Othello online text with line numbers

What Color Are Bears?

What does documenting sources have to do with argument? First, the sources that a writer chooses form part of any argument, showing that he/she has done some research, knows what others have said about the topic, and understands how to use these items as support for a claim. Similarly, the list of works cited or references makes a statement, saying, “Look at how thoroughly this essay has been researched” or “Note how up-to-date I am!”

Writers working in digital spaces sometimes simply add hotlinks so that their readers can find their sources. If you are writing a multimodal essay that will appear on the Web, such links will be appreciated. But for now, college assignments generally call for full documentation rather than simply a link. You’ll find the information you need to create in-text citations and works cited/references lists in this chapter.

Documentation styles vary from discipline to discipline, with one for- mat favored in the social sciences and another in the natural sciences,

Documenting Sources

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for example. Your instructor will probably assign a documentation style for you to follow. If not, you can use one of the two covered in this chap- ter. But note that even the choice of documentation style makes an argu- ment in a subtle way. You’ll note in the instructions that follow, for example, that the Modern Language Association (MLA) style requires putting the date of publication of a print source at or near the end of a works cited list entry, whereas the American Psychological Association (APA) style places that date near the beginning of a references list cita- tion. Such positioning suggests that in MLA style, the author and title are of greater importance than the date for humanities scholars, while APA puts a priority on the date — and timeliness — of sources. Pay attention to such fine points of documentation style, always asking what these choices suggest about the values of scholars and researchers who use a particular system of documentation.

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MLA Style

Widely used in the humanities, MLA style is fully described in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition, 2009). In this discus- sion, we provide guidelines drawn from the MLA Handbook for in-text citations, notes, and entries in the list of works cited.

In-Text Citations

MLA style calls for in-text citations in the body of an argument to docu- ment sources of quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and so on. For in- text citations, use a signal phrase to introduce the material, often with the author’s name (As Geneva Smitherman explains, . . .). Keep an in-text citation short, but include enough information for readers to locate the source in the list of works cited. Place the parenthetical citation as near to the relevant material as possible without disrupting the flow of the sentence, as in the following examples.

1. Author Named in a Signal Phrase

Ordinarily, use the author’s name in a signal phrase to introduce the material, and cite the page number(s) in parentheses.

Ravitch chronicles how the focus in education reform has shifted toward privatizing school management rather than toward improving curriculum, teacher training, or funding (36).

2. Author Named in Parentheses

When you don’t mention the author in a signal phrase, include the author’s last name before the page number(s) in the parentheses.

Oil from shale in the western states, if it could be extracted, would be equivalent to six hundred billion barrels, more than all the crude so far produced in the world (McPhee 413).

3. Two or Three Authors

Use all authors’ last names.

Gortner, Hebrun, and Nicolson maintain that “opinion leaders” influence other people in an organization because they are respected, not because they hold high positions (175).

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4. Four or More Authors

The MLA allows you to use all authors’ last names or to use only the first author’s name with et al. (in regular type, not italicized). Although either format is acceptable when applied consistently throughout a paper, in an argument it is more fair and accurate to name all authors who contributed to the work.

Similarly, as Goldberger, Tarule, Clinchy, and Belenky note, their new book builds on their collaborative experiences (xii).

5. Organization as Author

Give the full name of a corporate author if it’s brief or a shortened form if it’s long.

Many global economists assert that the term “developing countries” is no longer a useful designation, as it ignores such countries’ rapid economic growth (Gates Foundation 112).

6. Unknown Author

Use the full title of the work if it’s brief or a shortened form if it’s long.

“Hype,” by one analysis, is “an artificially engendered atmosphere of hysteria” (“Today’s Marketplace” 51).

7. Author of Two or More Works

When you use two or more works by the same author, include the title of the work or a shortened version of it in the citation.

Gardner presents readers with their own silliness through his description of a “pointless, ridiculous monster, crouched in the shadows, stinking of dead men, murdered children, and martyred cows” (Grendel 2).

8. Authors with the Same Last Name

When you use works by two or more authors with the same last name, include each author’s first initial in the in-text citation.

Public health officials agree that the potential environmental risk caused by indoor residual spraying is far lower than the potential risk of death caused by malaria-carrying mosquitoes (S. Dillon 76).

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9. Multivolume Work

Note the volume number first and then the page number(s), with a colon and one space between them.

Aristotle’s “On Plants” is now available in a new translation edited by Barnes (2: 1252).

