Planning & Development, CA [E] David R. Hood, Russell Phillips & Associates, LLC, NY [U]

Rep. NFPA Health Care Section Richard M. Horeis, HDR Architecture, Inc., NE [SE]

Alternates

(Alt. to B. Dewar)

Nonvoting

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Henry Kowalenko, Illinois Department of Public Health, IL [E] James Merrill II, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, MD [E]

Rep. U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services/CMS Daniel J. O’Connor, Aon Fire Protection Engineering, IL [I] Ben Pethe, Health Care Consultant, FL [SE] G. Brian Prediger, U.S. Army Medical Command Headquarters, TX [U] John A. Rickard, Katus, LLC, TX [SE] Richard Jay Roberts, Honeywell Life Safety, IL [M]

Rep. Automatic Fire Alarm Association, Inc. Eric R. Rosenbaum, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [U]

Rep. American Health Care Association Terry Schultz, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE] Saundra J. Stevens, Adams County Regional Medical Center, OH [U] Geza Szakats, Arup North America Ltd., CA [SE] Michael D. Widdekind, Zurich Services Corporation, MD [I] Fred Worley, Texas Department of Aging & Disability Services, TX [E]

Doug Beardsley, Care Providers of Minnesota, MN [U]
(Alt. to E. R. Rosenbaum) Chad E. Beebe, ASHE - AHA, WA [U]

(Voting Alt. to ASHE - AHA Rep.) William M. Dorfler, The RJA Group, Inc., IL [SE]

(Alt. to M. A. Crowley) Joshua W. Elvove, Aurora, CO [SE]

(Alt. to S. S. Dannaway) A. Richard Fasano, Russell Phillips & Associates Inc., CA [U]

(Alt. to D. R. Hood) Charles J. Giblin III, Maryland State Fire Marshal’s Office, MD [E]

(Alt. to K. E. Bush) Philip J. Hoge, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, VA [U]

(Alt. to G. B. Prediger) Robert G. Kleinheinz, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., IL [M]

7DE0A0-9486-4FE

William E. Koffel, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]
(Alt. to W. G. Carson) Peter A. Larrimer, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, PA [U]

(Alt. to D. P. Klein) John E. Mahoney, Arup, DC [SE]

(Alt. to G. Szakats) Kenneth Sun, U.S. Public Health Service, CO [E]

(Alt. to J. Merrill II) Peter W. Tately, Siemens Building Technologies, PA [M]

(Alt. to M. J. Farraher) Dale D. Wilson, Aon Fire Protection Engineering, IL [I]

(Alt. to D. J. O’Connor) Michael Zakowski, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE]

(Alt. to T. Schultz)

BC-1B1D10C9FBF

Pichaya Chantranuwat, Fusion Consultants Co. Ltd/Thailand, Thailand [SE]

David M. Sine, National Center for Patient Safety, MI [U] Rep. National Association of Psychiatric Health

Systems
Ron Coté, NFPA Staff Liaison

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

2015 Edition

101–14 LIFE SAFETY CODE

{EB

Technical Committee on Industrial, Storage, and Miscellaneous Occupancies

Carl D. Wren, Chair Austin Fire Department, TX [E]

Kristin Bigda, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
Thomas L. Allison, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, SC [U] Raymond E. Arntson, Rayden Research, LLC, WI [SE] Justin B. Biller, AECOM Building Engineering, VA [SE] Donald C. Birchler, FP&C Consultants, Inc., MO [SE] Ryan Cummings, U.S. Department of Transportation, DC [E] Stephen E. Dale, Cincinnati Insurance Company, OH [I] Nicholas A. Dawe, Cobb County Fire Marshal’s Office, GA [E] Jeffry T. Dudley, National Aeronautics & Space Administration, FL [U] John F. Farney, Jr., Sargent & Lundy Engineers, IL [SE] James E. Golinveaux, Tyco Fire Suppression & Building Products, RI [IM]

Rep. American Fire Sprinkler Association Wayne D. Holmes, HSB Professional Loss Control, NC [I] Jonathan Humble, American Iron and Steel Institute, CT [M] Adam C. Jones, Buechel Fire Protection District, KY [E] Marshall A. Klein, Marshall A. Klein & Associates, Inc., MD [U]

Rep. Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association Richard J. Kobelski, Hanford Fire Department, WA [U]

Alternates

(Alt. to M. A. Klein)

Nonvoting

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9-B

Neal W. Krantz, Sr., Krantz Systems & Associates, LLC, MI [M]

Rep. Automatic Fire Alarm Association, Inc. Richard S. Kraus, API/Petroleum Safety Consultants, VA [U]

Rep. American Petroleum Institute Raymond W. Lonabaugh, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., PA [M] Patrick A. McLaughlin, McLaughlin & Associates, ID [U]

Rep. Semiconductor Industry Association Jerald Pierrottie, Lonza Group Ltd., GA [M]

Rep. Lonza Group, Ltd. Scot Pruett, Black & Veatch Corporation, KS [SE] Roberto Lozano Rosales, Delphi Corporation, TX [U]

Rep. NFPA Industrial Fire Protection Section Jerrold Sameth, Compressed Gas Association, Inc., VA [M]

