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Norton studyspace give me liberty 4th edition

05/01/2021 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 2 Day

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. • www.NortonEbooks.com


FOURTH EDITION


GIVE ME LIBERTY!


Eric Foner


AN AMERICAN HISTORY


PRAISE FOR ERIC FONER’S GIVE ME LIBERTY!


“The book is inviting to students . . . well-organized and easy to read . . . I love the way Dr. Foner writes! The textbook comes alive with his scholarship and teaching experience.” —Marianne Leeper, Trinity Valley Community College


“I find that Foner strikes the perfect balance between political, legal, social, and cultural history. . . . [Give Me Liberty!] includes the most current or most relevant scholarship.” —David Anderson, Louisiana Tech University


“Often, history textbooks can seem to be disjointed retellings of facts and concepts that remind one of an encyclopedia. [Foner’s] freedom theme ties the material together well, which isn’t always easy with this kind of broad textbook. I do think it’s effective in tying the social and political together.” —James Karmel, Harford Community College


“Foner’s textbook is superb. It is well informed, elegantly written, and offers a kind of narrative and interpretive coherence that is rare among textbooks.” —Jeffrey Adler, University of Florida


“The theme of freedom is very clearly and adeptly integrated. . . . Give Me Liberty! provides a good model for students on how to investigate and carry through a theme in their own writings.” —Jim Dudlo, Brookhaven College, Dallas Community College District


“Give Me Liberty! offers a nice, comprehensive coverage of American history. I feel that equal weight is given to various topics. ‘Voices of Freedom’ is actually one of the major features of the book that prompted me to adopt the text. I am not aware of any other text on the market that has this superb feature. . . . [A] splendid approach.” —Jonathan A. Noyalas, Lord Fairfax Community College


“I’ve had a number of students in the last year comment on how easy the text is to use with the integrated focus questions and terms.” —Lauren Braun-Strumfels, Raritan Valley Community College


“Give Me Liberty! is visually appealing in many different ways. The manner in which the illustrations, maps, and pedagogical components are incorporated . . . makes the text more accessible and much less intimidating.” —Kent McGaughy, Houston Community College–NW Campus


“I appreciate the book’s terrifically accessible writing as well as its clear statement of themes. It has a wonderfully seamless and authoritative quality to its writing. I plan to continue to offer it to my students for many years to come.” —Beverly Gage, Yale University


G I V E M E


L I B E R T Y ! A N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y


Fo u r t h E d i t i o n




B W . W . N O R T O N & C O M P A N Y


N E W Y O R K . L O N D O N


E R I C F O N E R


Fo u r t h E d i t i o n




G I V E M E


L I B E R T Y ! A N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y


W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton


and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education


division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, pub-


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the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of 400


and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton &


Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.


Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 by Eric Foner


All rights reserved


Printed in the United States of America


Fourth Edition


Editor: Steve Forman


Associate Editor: Justin Cahill


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Since this page cannot accommodate all of the copyright notices, the Credits pages at the end of the book


constitute an extension of the copyright page.


Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data


Foner, Eric.


Give me liberty! : An American history / Eric Foner.—Fourth edition.


pages cm


Includes bibliographical references and index.


ISBN 978-0-393-92026-0 (hardcover)


1. United States—History. 2. United States—Politics and government. 3. Democracy—United States—


History. 4. Liberty—History. I. Title.


E178.F66 2014


973—dc23


ISBN: 978-0-393-92026-0 2013029664


W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110


www.wwnorton.com


W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0


E R I C F O N E R is DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. In his teaching and scholarship, he focuses on the Civil War and Reconstruction, slavery, and nineteenth-century America. Professor Foner’s publications include Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War; Tom Paine and Revolutionary America; Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy; Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877; The Story of American Freedom; and Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. His history of Reconstruction won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for History, the Bancroft Prize, and the Parkman Prize. He has served as president of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association. In 2006 he received the Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching from Columbia University. His most recent book is The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, winner of the Bancroft and Lincoln Prizes and the Pulitzer Prize for History.