10. Literary Work

Because literary works are often available in many different editions, you need to include enough information for readers to locate the pas- sage in any edition. For a prose work such as a novel or play, first cite the page number from the edition you used, followed by a semicolon; then indicate the part or chapter number (114; ch. 3) or act or scene in a play (42; sc. 2).

In Ben Jonson’s Volpone, the miserly title character addresses his treasure as “dear saint” and “the best of things” (1447; act 1).

For a poem, cite the stanza and line numbers. If the poem has only line numbers, use the word line(s) in the first reference (lines 33–34) and the number(s) alone in subsequent references.

On dying, Whitman speculates, “All that goes onward and outward, nothing collapses, / And to die is different from what any one supposed, and luckier” (6.129-30).

For a verse play, omit the page number, and give only the act, scene, and line numbers, separated by periods.

Before he takes his own life, Othello says he is “one that loved not wisely but too well” (5.2.348).

As Macbeth begins, the witches greet Banquo as “Lesser than Macbeth, and greater” (1.3.65).

11. Works in an Anthology

For an essay, short story, or other short work within an anthology, use the name of the author of the work, not the editor of the anthology; but use the page number(s) from the anthology.

In the end, if the black artist accepts any duties at all, that duty is to express the beauty of blackness (Hughes 1271).

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12. Sacred Text

To cite a sacred text, such as the Qur’an or the Bible, give the title of the edition you used, the book, and the chapter and verse (or their equiv- alent), separated by a period. In your text, spell out the names of books. In a parenthetical reference, use an abbreviation for books with names of five or more letters (for example, Gen. for Genesis).

He ignored the admonition “Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall” (New Oxford Annotated Bible, Prov. 16.18).

13. Indirect Source

Use the abbreviation qtd. in to indicate that what you’re quoting or paraphrasing is quoted (as part of a conversation, interview, letter, or excerpt) in the source you’re using.

As Catherine Belsey states, “to speak is to have access to the language which defines, delimits and locates power” (qtd. in Bartels 453).

14. Two or More Sources in the Same Citation

Separate the information for each source with a semicolon.

Adefunmi was able to patch up the subsequent holes left in worship by substituting various Yoruba, Dahomean, or Fon customs made available to him through research (Brandon 115-17; Hunt 27).

15. Entire Work or One-Page Article

Include the citation in the text without any page numbers or parentheses.

Kazuo Ishiguro’s dystopian novel Never Let Me Go explores questions of identity and authenticity.

16. Nonprint or Electronic Source

Give enough information in a signal phrase or parenthetical citation for readers to locate the source in the list of works cited. Usually give the author or title under which you list the source. If the work isn’t numbered by page but has numbered sections, parts, or paragraphs, include the name and number(s) of the section(s) you’re citing. (For

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paragraphs, use the abbreviation par. or pars.; for section, use sec.; for part, use pt.)

In his film version of Hamlet, Zeffirelli highlights the sexual tension between the prince and his mother.

Zora Neale Hurston is one of the great anthropologists of the twentieth century, according to Kip Hinton (par. 2).

Describing children’s language acquisition, Pinker explains that “what’s innate about language is just a way of paying attention to parental speech” (qtd. in Johnson, sec. 1).

17. Visual Included in the Text

Number all figures (photos, drawings, cartoons, maps, graphs, and charts) and tables separately.

This trend is illustrated in a chart distributed by the College Board as part of its 2014 analysis of aggregate SAT data (see fig. 1).

Include a caption with enough information about the source to direct readers to the works cited entry. (For an example of an image that a stu- dent created, see the sample page from an MLA-style essay on p. 485 in this chapter.)

Explanatory and Bibliographic Notes

The MLA recommends using explanatory notes for information or commentary that doesn’t readily fit into your text but is needed for clarification, further explanation, or justification. In addition, the MLA allows bibliographic notes for citing several sources for one point and for offering thanks to, information about, or evaluation of a source. Use a superscript number in your text at the end of a sentence to refer readers to the notes, which usually appear as endnotes (with the head- ing Notes, not underlined or italicized) on a separate page before the list of works cited. Indent the first line of each note five spaces, and double- space all entries.

Text with Superscript Indicating a Note

Stewart emphasizes the existence of social contacts in Hawthorne’s life so that the audience will accept a different Hawthorne, one more attuned to modern times than the figure in Woodberry.3

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Note

3 Woodberry does, however, show that Hawthorne was often unsociable. He emphasizes the seclusion of Hawthorne’s mother, who separated herself from her family after the death of her husband, often even taking meals alone (28). Woodberry seems to imply that Mrs. Hawthorne’s isolation rubbed off on her son.