Rep. Compressed Gas Association Steven A. Sheldon, Fisher Engineering, Inc., AZ [SE] Cleveland B. Skinker, Bechtel Power Corporation, MD [SE] Bruce J. Swiecicki, National Propane Gas Association, IL [IM]

Rep. National Propane Gas Association David C. Tabar, The Sherwin-Williams Company, OH [U]

FA}

Farid Alfawakhiri, American Iron and Steel Institute,IL [M] (Alt. to J. Humble)
Kathryn M. Cifa, Bechtel National, Inc., MD [SE] (Alt. to C. B. Skinker)

Richard A. Craig, Compressed Gas Association, VA [M] (Alt. to J. Sameth)

David M. Hammerman, Marshall A. Klein and Associates, Inc., MD [U]

(Alt. to M. A. Klein) Roland J. Huggins, American Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., TX [IM]

(Alt. to J. E. Golinveaux) Andrew S. Klein, Marshall A. Klein & Associates, Inc., WA [U]

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Bruce Lecair, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc.,CA [M] (Alt. to R. W. Lonabaugh)
Katherine A. Pothier, Fisher Engineering, Inc., GA [SE] (Alt. to S. A. Sheldon)

Marko J. Saric, Jr., The Sherwin-Williams Company, OH [U]

(Alt. to D. C. Tabar) Jeffrey A. Scott, FP&C Consultants, Inc., MO [SE]

(Alt. to D. C. Birchler) Bobbie L. Smith, Micron Technology, Inc., ID [U]

(Alt. to P. A. McLaughlin) John R. Stauder, AECOM, CA [SE]

(Alt. to J. B. Biller)

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Matthew I. Chibbaro, U.S. Department of Labor, DC [E] Rep. Occupational Safety & Health Administration

Kristin Bigda, NFPA Staff Liaison

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

V W P M S

N G W M J

R K

J M

101–15COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

{EB

Technical Committee on Interior Finish and Contents

Henry Paszczuk, Chair Connecticut Department of Public Safety, CT [E]

Kristin Bigda, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
ytenis Babrauskas, Fire Science and Technology Inc., A [SE] atrick Boyer, State Farm Insurance Company, IL [I] atthew Carrigan, Montgomery County Fire Rescue

ervice, MD [L] Rep. International Association of Fire Fighters

icholas A. Dawe, Cobb County Fire Marshal’s Office, A [E] illiam E. Fitch, Phyrefish.com, FL [SE] arcelo M. Hirschler, GBH International, CA [SE]

ames K. Lathrop, Koffel Associates, Inc., CT [M] Rep. Bobrick Washroom Equipment, Inc.

Alternates

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Richard T. Long, Jr., Exponent, Inc., MD [M] Rep. Upholstered Furniture Action Council

C. Anthony Penaloza, Intertek Testing Services, TX [RT] Milosh T. Puchovsky, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA [SE] Shelley Siegel, Universal Design & Education Network, FL [U]

Rep. American Society of Interior Designers Dwayne E. Sloan, UL LLC, NC [RT]

ick J. Daughtery, City of Fort Thomas Fire Department, Y [L]

(Alt. to M. Carrigan) imothy Earl, GBH International, MI [SE]

(Alt. to M. M. Hirschler) oseph Kingston, Connecticut Office of State Fire arshal, CT [E]

(Alt. to H. Paszczuk)

James K. Lathrop, Koffel Associates, Inc. [M] (Voting Alt. to CRI Rep.)

Randall K. Laymon, UL LLC, IL [RT] (Alt. to D. E. Sloan)

ristin Bigda, NFPA Staff Liaison

FBFA}

his list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time,
hanges in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document.

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on limiting the impact of nterior finish, furnishings and building contents on protection of human life and property from fire and ther circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, and on the emergency movement of eople.

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{EB

Technical Committee on Means of Egress

James K. Lathrop, Chair Koffel Associates, Inc., CT [SE]

Ron Coté, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
Ryan Alles, High Rise Escape Systems, Inc., FL [M] Rep. The Safe Evacuation Coalition

Jason D. Averill, National Institute of Standards & Technology, MD [RT] Charles V. Barlow, EverGlow NA, Inc., NC [M] Warren D. Bonisch, Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corporation, TX [I] Kenneth E. Bush, Maryland State Fire Marshals Office, MD [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association David S. Collins, The Preview Group, Inc., OH [SE]

Rep. American Institute of Architects Richard L. Day, Michigan State Fire Marshal’s Office, MI [E] David A. de Vries, Firetech Engineering Inc., IL [SE] Steven Di Pilla, ESIS Global Risk Control Services, NJ [I] Paul L. Dove, City of Coldwater Fire Department, MI [E]

Rep. Michigan Fire Inspectors Society David W. Frable, U.S. General Services Administration, IL [U] Rita C. Guest, Carson Guest, Inc., GA [U]

Rep. American Society of Interior Designers

Alternates

(Alt. to K. E. Bush)

Nonvoting

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Waymon Jackson, University of Texas at Austin, TX [U] Gary L. Nuschler, Otis Elevator Company, CT [M]