A B O U T T H E A U T H O R


Contents


ix


ABOUT THE AUTHOR ... vii LIST OF MAPS, TABLES, AND FIGURES ... xxxiii DEDICATION ... xxxvii PREFACE ... xxxix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... xlv


PA R T 1: A M E R ICA N COL ON I ES T O 17 6 3


1. A N E W W O R L D . . . 4 THE FIRST AMERICANS ... 6


The Settling of the Americas ... 6 ★ Indian Societies of the


Americas ... 8 ★ Mound Builders of the Mississippi River Valley ... 9 ★


Western Indians ... 10 ★ Indians of Eastern North America ... 10 ★ Native


American Religion ... 12 ★ Land and Property ... 12 ★ Gender


Relations ... 14 ★ European Views of the Indians ... 14


INDIAN FREEDOM, EUROPEAN FREEDOM ... 15 Indian Freedom ... 15 ★ Christian Liberty ... 16 ★ Freedom and


Authority ... 17 ★ Liberty and Liberties ... 17


THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE ... 18 Chinese and Portuguese Navigation ... 18 ★ Portugal and West


Africa ... 19 ★ Freedom and Slavery in Africa ... 20 ★ The Voyages of


Columbus ... 20


CONTACT ... 21 Columbus in the New World ... 21 ★ Exploration and Conquest ... 23 ★


The Demographic Disaster ... 24


THE SPANISH EMPIRE ... 24 Governing Spanish America ... 25 ★ Colonists in Spanish


America ... 25 ★ Colonists and Indians ... 26 ★ Justifications for


Conquest ... 27 ★ Spreading the Faith ... 28 ★ Piety and Profit ... 29 ★


Las Casas’s Complaint ... 29 ★ Reforming the Empire ... 30 ★ Exploring


North America ... 31 ★ Spanish Florida ... 33 ★ Spain in the


Southwest ... 33 ★ The Pueblo Revolt ... 34


THE FRENCH AND DUTCH EMPIRES ... 35 French Colonization ... 35


Voices of Freedom: From Bartolomé de las Casas, History of the Indies


(1528), and From “Declaration of Josephe” (December 19, 1681) ... 36


C O N T E N T S


x


Contents


New France and the Indians ... 38 ★ The Dutch Empire ... 41 ★ Dutch


Freedom ... 41 ★ Freedom in New Netherland ... 41 ★ The Dutch and


Religious Toleration ... 42 ★ Settling New Netherland ... 43 ★ New


Netherland and the Indians ... 44


REVIEW ... 47


2 . B E G I N N I N G S O F E N G L I S H A M E R I C A , 16 0 7–16 6 0 . . . 4 8


ENGLAND AND THE NEW WORLD ... 50 Unifying the English Nation ... 50 ★ England and Ireland ... 50 ★ England


and North America ... 51 ★ Spreading Protestantism ... 52 ★ The Social


Crisis ... 52 ★ Masterless Men ... 53


THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH ... 54 English Emigrants ... 54 ★ Indentured Servants ... 55 ★ Land and


Liberty ... 55 ★ Englishmen and Indians ... 56 ★ The Transformation of


Indian Life ... 57 ★ Changes in the Land ... 58


SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE ... 58 The Jamestown Colony ... 58 ★ From Company to Society ... 59 ★


Powhatan and Pocahontas ... 59 ★ The Uprising of 1622 ... 60 ★


A Tobacco Colony ... 61 ★ Women and the Family ... 62 ★


The Maryland Experiment ... 63 ★ Religion in Maryland ... 64


THE NEW ENGLAND WAY ... 64 The Rise of Puritanism ... 64 ★ Moral Liberty ... 65 ★ The Pilgrims at


Plymouth ... 66 ★ The Great Migration ... 67 ★ The Puritan Family ... 68 ★


Government and Society in Massachusetts ... 68 ★ Church and State in


Puritan Massachusetts ... 70


NEW ENGLANDERS DIVIDED ... 70 Roger Williams ... 71 ★ Rhode Island and Connecticut ... 71 ★ The Trials


of Anne Hutchinson ... 72 ★ Puritans and Indians ... 73


Voices of Freedom: From “The Trial of Anne Hutchinson” (1637),


and From John Winthrop, Speech to the Massachusetts General Court


(July 3, 1645) ... 74


The Pequot War ... 76 ★ The New England Economy ... 77 ★


The Merchant Elite ... 78 ★ The Half-Way Covenant ... 78


RELIGION, POLITICS, AND FREEDOM ... 79 The Rights of Englishmen ... 79 ★ The English Civil War ... 80 ★