List of Works Cited

A list of works cited is an alphabetical listing of the sources you cite in your essay. The list appears on a separate page at the end of your argu- ment, after any notes, with the heading Works Cited centered an inch from the top of the page; don’t underline or italicize it or enclose it in quotation marks. Double-space between the heading and the first entry, and double-space the entire list. (If you’re asked to list everything you’ve read as background — not just the sources you cite — call the list Works Consulted.) The first line of each entry should align on the left; subse- quent lines indent one-half inch or five spaces. See p. 486 for a sample works cited page.

Print Books

The basic information for a book includes four elements, each followed by a period:

● the author’s name, last name first (for a book with multiple authors, only the first author’s name is inverted)

● the title and subtitle, italicized

● the publication information, including the city followed by a colon, a shortened form of the publisher’s name (such as Harvard UP) fol- lowed by a comma, and the publication date

● the medium of publication (Print)

1. One Author

Larsen, Erik. Dead Wake: The Last Crossing of the Lusitania. New York: Crown, 2015. Print.

2. Two or More Authors

Jacobson, Sid, and Ernie Colón. The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation. New York: Hill, 2006. Print.

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3. Organization as Author

American Horticultural Society. The Fully Illustrated Plant-by-Plant Manual of Practical Techniques. New York: American Horticultural Society and DK, 1999. Print.

4. Unknown Author

National Geographic Atlas of the World. New York: Natl. Geographic, 2004. Print.

5. Two or More Books by the Same Author

List the works alphabetically by title. Use three hyphens for the author’s name for the second and subsequent works by that author.

Lorde, Audre. A Burst of Light. Ithaca: Firebrand, 1988. Print.

---. Sister Outsider. Trumansburg: Crossing, 1984. Print.

6. Editor

Rorty, Amelie Oksenberg, ed. Essays on Aristotle’s Poetics. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1992. Print.

7. Author and Editor

Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Ed. Frank Kermode. London: Routledge, 1994. Print.

8. Selection in an Anthology or Chapter in an Edited Book

List the author(s) of the selection or chapter; its title; the title of the book in which the selection or chapter appears; Ed. and the name(s) of the editor(s); the publication information; and the inclusive page num- bers of the selection or chapter.

Brown, Paul. “ ‘This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine’: The Tempest and the Discourse of Colonialism.” Political Shakespeare: Essays in Cultural Materialism. Ed. Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1985. 48-71. Print.

9. Two or More Works from the Same Anthology

Include the anthology itself in the list of works cited.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Nellie McKay, eds. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. New York: Norton, 1997. Print.

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Then list each selection separately by its author and title, followed by a cross-reference to the anthology.

Karenga, Maulana. “Black Art: Mute Matter Given Force and Function.” Gates and McKay 1973-77.

Neal, Larry. “The Black Arts Movement.” Gates and McKay 1960-72.

10. Translation

Hietamies, Laila. Red Moon over White Sea. Trans. Borje Vahamaki. Beaverton: Aspasia, 2000. Print.

11. Edition Other Than the First

Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. Everything’s an Argument with Readings. 7th ed. Boston: Bedford, 2016. Print.

12. Graphic Narrative

If the words and images are created by the same person, cite a graphic narrative just as you would a book (see item 1 on p. 472).

Bechdel, Alison. Are You My Mother? New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. Print.

If the work is a collaboration, indicate the author or illustrator who is most important to your research before the title. Then list other con- tributors in order of their appearance on the title page. Label each per- son’s contribution to the work.

Stavans, Ilan, writer. Latino USA: A Cartoon History. Illus. Lalo Arcaraz. New York: Basic, 2000. Print.

13. One Volume of a Multivolume Work

Byron, Lord George. Byron’s Letters and Journals. Ed. Leslie A. Marchand. Vol. 2. London: Murray, 1973. Print. 12 vols.

14. Two or More Volumes of a Multivolume Work

Byron, Lord George. Byron’s Letters and Journals. Ed. Leslie A. Marchand. 12 vols. London: Murray, 1973-82. Print.

15. Preface, Foreword, Introduction, or Afterword

Kean, Thomas H., and Lee H. Hamilton. Foreword. The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation. By Sid Jacobson and Ernie Colón. New York: Hill, 2006. ix-x. Print.