Rep. National Elevator Industry Inc. Steven Orlowski, National Association of Home Builders, DC [U] Denise L. Pappas, Valcom, Inc., VA [M]

Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association Jake Pauls, Jake Pauls Consulting Services in Building Use & Safety, MD [C]

Rep. American Public Health Association Robert R. Perry, Robert Perry Associates Inc., IL [M]

Rep. Door and Hardware Institute Vincent Quinterno, Rhode Island State Fire Marshal’s Office, RI [E] Eric R. Rosenbaum, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE] Roy W. Schwarzenberg, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, MD [U] Michael S. Shulman, UL LLC, CA [RT] Leslie Strull, The RJA Group, Inc., PA [SE] Michael Tierney, Kellen Company, CT [M]

Rep. Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association Joseph H. Versteeg, Versteeg Associates, CT [SE]

FA}

Brian D. Black, BDBlack Codes, Inc., NY [M] (Alt. to G. L. Nuschler)

William J. Burrus, Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corporation, TX [I]

(Alt. to W. D. Bonisch) Michael A. Crowley, The RJA Group, Inc., TX [SE]

(Alt. to L. Strull) Greg Drake, Door and Hardware Institute, VA [M]

(Alt. to R. R. Perry) Joshua W. Elvove, Aurora, CO [SE]

(Alt. to D. A. de Vries) William E. Koffel, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]

(Alt. to J. K. Lathrop) Josh Lambert, University of Texas at Austin, TX [U]

(Alt. to W. Jackson) R. T. Leicht, State of Delaware, DE [E]

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Wade Palazini, Rhode Island State Fire Marshal’s Office, RI [E]

(Alt. to V. Quinterno) Richard D. Peacock, National Institute of Standards & Technology, MD [RT]

(Alt. to J. D. Averill) Brian T. Rhodes, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD [SE]

(Alt. to E. R. Rosenbaum) Jonathan Shimshoni, Escape Rescue Systems Ltd., Israel [M]

(Alt. to R. Alles) Kelly R. Tilton, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, MD [U]

(Alt. to R. W. Schwarzenberg) John Woestman, Kellen Company, IA [M]

(Alt. to M. Tierney)

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John L. Bryan, Frederick, MD [SE] (Member Emeritus)

Pichaya Chantranuwat, Fusion Consultants Co. Ltd/Thailand, Thailand [SE]

Matthew I. Chibbaro, U.S. Department of Labor, DC [E] William R. Hamilton, U.S. Department of Labor, DC [E]

Ron Coté, NFPA Staff Liaison

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the general require- ents for safe egress for protection of human life from fire and other circumstances capable of producing

imilar consequences, and on the nonemergency and emergency movement of people.

M T

W C A N G K D M D I S D T J

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101–17COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

{EB

Technical Committee on Mercantile and Business Occupancies

Kenneth E. Bush, Chair Maryland State Fire Marshals Office, MD [E] Rep. International Fire Marshals Association

Kristin Bigda, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
ark J. Aaby, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE] racey D. Bellamy, Telgian Corporation, GA [U]

Rep. The Home Depot illiam J. Burrus, Aon Fire Protection Engineering orporation, TX [I] nthony W. Cole, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., CA [U] icholas A. Dawe, Cobb County Fire Marshal’s Office, A [E] evin L. Derr, U.S. Architect of the Capitol, DC [E] avid A. Dodge, Safety and Forensic Consulting, E [SE] avid W. Frable, U.S. General Services Administration,

L [U] am W. Francis, American Wood Council, PA [M] ouglas R. Freels, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, N [U]

oseph R. Garzone, Siemens Industries, Inc., MI [M] Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association

aniel J. Gauvin, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, MA [M] nthony C. Gumkowski, Travelers Insurance Company, T [I]

Alternates

(Alt. to A. C. Gumkowski)

Kristin Bigda, NFPA Staff Liaison

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Wayne D. Holmes, HSB Professional Loss Control, NC [I] Jonathan Humble, American Iron and Steel Institute, CT [M] Scott Jacobs, ISC Electronic Systems, Inc., CA [IM] Raymond W. Lonabaugh, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., PA [M]

Rep. National Fire Sprinkler Association Jeff Martin, Elite Fire Protection, Canada [IM]

Rep. National Association of Fire Equipment Distributors

Amy J. Murdock, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE] Sarah A. Rice, The Preview Group, Inc., OH [SE] Warren G. Stocker, Safeway Inc., CA [U] David C. Tabar, The Sherwin-Williams Company, OH [U] J. L. (Jim) Tidwell, Tidwell Code Consulting, TX [M]

Rep. Fire Equipment Manufacturers’ Association Ernest D. Yonkers, Harrison French and Associates, AR [SE]

arid Alfawakhiri, American Iron and Steel Institute, L [M]

(Alt. to J. Humble) onald W. Brown, National Fire Sprinkler Association,

nc., IN [M] (Alt. to R. W. Lonabaugh)

iffney A. Cates, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE] (Alt. to M. J. Aaby)

Dwayne Griffith, Wal-Mart Security Services, AR [U] (Alt. to A. W. Cole)

Brian L. Marburger, Travelers Insurance Company, CT [I]

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Patrick A. McLaughlin, McLaughlin & Associates, ID [U] (Alt. to D. C. Tabar)

Dennis L. Pitts, American Wood Council, TX [M] (Alt. to S. W. Francis)

Leonard J. Ramo, Telgian Corporation, GA [U] (Alt. to T. D. Bellamy)

Terry Schultz, Code Consultants, Inc., MO [SE] (Alt. to A. J. Murdock)

Paul J. Vautour, Tyco/SimplexGrinnell, MA [M] (Alt. to D. J. Gauvin)

Jim Widmer, Potter Roemer FIRE PRO, AL [M] (Alt. to J. L. Tidwell)

BC-1B1D10C9FBF

OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

ommittee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on protection of human ife and property from fire and other circumstances capable of producing similar consequences, and for the mergency movement of people in mercantile and business occupancies.