England’s Debate over Freedom ... 80 ★ English Liberty ... 81 ★


The Civil War and English America ... 82 ★ The Crisis in Maryland ... 82 ★


Cromwell and the Empire ... 83


REVIEW ... 85


Contents


xi


3 . C R E A T I N G A N G L O - A M E R I C A , 16 6 0 –17 5 0 . . . 8 6 GLOBAL COMPETITION AND THE EXPANSION OF ENGLAND’S EMPIRE ... 88


The Mercantilist System ... 88 ★ The Conquest of New


Netherland ... 88 ★ New York and the Rights of Englishmen and


Englishwomen ... 90 ★ New York and the Indians ... 90 ★ The Charter


of Liberties ... 91 ★ The Founding of Carolina ... 91 ★ The Holy


Experiment ... 92 ★ Quaker Liberty ... 93 ★ Land in Pennsylvania ... 94


ORIGINS OF AMERICAN SLAVERY ... 94 Englishmen and Africans ... 94 ★ Slavery in History ... 95 ★ Slavery in the


West Indies ... 95 ★ Slavery and the Law ... 97 ★ The Rise of Chesapeake


Slavery ... 98 ★ Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia ... 99 ★


The End of the Rebellion, and Its Consequences ... 100 ★ A Slave


Society ... 100 ★ Notions of Freedom ... 101


COLONIES IN CRISIS ... 101 The Glorious Revolution ... 102 ★ The Glorious Revolution in


America ... 103 ★ The Maryland Uprising ... 103 ★ Leisler’s


Rebellion ... 104 ★ Changes in New England ... 104 ★ The Prosecution


of Witches ... 105 ★ The Salem Witch Trials ... 105


THE GROWTH OF COLONIAL AMERICA ... 106 A Diverse Population ... 107 ★ Attracting Settlers ... 107 ★ The


German Migration ... 109 ★ Religious Diversity ... 110 ★ Indian Life in


Transition ... 111


Voices of Freedom: From Letter by a Swiss-German Immigrant to


Pennsylvania (August 23, 1769), and From Memorial against


Non-English Immigration (December 1727) ... 112


Regional Diversity ... 114 ★ The Consumer Revolution ... 115 ★ Colonial


Cities ... 115 ★ Colonial Artisans ... 116 ★ An Atlantic World ... 116


SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE COLONIES ... 118 The Colonial Elite ... 118 ★ Anglicization ... 119 ★ The South Carolina


Aristocracy ... 119 ★ Poverty in the Colonies ... 120 ★ The Middle


Ranks ... 121 ★ Women and the Household Economy ... 122 ★ North


America at Mid-Century ... 123


REVIEW ... 125


4 . S L A V E R Y, F R E E D O M , A N D T H E S T R U G G L E F O R E M P I R E T O 17 6 3 . . . 1 2 6


SLAVERY AND EMPIRE ... 128 Atlantic Trade ... 128 ★ Africa and the Slave Trade ... 130 ★ The Middle


Passage ... 130 ★ Chesapeake Slavery ... 132 ★ Freedom and Slavery in


the Chesapeake ... 133 ★ Indian Slavery in Early Carolina ... 133 ★ The


xii


Contents


Rice Kingdom ... 134 ★ The Georgia Experiment ... 134 ★ Slavery in


the North ... 135


SLAVE CULTURES AND SLAVE RESISTANCE ... 136 Becoming African-American ... 136 ★ African Religion in Colonial


America ... 136 ★ African-American Cultures ... 137 ★ Resistance to


Slavery ... 138 ★ The Crisis of 1739–1741 ... 139


AN EMPIRE OF FREEDOM ... 140 British Patriotism ... 140 ★ The British Constitution ... 140 ★ The


Language of Liberty ... 141 ★ Republican Liberty ... 141 ★ Liberal


Freedom ... 142


THE PUBLIC SPHERE ... 143 The Right to Vote ... 144 ★ Political Cultures ... 144 ★ Colonial


Government ... 145 ★ The Rise of the Assemblies ... 146 ★ Politics in


Public ... 146 ★ The Colonial Press ... 147 ★ Freedom of Expression


and Its Limits ... 148 ★ The Trial of Zenger ... 148 ★ The American


Enlightenment ... 149


THE GREAT AWAKENING ... 150 Religious Revivals ... 150 ★ The Preaching of Whitefield ... 151 ★


The Awakening’s Impact ... 151


IMPERIAL RIVALRIES ... 152 Spanish North America ... 152 ★ The Spanish in California ... 154 ★


The French Empire ... 155


BATTLE FOR THE CONTINENT ... 156 The Middle Ground ... 156 ★ The Seven Years’ War ... 157 ★ A World


Transformed ... 158 ★ Pontiac’s Rebellion ... 160 ★ The Proclamation Line


... 160 ★ Pennsylvania and the Indians ... 161


Voices of Freedom: From Pontiac, Speeches (1762 and 1763), and From


The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus


Vassa, the African (1789) ... 162


Colonial Identities ... 164


REVIEW ... 166


PA R T 2 : A N E W N AT ION, 17 6 3 –18 4 0


5 . T H E A M E R I C A N R E V O L U T I O N , 17 6 3 –17 8 3 . . . 17 0 THE CRISIS BEGINS ... 171


Consolidating the Empire ... 172 ★ Taxing the Colonies ... 173 ★ The


Stamp Act Crisis ... 173 ★ Taxation and Representation ... 174 ★ Liberty


and Resistance ... 175 ★ Politics in the Streets ... 176 ★ The


Regulators ... 176 ★ The Tenant Uprising ... 178


Contents


xiii


THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION ... 178 The Townshend Crisis ... 178 ★ Homespun Virtue ... 179 ★ The Boston


Massacre ... 179 ★ Wilkes and Liberty ... 181 ★ The Tea Act ... 181 ★


The Intolerable Acts ... 181


THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE ... 182 The Continental Congress ... 182 ★ The Continental Association ...


183 ★ The Sweets of Liberty ... 183 ★ The Outbreak of War ... 184 ★


Independence? ... 185 ★ Common Sense ... 186 ★ Paine’s Impact ... 187 ★


The Declaration of Independence ... 187


Voices of Freedom: From Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776), and


From Jonathan Boucher, A View of the Causes and Consequences of


the American Revolution (1775) ... 188


The Declaration and American Freedom ... 190 ★ An Asylum for


Mankind ... 191 ★ The Global Declaration of Independence ... 192


SECURING INDEPENDENCE ... 193 The Balance of Power ... 193 ★ Blacks in the Revolution ... 193 ★


The First Years of the War ... 194 ★ The Battle of Saratoga ... 195 ★


The War in the South ... 197 ★ Victory at Last ... 199


REVIEW ... 203


6 . T H E R E V O L U T I O N W I T H I N . . . 2 0 4 DEMOCRATIZING FREEDOM ... 206


The Dream of Equality ... 206 ★ Expanding the Political Nation ... 206 ★


The Revolution in Pennsylvania ... 207 ★ The New Constitutions ... 208 ★


The Right to Vote ... 209 ★ Democratizing Government ... 209


TOWARD RELIGIOUS TOLERATION ... 210 Catholic Americans ... 211 ★ The Founders and Religion ... 211 ★ Separating


Church and State ... 212 ★ Jefferson and Religious Liberty ... 213 ★


The Revolution and the Churches ... 214 ★ Christian Republicanism ... 215


DEFINING ECONOMIC FREEDOM ... 215 Toward Free Labor ... 215 ★ The Soul of a Republic ... 216 ★ The Politics


of Inflation ... 217 ★ The Debate over Free Trade ... 218


THE LIMITS OF LIBERTY ... 218 Colonial Loyalists ... 218 ★ Loyalists’ Plight ... 219 ★ The Indians’


Revolution ... 221 ★ White Freedom, Indian Freedom ... 222


SLAVERY AND THE REVOLUTION ... 223 The Language of Slavery and Freedom ... 223 ★ Obstacles to


Abolition ... 224 ★ The Cause of General Liberty ... 225 ★ Petitions


for Freedom ... 225 ★ British Emancipators ... 226 ★ Voluntary


Emancipations ... 228 ★ Abolition in the North ... 228 ★ Free Black


Communities ... 229


xiv


Contents


Voices of Freedom: From Abigail Adams to John Adams, Braintree,


Mass. (March 31, 1776), and From Petitions of Slaves to the


Massachusetts Legislature (1773 and 1777) ... 230


DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY ... 232 Revolutionary Women ... 232 ★ Gender and Politics ... 232 ★ Republican