2015 Edition

101–18 LIFE SAFETY CODE

{EB

Technical Committee on Residential Occupancies

Warren D. Bonisch, Chair Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corporation, TX [I]

Gregory E. Harrington, Administrative Secretary

National Fire Protection Association, MA
H. Wayne Boyd, U.S. Safety & Engineering Corporation, CA [M] Patrick Boyer, State Farm Insurance Company, IL [I] Harry L. Bradley, Maryland State Fire Marshals Office, MD [E]

Rep. International Fire Marshals Association Phillip A. Brown, American Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., TX [IM] Bradford T. Cronin, Newport Fire Department, RI [E]

Rep. Rhode Island Association of Fire Marshals Daniel P. Finnegan, Siemens Industry, Inc., NJ [M]

Rep. Automatic Fire Alarm Association, Inc. Sam W. Francis, American Wood Council, PA [M] Ralph D. Gerdes, Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC, IN [SE] Stanley C. Harbuck, School of Building Inspection, UT [C]

Rep. American Public Health Association Kenneth E. Isman, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., NY [M] Marshall A. Klein, Marshall A. Klein & Associates, Inc., MD [SE] Josh Lambert, University of Texas at Austin, TX [U]

Alternates

(Alt. to K. E. Isman)

Gregory E. Harrington, NFPA Staff Liaison

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9-B

Richard T. Long, Jr., Exponent, Inc., MD [M] Rep. Upholstered Furniture Action Council

Alfred J. Longhitano, Alfred J. Longhitano, P.E., LLC, NY [SE] Eric N. Mayl, Core Engineers Consulting Group, LLC, DC [SE] Ronald G. Nickson, National Multi Housing Council, DC [U] Steven Orlowski, National Association of Home Builders, DC [U] Henry Paszczuk, Connecticut Department of Public Safety, CT [E] Peter Puhlick, University of Connecticut, CT [U] Richard Jay Roberts, Honeywell Life Safety, IL [M]

Rep. National Electrical Manufacturers Association Andrew M. Schneider, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE] John A. Sharry, Beakmann Properties, CA [U] Joseph H. Versteeg, Versteeg Associates, CT [SE] Andrew F. Weisfield, Michael Baker Corporation, PA [SE] Bartholomew T. Wright, Maitland Fire Rescue Department, FL [E] Jeffrey D. Zwirn, IDS Research & Development, Inc., NJ [SE]

FA}

David Cook, Ralph Gerdes Consultants, LLC, IN [SE]
(Alt. to R. D. Gerdes) Donald P. Damron, Sarasota County Fire Department, FL [E]

(Alt. to B. T. Wright) David M. Hammerman, Marshall A. Klein and Associates, Inc., MD [SE]

(Alt. to M. A. Klein) Diana E. Hugue, Koffel Associates, Inc., MD [SE]

(Alt. to A. M. Schneider) Waymon Jackson, University of Texas at Austin, TX [U]

(Alt. to J. Lambert) Joseph Kingston, Connecticut Office of State Fire Marshal, CT [E]

(Alt. to H. Paszczuk) Bruce Lecair, National Fire Sprinkler Association, Inc., CA [M]

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Michael F. Meehan, VSC Fire & Security, VA [IM]
(Alt. to P. A. Brown) David Newhouse, Gentex Corporation, MI [M]

(Alt. to R. J. Roberts) Jake Pauls, Jake Pauls Consulting Services in Building Use & Safety, MD [C]

(Alt. to S. C. Harbuck) Dennis L. Pitts, American Wood Council, TX [M]

(Alt. to S. W. Francis) Kevin Spangler, Michael Baker Jr. Corporation, PA [SE]

(Alt. to A. F. Weisfield) David P. Wilmot, Aon Fire Protection Engineering, MD [I]

(Alt. to W. D. Bonisch)

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OTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or ny document developed by the committee on which the member serves.