Motherhood ... 234 ★ The Arduous Struggle for Liberty ... 235


REVIEW ... 237


7. F O U N D I N G A N A T I O N , 17 8 3 –17 9 1 . . . 2 3 8 AMERICA UNDER THE CONFEDERATION ... 240


The Articles of Confederation ... 240 ★ Congress and the


West ... 242 ★ Settlers and the West ... 242 ★ The Land


Ordinances ... 243 ★ The Confederation’s Weaknesses ... 245 ★ Shays’s


Rebellion ... 246 ★ Nationalists of the 1780s ... 246


A NEW CONSTITUTION ... 247 The Structure of Government ... 248 ★ The Limits of Democracy ... 249 ★


The Division and Separation of Powers ... 250 ★ The Debate over Slavery


... 251 ★ Slavery in the Constitution ... 251 ★ The Final


Document ... 253


THE RATIFICATION DEBATE AND THE ORIGIN OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS ... 254


The Federalist ... 254 ★ “Extend the Sphere” ... 255 ★ The


Anti-Federalists ... 256 ★ The Bill of Rights ... 257


Voices of Freedom: From David Ramsay, The History of the American


Revolution (1789), and From James Winthrop, Anti-Federalist Essay


Signed “Agrippa” (1787) ... 260


“WE THE PEOPLE” ... 263 National Identity ... 263 ★ Indians in the New Nation ... 263 ★ Blacks and


the Republic ... 266 ★ Jefferson, Slavery, and Race ... 268 ★ Principles of


Freedom ... 269


REVIEW ... 271


8 . S E C U R I N G T H E R E P U B L I C , 17 9 1–18 15 . . . 2 7 2 POLITICS IN AN AGE OF PASSION ... 273


Hamilton’s Program ... 274 ★ The Emergence of Opposition ... 274 ★


The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain ... 275 ★ The Impact of the


French Revolution ... 276 ★ Political Parties ... 277 ★ The Whiskey


Rebellion ... 278 ★ The Republican Party ... 279 ★ An Expanding Political


Sphere ... 279 ★ The Democratic-Republican Societies ... 280 ★ The Rights


of Women ... 281 ★ Women and the Republic ... 281


Contents


xv


Voices of Freedom: From Judith Sargent Murray, “On the Equality of


the Sexes” (1790), and From Address of the Democratic-Republican


Society of Pennsylvania (December 18, 1794) ... 282


THE ADAMS PRESIDENCY ... 284 The Election of 1796 ... 284 ★ The “Reign of Witches” ... 285 ★


The Virginia and Kentucky Revolutions ... 286 ★ The “Revolution of


1800” ... 287 ★ Slavery and Politics ... 288 ★ The Haitian Revolution


... 288 ★ Gabriel’s Rebellion ... 289


JEFFERSON IN POWER ... 290 Judicial Review ... 291 ★ The Louisiana Purchase ... 292 ★ Lewis and


Clark ... 294 ★ Incorporating Louisiana ... 294 ★ The Barbary Wars ... 295 ★


The Embargo ... 296 ★ Madison and Pressure for War ... 297


THE “SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE” ... 297 The Indian Response ... 298 ★ Tecumseh’s Vision ... 298 ★ The War of


1812 ... 299 ★ The War’s Aftermath ... 302 ★ The End of the Federalist


Party ... 303


REVIEW ... 305


9 . T H E M A R K E T R E V O L U T I O N , 18 0 0 –18 4 0 . . . 3 0 6 A NEW ECONOMY ... 308


Roads and Steamboats ... 309 ★ The Erie Canal ... 309 ★ Railroads and


the Telegraph ... 311 ★ The Rise of the West ... 312 ★ The Cotton


Kingdom ... 315 ★ The Unfree Westward Movement ... 317


MARKET SOCIETY ... 318 Commercial Farmers ... 318 ★ The Growth of Cities ... 319 ★ The Factory


System ... 319 ★ The Industrial Worker ... 323 ★ The “Mill Girls” ... 323 ★


The Growth of Immigration ... 324 ★ Irish and German Newcomers ...