101–19CONTENTS

Contents

-B

Chapter 1 Administration .............................. 101– 23 1.1 Scope ............................................ 101– 23 1.2 Purpose ......................................... 101– 23 1.3 Application .................................... 101– 23 1.4 Equivalency .................................... 101– 23 1.5 Units and Formulas .......................... 101– 23 1.6 Enforcement .................................. 101– 23

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications ................. 101– 23 2.1 General ......................................... 101– 23 2.2 NFPA Publications ........................... 101– 24 2.3 Other Publications ........................... 101– 25 2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory

Sections ......................................... 101– 26

Chapter 3 Definitions .................................. 101– 26 3.1 General ......................................... 101– 26 3.2 NFPA Official Definitions .................. 101– 26 3.3 General Definitions .......................... 101– 27

Chapter 4 General ....................................... 101– 37 4.1 Goals ............................................ 101– 37 4.2 Objectives ...................................... 101– 37 4.3 Assumptions ................................... 101– 38 4.4 Life Safety Compliance Options .......... 101– 38 4.5 Fundamental Requirements ............... 101– 38 4.6 General Requirements ...................... 101– 38 4.7 Fire Drills ...................................... 101– 40 4.8 Emergency Action Plan ..................... 101– 41

Chapter 5 Performance-Based Option ............. 101– 41 5.1 General Requirements ...................... 101– 41 5.2 Performance Criteria ........................ 101– 41 5.3 Retained Prescriptive Requirements .... 101– 41 5.4 Design Specifications and Other

Conditions ..................................... 101– 42 5.5 Design Fire Scenarios ....................... 101– 42 5.6 Evaluation of Proposed Designs .......... 101– 43 5.7 Safety Factors .................................. 101– 43 5.8 Documentation Requirements ............ 101– 44

Chapter 6 Classification of Occupancy and Hazard of Contents ....................... 101– 44

6.1 Classification of Occupancy ............... 101– 44 6.2 Hazard of Contents .......................... 101– 48

Chapter 7 Means of Egress ............................ 101– 48 7.1 General ......................................... 101– 48 7.2 Means of Egress Components ............. 101– 50 7.3 Capacity of Means of Egress ............... 101– 75 7.4 Number of Means of Egress ............... 101– 77 7.5 Arrangement of Means of Egress ......... 101– 78 7.6 Measurement of Travel Distance to

Exits ............................................. 101– 79

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7.7 Discharge from Exits ........................ 101– 80 7.8 Illumination of Means of Egress .......... 101– 81 7.9 Emergency Lighting ......................... 101– 81 7.10 Marking of Means of Egress ............... 101– 82 7.11 Special Provisions for Occupancies

with High Hazard Contents ................ 101– 84 7.12 Mechanical Equipment Rooms, Boiler

Rooms, and Furnace Rooms ............... 101– 85 7.13 Normally Unoccupied Building

Service Equipment Support Areas ....... 101– 85 7.14 Occupant Evacuation Elevators ........... 101– 86

Chapter 8 Features of Fire Protection .............. 101– 88 8.1 General ......................................... 101– 88 8.2 Construction and Compartmentation ... 101– 88 8.3 Fire Barriers ................................... 101– 89 8.4 Smoke Partitions ............................. 101– 94 8.5 Smoke Barriers ............................... 101– 94 8.6 Vertical Openings ............................ 101– 96 8.7 Special Hazard Protection ................. 101– 99 8.8 Inspection and Testing of Door

Assemblies ..................................... 101–100

Chapter 9 Building Service and Fire Protection Equipment .................................. 101–100

9.1 Utilities ......................................... 101–100 9.2 Heating, Ventilating, and

Air-Conditioning ............................. 101–100 9.3 Smoke Control ............................... 101–101 9.4 Elevators, Escalators, and Conveyors .... 101–101 9.5 Waste Chutes, Incinerators, and

Laundry Chutes .............................. 101–101 9.6 Fire Detection, Alarm, and

Communications Systems .................. 101–102 9.7 Automatic Sprinklers ........................ 101–105 9.8 Other Automatic Extinguishing

Equipment ..................................... 101–105 9.9 Portable Fire Extinguishers ................ 101–105 9.10 Standpipe Systems ........................... 101–105 9.11 Fire Protection System Operating

Features ........................................ 101–106 9.12 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection

and Warning Equipment ................... 101–106 9.13 Special Inspections and Tests ............. 101–106

Chapter 10 Interior Finish, Contents, and Furnishings ................................ 101–106

10.1 General ......................................... 101–106 10.2 Interior Finish ................................ 101–106 10.3 Contents and Furnishings .................. 101–109

Chapter 11 Special Structures and High-Rise Buildings ................................... 101–110

11.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–110

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11.2 Open Structures .............................. 101–111 11.3 Towers .......................................... 101–111 11.4 Water-Surrounded Structures ............. 101–113 11.5 Piers ............................................. 101–113 11.6 Vehicles and Vessels .......................... 101–114 11.7 Underground and Limited Access

Structures ...................................... 101–114 11.8 High-Rise Buildings .......................... 101–115 11.9 Permanent Membrane Structures ........ 101–116 11.10 Temporary Membrane Structures ........ 101–117 11.11 Tents ............................................ 101–118

Chapter 12 New Assembly Occupancies ........... 101–119 12.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–119 12.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–120 12.3 Protection ...................................... 101–127 12.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–130 12.5 Building Services ............................. 101–139 12.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–139 12.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–139

Chapter 13 Existing Assembly Occupancies ...... 101–143 13.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–143 13.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–144 13.3 Protection ...................................... 101–151 13.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–153 13.5 Building Services ............................. 101–162 13.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–162 13.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–162

Chapter 14 New Educational Occupancies ........ 101–166 14.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–166 14.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–167 14.3 Protection ...................................... 101–168 14.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–170 14.5 Building Services ............................. 101–171 14.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–171 14.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–171

Chapter 15 Existing Educational Occupancies ... 101–172 15.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–172 15.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–172 15.3 Protection ...................................... 101–174 15.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–176 15.5 Building Services ............................. 101–177 15.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–177 15.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–177

Chapter 16 New Day-Care Occupancies ........... 101–177 16.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–177 16.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–178 16.3 Protection ...................................... 101–180 16.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–181 16.5 Building Services ............................. 101–182

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16.6 Day-Care Homes ............................. 101–182 16.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–184

Chapter 17 Existing Day-Care Occupancies ....... 101–184 17.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–184 17.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–186 17.3 Protection ...................................... 101–188 17.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–189 17.5 Building Services ............................. 101–189 17.6 Day-Care Homes ............................. 101–190 17.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–192

Chapter 18 New Health Care Occupancies ....... 101–192 18.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–192 18.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–195 18.3 Protection ...................................... 101–200 18.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–205 18.5 Building Services ............................. 101–207 18.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–208 18.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–208

Chapter 19 Existing Health Care Occupancies ... 101–210 19.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–210 19.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–212 19.3 Protection ...................................... 101–218 19.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–223 19.5 Building Services ............................. 101–224 19.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–225 19.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–225

Chapter 20 New Ambulatory Health Care Occupancies ............................... 101–227

20.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–227 20.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–229 20.3 Protection ...................................... 101–230 20.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–232 20.5 Building Services ............................. 101–233 20.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–233 20.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–233

Chapter 21 Existing Ambulatory Health Care Occupancies ............................... 101–235

21.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–235 21.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–236 21.3 Protection ...................................... 101–238 21.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–239 21.5 Building Services ............................. 101–240 21.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–240 21.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–240

Chapter 22 New Detention and Correctional Occupancies ............................... 101–242

22.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–242 22.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–244 22.3 Protection ...................................... 101–246 22.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–249 22.5 Building Services ............................. 101–253

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{E -B

22.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–253 22.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–253

Chapter 23 Existing Detention and Correctional Occupancies ............................... 101–254

23.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–254 23.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–257 23.3 Protection ...................................... 101–259 23.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–262 23.5 Building Services ............................. 101–263 23.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–264 23.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–264

Chapter 24 One- and Two-Family Dwellings ...... 101–264 24.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–264 24.2 Means of Escape Requirements ........... 101–265 24.3 Protection ...................................... 101–267 24.4 Reserved ........................................ 101–267 24.5 Building Services ............................. 101–267

Chapter 25 Reserved ................................... 101–267

Chapter 26 Lodging or Rooming Houses .......... 101–267 26.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–267 26.2 Means of Escape Requirements ........... 101–268 26.3 Protection ...................................... 101–269 26.4 Reserved ........................................ 101–270 26.5 Building Services ............................. 101–270 26.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–270 26.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–270

Chapter 27 Reserved ................................... 101–270

Chapter 28 New Hotels and Dormitories .......... 101–270 28.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–270 28.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–271 28.3 Protection ...................................... 101–273 28.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–275 28.5 Building Services ............................. 101–275 28.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–275 28.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–275

Chapter 29 Existing Hotels and Dormitories ..... 101–276 29.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–276 29.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–276 29.3 Protection ...................................... 101–278 29.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–280 29.5 Building Services ............................. 101–280 29.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–280 29.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–280

Chapter 30 New Apartment Buildings .............. 101–281 30.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–281 30.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–282 30.3 Protection ...................................... 101–283 30.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–286

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30.5 Building Services ............................. 101–286 30.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–286 30.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–286

Chapter 31 Existing Apartment Buildings ......... 101–286 31.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–286 31.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–287 31.3 Protection ...................................... 101–289 31.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–291 31.5 Building Services ............................. 101–291 31.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–291 31.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–292

Chapter 32 New Residential Board and Care Occupancies ............................... 101–292

32.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–292 32.2 Small Facilities ................................ 101–292 32.3 Large Facilities ................................ 101–296 32.4 Suitability of an Apartment Building to

House a Board and Care Occupancy ..................................... 101–302

32.5 Reserved ........................................ 101–302 32.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–302 32.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–302

Chapter 33 Existing Residential Board and Care Occupancies ........................ 101–303

33.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–303 33.2 Small Facilities ................................ 101–304 33.3 Large Facilities ................................ 101–309 33.4 Suitability of an Apartment Building to

House a Board and Care Occupancy ..................................... 101–316

33.5 Reserved ........................................ 101–316 33.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–316 33.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–316

Chapter 34 Reserved ................................... 101–317

Chapter 35 Reserved ................................... 101–317

Chapter 36 New Mercantile Occupancies ......... 101–317 36.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–317 36.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–318 36.3 Protection ...................................... 101–320 36.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–321 36.5 Building Services ............................. 101–324 36.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–324 36.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–324

Chapter 37 Existing Mercantile Occupancies ..... 101–324 37.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–324 37.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–326 37.3 Protection ...................................... 101–328 37.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–329 37.5 Building Services ............................. 101–331