324 ★ The Rise of Nativism ... 326 ★ The Transformation of Law ... 327


THE FREE INDIVIDUAL ... 328 The West and Freedom ... 329 ★ The Transcendentalists ... 330 ★


Individualism ... 330


Voices of Freedom: From Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar”


(1837), and From “Factory Life as It Is, by an Operative” (1845) ... 332


The Second Great Awakening ... 334 ★ The Awakening’s Impact ... 335 ★


The Emergence of Mormonism ... 336


THE LIMITS OF PROSPERITY ... 337 Liberty and Prosperity ... 337 ★ Race and Opportunity ... 338 ★ The Cult


of Domesticity ... 339 ★ Women and Work ... 340 ★ The Early Labor


Movement ... 341 ★ The “Liberty of Living” ... 342


REVIEW ... 345


xvi


Contents


10 . D E M O C R A C Y I N A M E R I C A , 18 15 –18 4 0 . . . 3 4 6 THE TRIUMPH OF DEMOCRACY ... 348


Property and Democracy ... 348 ★ The Dorr War ... 348 ★ Tocqueville on


Democracy ... 349 ★ The Information Revolution ... 350 ★ The Limits of


Democracy ... 351 ★ A Racial Democracy ... 352 ★ Race and Class ... 353


NATIONALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS ... 353 The American System ... 353 ★ Banks and Money ... 355 ★ The Panic of ...


1819 ... 355 ★ The Politics of the Panic ... 356 ★ The Missouri Controversy


... 356 ★ The Slavery Question ... 358


NATION, SECTION, AND PARTY ... 359 The United States and the Latin American Wars of Independence ... 359 ★


The Monroe Doctrine ... 360 ★ The Election of 1824 ... 361


Voices of Freedom: From President James Monroe, Annual Message


to Congress (1823), and From John C. Calhoun, “A Disquisition on


Government” (ca. 1845) ... 362


The Nationalism of John Quincy Adams ... 364 ★ “Liberty Is


Power” ... 365 ★ Martin Van Buren and the Democratic Party ... 365 ★


The Election of 1828 ... 366


THE AGE OF JACKSON ... 367 The Party System ... 367 ★ Democrats and Whigs ... 368 ★ Public and


Private Freedom ... 369 ★ Politics and Morality ... 370 ★ South Carolina


and Nullification ... 371 ★ Calhoun’s Political Theory ... 371 ★ The


Nullification Crisis ... 373 ★ Indian Removal ... 374 ★ The Supreme Court


and the Indians ... 374


THE BANK WAR AND AFTER ... 377 Biddle’s Bank ... 377 ★ The Pet Banks and the Economy ... 379 ★


The Panic of 1837 ... 380 ★ Van Buren in Office ... 380 ★ The Election


of 1840 ... 381 ★ His Accidency ... 382


REVIEW ... 384


PA R T 3 : SL AV E RY, F R E E DOM, A N D T H E


CR ISIS OF T H E U N ION, 18 4 0–18 7 7


11. T H E P E C U L I A R I N S T I T U T I O N . . . 3 8 8 THE OLD SOUTH ... 390


Cotton Is King ... 390 ★ The Second Middle Passage ... 391 ★ Slavery and


the Nation ... 391 ★ The Southern Economy ... 393 ★ Plain Folk of the Old


South ... 394 ★ The Planter Class ... 395 ★ The Paternalist Ethos ... 396 ★


Contents


xvii


The Code of Honor ... 396 ★ The Proslavery Argument ... 398 ★ Abolition


in the Americas ... 399 ★ Slavery and Liberty ... 400 ★ Slavery and


Civilization ... 400


LIFE UNDER SLAVERY ... 401 Slaves and the Law ... 401 ★ Conditions of Slave Life ... 402 ★ Free Blacks


in the Old South ... 403


Voices of Freedom: From Letter by Joseph Taper to Joseph Long


(1840), and From “Slavery and the Bible” (1850) ... 404


The Upper and Lower South ... 407 ★ Slave Labor ... 408 ★ Gang Labor and


Task Labor ... 408 ★ Slavery in the Cities ... 410 ★ Maintaining Order ... 410


SLAVE CULTURE ... 411 The Slave Family ... 412 ★ The Threat of Sale ... 412 ★ Gender Roles


among Slaves ... 413 ★ Slave Religion ... 413 ★ The Gospel of Freedom ...