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37.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–332 37.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–332

Chapter 38 New Business Occupancies ............ 101–332 38.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–332 38.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–332 38.3 Protection ...................................... 101–334 38.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–335 38.5 Building Services ............................. 101–335 38.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–335 38.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–335

Chapter 39 Existing Business Occupancies ....... 101–336 39.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–336 39.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–336 39.3 Protection ...................................... 101–338 39.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–339 39.5 Building Services ............................. 101–339 39.6 Reserved ........................................ 101–339 39.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–339

Chapter 40 Industrial Occupancies ................. 101–340 40.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–340 40.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–340 40.3 Protection ...................................... 101–343 40.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–344 40.5 Building Services ............................. 101–344 40.6 Special Provisions for Aircraft

Servicing Hangars ............................ 101–344 40.7 Operating Features .......................... 101–344

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Chapter 41 Reserved ................................... 101–344

Chapter 42 Storage Occupancies .................... 101–344 42.1 General Requirements ...................... 101–344 42.2 Means of Egress Requirements ........... 101–345 42.3 Protection ...................................... 101–346 42.4 Special Provisions ............................ 101–347 42.5 Building Services ............................. 101–347 42.6 Special Provisions for Aircraft Storage

Hangars ........................................ 101–348 42.7 Special Provisions for Grain Handling,

Processing, Milling, or Other Bulk Storage Facilities ............................. 101–348

42.8 Special Provisions for Parking Structures ...................................... 101–348

42.9 Operating Features .......................... 101–351

Chapter 43 Building Rehabilitation ................. 101–351 43.1 General ......................................... 101–351 43.2 Special Definitions ........................... 101–352 43.3 Repairs .......................................... 101–352 43.4 Renovations ................................... 101–352 43.5 Modifications ................................. 101–353 43.6 Reconstruction ............................... 101–353 43.7 Change of Use or Occupancy

Classification .................................. 101–354 43.8 Additions ....................................... 101–355 43.9 Reserved ........................................ 101–355 43.10 Historic Buildings ............................ 101–355

Annex A Explanatory Material ....................... 101–357

Annex B Supplemental Evacuation Equipment .... 101–469

Annex C Informational References ................. 101–471

Index ......................................................... 101–475

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101–23REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS

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NFPA 101

Life Safety Code

2015 Edition

IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Dis- claimers Concerning NFPA Standards.” They can also be obtained on request from NFPA or viewed at www.nfpa.org/disclaimers.

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.

A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition of the source documents for extracts in mandatory sections of the document are given in Chapter 2 and those for extracts in informational sections are given in Annex C. Extracted text may be edited for consistency and style and may include the revision of internal paragraph references and other refer- ences as appropriate. Requests for interpretations or revisions of extracted text shall be sent to the technical committee re- sponsible for the source document.

Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 2 and Annex C.

Chapter 1 Administration

1.1* Scope.

1.1.1 Title. NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, shall be known as the Life Safety Code®, is cited as such, and shall be referred to herein as “this Code” or “the Code.”

1.1.2 Danger to Life from Fire. The Code addresses those con- struction, protection, and occupancy features necessary to minimize danger to life from the effects of fire, including smoke, heat, and toxic gases created during a fire.

1.1.3 Egress Facilities. The Code establishes minimum criteria for the design of egress facilities so as to allow prompt escape of occupants from buildings or, where desirable, into safe areas within buildings.

1.1.4 Other Fire-Related Considerations. The Code addresses other considerations that are essential to life safety in recognition of the fact that life safety is more than a matter of egress. The Code also addresses protective features and systems, building services, operating features, maintenance activities, and other provisions in recognition of the fact that achieving an acceptable degree of life safety depends on additional safeguards to provide adequate egress time or protection for people exposed to fire.

1.1.5* Considerations Not Related to Fire. The Code also ad- dresses other considerations that, while important in fire con- ditions, provide an ongoing benefit in other conditions of use, including non-fire emergencies.

1.1.6 Areas Not Addressed. The Code does not address the following:

(1)*General fire prevention or building construction features that are normally a function of fire prevention codes and building codes

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(2) Prevention of injury incurred by an individual due to that individual’s failure to use reasonable care

(3) Preservation of property from loss by fire

1.2* Purpose. The purpose of this Code is to provide minimum requirements, with due regard to function, for the design, op- eration, and maintenance of buildings and structures for safety to life from fire. Its provisions will also aid life safety in similar emergencies.

1.3 Application.

1.3.1* New and Existing Buildings and Structures. The Code shall apply to both new construction and existing buildings and existing structures.

1.3.2 Vehicles and Vessels. The Code shall apply to vehicles, ves- sels, or other similar conveyances, as specified in Section 11.6, in which case such vehicles and vessels shall be treated as buildings.

1.4* Equivalency. Nothing in this Code is intended to prevent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or supe- rior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durability, and safety over those prescribed by this Code.

1.4.1 Technical Documentation. Technical documentation shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction to dem- onstrate equivalency.

1.4.2 Approval. The system, method, or device shall be ap- proved for the intended purpose by the authority having juris- diction.

1.4.3* Equivalent Compliance. Alternative systems, methods, or devices approved as equivalent by the authority having jurisdic- tion shall be recognized as being in compliance with this Code.

1.5 Units and Formulas.

1.5.1 SI Units. Metric units of measurement in this Code are in accordance with the modernized metric system known as the International System of Units (SI).

1.5.2 Primary Values. The inch-pound value for a measure- ment, and the SI value given in parentheses, shall each be acceptable for use as primary units for satisfying the require- ments of this Code.

1.6 Enforcement. This Code shall be administered and en- forced by the authority having jurisdiction designated by the governing authority.

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

2.1 General. The documents referenced in this chapter, or portions of such documents, are referenced within this Code, shall be considered part of the requirements of this Code, and the following shall also apply:

(1)*Documents referenced in this chapter, or portion of such documents, shall only be applicable to the extent called for within other chapters of this Code.

(2) Where the requirements of a referenced code or standard differ from the requirements of this Code, the require- ments of this Code shall govern.

(3)*Existing buildings or installations that do not comply with the provisions of the codes or standards referenced in this chapter shall be permitted to be continued in service, pro- vided that the lack of conformity with these documents does not present a serious hazard to the occupants as de- termined by the authority having jurisdiction.

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Section 2.2 was revised by a tentative interim amend- ment (TIA). See page 1.

2.2* NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2013 edition. NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion

Foam, 2010 edition. NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems,

2011 edition. NFPA 12A, Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems,

2009 edition. NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013

edition. NFPA13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One-

and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 2013 edition. NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in

Low-Rise Residential Occupancies, 2013 edition. NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose

Systems, 2013 edition. NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protec-

tion, 2012 edition. NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler

and Foam-Water Spray Systems, 2011 edition. NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems,

2013 edition. NFPA 17A, Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems,

2013 edition. NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance

of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 2014 edition. NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2015 edi-

tion. NFPA 30B, Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Prod-

ucts, 2015 edition. NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equip-

ment, 2011 edition. NFPA 40, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose

Nitrate Film, 2011 edition. NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using

Chemicals, 2011 edition. NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, 2015 edition. NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2014 edition. NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2014 edition. NFPA72®, National FireAlarm and Signaling Code, 2013 edition. NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives,

2013 edition. NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Han-

dling Systems and Equipment, 2014 edition. NFPA 88A, Standard for Parking Structures, 2015 edition. NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and

Ventilating Systems, 2015 edition. NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating

and Air-Conditioning Systems, 2015 edition. NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems forAir Conveying of Vapors,

Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids, 2010 edition. NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems, 2012 edition. NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of

Commercial Cooking Operations, 2014 edition. NFPA 99, Health Care Facilities Code, 2015 edition. NFPA 101A, Guide on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, 2013

edition. NFPA 105, Standard for Smoke Door Assemblies and Other Open-

ing Protectives, 2013 edition.

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2015 Edition

NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, 2013 edition.

NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems, 2013 edition.

NFPA 160, Standard for the Use of Flame Effects Before an Audi- ence, 2011 edition.

NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols, 2012 edition.

NFPA 204, Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting, 2012 edition. NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid

Fuel–Burning Appliances, 2013 edition. NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, 2015

edition. NFPA 221, Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls,

and Fire Barrier Walls, 2015 edition. NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration,

and Demolition Operations, 2013 edition. NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,

2012 edition. NFPA 253, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of

Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2011 edition.

NFPA 257, Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies, 2012 edition.

NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials, 2013 edition.

NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furni- ture, 2013 edition.

NFPA 261, Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies to Ignition by Smoldering Cigarettes, 2013 edition.

NFPA 265, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile or Expanded Vinyl Wall Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls, 2011 edition.

NFPA 286, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contri- bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth, 2011 edition.

NFPA 288, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Horizontal Fire Door Assemblies Installed in Horizontal Fire Resistance–Rated Assemblies, 2012 edition.

NFPA 289, Standard Method of Fire Test for Individual Fuel Packages, 2013 edition.

NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code, 2013 edition. NFPA 415, Standard on Airport Terminal Buildings, Fueling

Ramp Drainage, and Loading Walkways, 2013 edition. NFPA 418, Standard for Heliports, 2011 edition. NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation

of Textiles and Films, 2010 edition. NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant–Treated Wood and Fire-

Retardant Coatings for Building Materials, 2015 edition. NFPA 720, Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide

(CO) Detection and Warning Equipment, 2015 edition. NFPA 731, Standard for the Installation of Electronic Premises

Security Systems, 2015 edition. NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, 2015

edition. NFPA 914, Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures, 2010

edition. NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proxi-

mate Audience, 2011 edition. NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Sys-

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tems, 2012 edition.

101–25REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS

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2.3 Other Publications.

2.3.1 ACI Publications. American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333. www.concrete.org

ACI 216.1/TMS 0216.1, Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies, 2008.

2.3.2 ANSI Publications. American National Standards Insti- tute, Inc., 25 West 43rd Street, 4th floor, New York, NY 10036.

ANSI A14.3, Safety Requirements for Fixed Ladders, 1992.

ICC/ANSI A117.1, American National Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, 2009.

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