414 ★ The Desire for Liberty ... 415


RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY ... 416 Forms of Resistance ... 416 ★ Fugitive Slaves ... 418 ★ The Amistad ... 419 ★


Slave Revolts ... 419 ★ Nat Turner’s Rebellion ... 420


REVIEW ... 423


12 . A N A G E O F R E F O R M , 18 2 0 –18 4 0 . . . 4 2 4 THE REFORM IMPULSE ... 425


Utopian Communities ... 426 ★ The Shakers ... 426 ★ Oneida ... 427 ★


Worldly Communities ... 428 ★ The Owenites ... 429 ★ Religion and


Reform ... 430 ★ The Temperance Movement ... 431 ★ Critics of


Reform ... 431 ★ Reformers and Freedom ... 432 ★ The Invention of the


Asylum ... 433 ★ The Common School ... 433


THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY ... 435 Colonization ... 435 ★ Blacks and Colonization ... 435 ★ Militant Abolitionism


... 436 ★ The Emergence of Garrison ... 437 ★ Spreading the Abolitionist


Message ... 437 ★ Slavery and Moral Suasion ... 439 ★ Abolitionists and the


Idea of Freedom ... 439 ★ A New Vision of America ... 440


BLACK AND WHITE ABOLITIONISM ... 441 Black Abolitionists ... 441 ★ Abolitionism and Race ... 442 ★ Slavery and


American Freedom ... 443 ★ Gentlemen of Property and Standing ... 443 ★


Slavery and Civil Liberties ... 445


THE ORIGINS OF FEMINISM ... 446 The Rise of the Public Woman ... 446 ★ Women and Free Speech ... 447 ★


Women’s Rights ... 448 ★ Feminism and Freedom ... 449


Voices of Freedom: From Angelina Grimké, Letter in The Liberator


(August 2, 1837), and From Frederick Douglass, Speech on July 5, 1852,


Rochester, New York ... 450


xviii


Contents


Women and Work ... 452 ★ The Slavery of Sex ... 453 ★ “Social


Freedom” ... 453 ★ The Abolitionist Schism ... 454


REVIEW ... 457


13 . A H O U S E D I V I D E D , 18 4 0 –18 6 1 . . . 4 5 8 FRUITS OF MANIFEST DESTINY ... 459


Continental Expansion ... 459 ★ The Mexican Frontier: New Mexico and


California ... 460 ★ The Texas Revolt ... 460 ★ The Election of 1844 ...


463 ★ The Road to War ... 464 ★ The War and Its Critics ... 465 ★ Combat


in Mexico ... 466 ★ Race and Manifest Destiny ... 468 ★ Redefining Race


... 469 ★ Gold-Rush California ... 469 ★ California and the Boundaries of


Freedom ... 470 ★ The Other Gold Rush ... 471 ★ Opening Japan ... 471


A DOSE OF ARSENIC ... 473 The Wilmot Proviso ... 473 ★ The Free Soil Appeal ... 474 ★ Crisis and


Compromise ... 474 ★ The Great Debate ... 475 ★ The Fugitive Slave


Issue ... 475 ★ Douglas and Popular Sovereignty ... 477 ★ The Kansas-


Nebraska Act ... 478


THE RISE OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY ... 479 The Northern Economy ... 479 ★ The Rise and Fall of the


Know-Nothings ... 481 ★ The Free Labor Ideology ... 483 ★ Bleeding


Kansas and the Election of 1856 ... 484


THE EMERGENCE OF LINCOLN ... 485 The Dred Scott Decision ... 485 ★ The Decision’s Aftermath ... 486 ★


Lincoln and Slavery ... 486 ★ The Lincoln-Douglas Campaign ... 487 ★


John Brown at Harpers Ferry ... 489


Voices of Freedom: From The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) ... 490


The Rise of Southern Nationalism ... 492 ★ The Democratic Split ... 493 ★


The Nomination of Lincoln ... 494 ★ The Election of 1860 ... 494


THE IMPENDING CRISIS ... 495 The Secession Movement ... 495 ★ The Secession Crisis ... 496 ★ And the


War Came ... 497


REVIEW ... 501


14 . A N E W B I R T H O F F R E E D O M : T H E C I V I L W A R , 18 6 1–18 6 5 . . . 5 0 2


THE FIRST MODERN WAR ... 503 The Two Combatants ... 504 ★ The Technology of War ... 504 ★ The


Public and the War ... 506 ★ Mobilizing Resources ... 507 ★ Military


Contents


xix


Strategies ... 508 ★ The War Begins ... 509 ★ The War in the East,


1862 ... 509 ★ The War in the West ... 511


THE COMING OF EMANCIPATION ... 511 Slavery and the War ... 511 ★ The Unraveling of Slavery ... 513 ★


Steps toward Emancipation ... 513 ★ Lincoln’s Decision ... 514 ★


The Emancipation Proclamation ... 516 ★ Enlisting Black Troops ... 517 ★


The Black Soldier ... 518


THE SECOND AMERICAN REVOLUTION ... 519 Liberty and Union ... 520 ★ Lincoln’s Vision ... 520 ★ From Union to


Nation ... 521 ★ The War and American Religion ... 522 ★ Liberty in


Wartime ... 523 ★ The North’s Transformation ... 524 ★ Government and


the Economy ... 524 ★ The War and Native Americans ... 525


Voices of Freedom: From Letter of Thomas F. Drayton (April 17, 1861),


and From Abraham Lincoln, Address at Sanitary Fair, Baltimore


(April 18, 1864) ... 526


A New Financial System ... 528 ★ Women and the War ... 528 ★


The Divided North ... 530


THE CONFEDERATE NATION ... 531 Leadership and Government ... 531 ★ The Inner Civil War ... 532 ★


Economic Problems ... 533 ★ Southern Unionists ... 534 ★ Women and the


Confederacy ... 535 ★ Black Soldiers for the Confederacy ... 535


TURNING POINTS ... 536 Gettysburg and Vicksburg ... 536 ★ 1864 ... 537


REHEARSALS FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND THE END OF THE WAR ... 539


The Sea Islands Experiment ... 539 ★ Wartime Reconstruction in the


West ... 540 ★ The Politics of Wartime Reconstruction ... 541 ★ Victory


at Last ... 541 ★ The War and the World ... 543 ★ The War in American


History ... 544


REVIEW ... 547


15 . “ W H A T I S F R E E D O M ? ”: R E C O N S T R U C T I O N , 18 6 5 –18 7 7 . . . 5 4 8


THE MEANING OF FREEDOM ... 550 Blacks and the Meaning of Freedom ... 550 ★ Families in Freedom ... 550 ★


Church and School ... 551 ★ Political Freedom ... 551 ★ Land, Labor, and


Freedom ... 552 ★ Masters without Slaves ... 553 ★ The Free Labor Vision


... 554 ★ The Freedmen’s Bureau ... 555 ★ The Failure of Land Reform


... 556 ★ Toward a New South ... 556 ★ The White Farmer ... 557 ★


The Urban South ... 558 ★ The Aftermath of Slavery ... 559


xx


Contents


Voices of Freedom: From Petition of Committee in Behalf of the


Freedmen to Andrew Johnson (1865), and From A Sharecropping


Contract (1866) ... 560


THE MAKING OF RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION ... 562 Andrew Johnson ... 562 ★ The Failure of Presidential Reconstruction ...


563 ★ The Black Codes ... 563 ★ The Radical Republicans ... 564 ★ The


Origins of Civil Rights ... 565 ★ The Fourteenth Amendment ... 566 ★


The Reconstruction Act ... 566 ★ Impeachment and the Election of Grant


... 567 ★ The Fifteenth Amendment ... 568 ★ The “Great Constitutional


Revolution” ... 569 ★ Boundaries of Freedom ... 570 ★ The Rights of


Women ... 570 ★ Feminists and Radicals ... 571


RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH ... 572 “The Tocsin of Freedom” ... 572 ★ The Black Officeholder ... 573 ★


Carpetbaggers and Scalawags ... 574 ★ Southern Republicans in Power


... 575 ★ The Quest for Prosperity ... 576


THE OVERTHROW OF RECONSTRUCTION ... 577 Reconstruction’s Opponents ... 577 ★ “A Reign of Terror” ... 577 ★ The

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