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16. Article in a Reference Work

Bierman, Paul R. “Earth.” World Book Encyclopedia. 2015 ed. Print.

17. Book That Is Part of a Series

Include the title and number of the series after the publication information.

Moss, Beverly J. A Community Text Arises. Cresskill: Hampton, 2003. Print. Language and Social Processes Ser. 8.

18. Republication

Scott, Walter. Kenilworth. 1821. New York: Dodd, 1996. Print.

19. Government Document

United States. Cong. House Committee on the Judiciary. Impeachment of the President. 40th Cong., 1st sess. H. Rept. 7. Washington: GPO, 1867. Print.

20. Pamphlet

An Answer to the President’s Message to the Fiftieth Congress. Philadelphia: Manufacturers’ Club of Philadelphia, 1887. Print.

21. Published Proceedings of a Conference

Edwards, Ron, ed. Proceedings of the Third National Folklore Conference. 26-27 Nov. 1988. Canberra, Austral.: Australian Folk Trust, 1988. Print.

22. Title within a Title

Tavernier-Courbin, Jacqueline. Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast: The Making of Myth. Boston: Northeastern UP, 1991. Print.

Print Periodicals

The basic entry for a periodical includes four elements, each followed by a period:

● the author’s name, last name first

● the article title, in quotation marks

● the publication information, including the periodical title (italicized), the volume and issue numbers (if any, not italicized), the date of pub- lication, and the page number(s)

● the medium of publication (Print)

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For works with multiple authors, only the first author’s name is inverted. Note that the period following the article title goes inside the closing quotation mark. Finally, note that the MLA omits the in titles such as The New Yorker.

23. Article in a Print Journal

Give the issue number, if available.

Anderson, Virginia. “ ‘The Perfect Enemy’: Clinton, the Contradictions of Capitalism, and Slaying the Sin Within.” Rhetoric Review 21 (2002): 384-400. Print.

Radavich, David. “Man among Men: David Mamet’s Homosocial Order.” American Drama 1.1 (1991): 46-66. Print.

24. Article That Skips Pages

Seabrook, John. “Renaissance Pears.” New Yorker 5 Sept. 2005: 102+. Print.

25. Article in a Print Monthly Magazine

Thompson, Derek. “The Miracle of Minneapolis.” Atlantic March 2015: 30-32. Print.

26. Article in a Print Weekly Magazine

Reed, Julia. “Hope in the Ruins.” Newsweek 12 Sept. 2005: 58-59. Print.

27. Article in a Print Newspaper

Friend, Tim. “Scientists Map the Mouse Genome.” USA Today 2 Dec. 2002: A1. Print.

28. Editorial or Letter to the Editor

Posner, Alan. “Colin Powell’s Regret.” Editorial. New York Times 9 Sept. 2005: A20. Print.

29. Unsigned Article

“Court Rejects the Sale of Medical Marijuana.” New York Times 26 Feb. 1998, late ed.: A21. Print.

30. Review

Wildavsky, Ben. “Bad Educations.” Rev. of Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses, by Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa. Wilson Quarterly 35.2 (2011): 98-99. Print.

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Digital Sources

Most of the following models are based on the MLA’s guidelines for citing electronic sources in the MLA Handbook (7th edition, 2009), as well as on up-to-date information available at its Web site (mla.org). The MLA no longer requires the use of URLs but assumes that readers can locate a source by searching the author, title, and other publication information given in the citation. The basic MLA entry for most electronic sources should include the following elements:

● name of the author, editor, or compiler

● title of the work, document, or posting

● publication information (volume, issue, year or date). List page num- bers (or n. pag., not italicized, if none are listed).

● name of database, italicized

● medium of publication (Web, CD-ROM, etc.)

● date of access

31. Document from a Web Site

Begin with the author, if known, followed by the title of the work, title of the Web site, publisher or sponsor, date of publication or latest update, medium (Web), and the date you accessed the site.

Stauder, Ellen Keck. “Darkness Audible.” Romantic Circle Praxis Series. U of Maryland, 2003. Web. 28 Sept 2014.

32. Entire Web Site

Include the name of the person or group who created the site, if rele- vant; the title of the site, italicized, or (if there is no title) a description such as Home page, not italicized; the publisher or sponsor of the site; the date of publication or last update; the medium consulted (Web); and the date of access.

Kotaku. Gawker Media, 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 30 Aug. 2014.

Mitten, Lisa. Native American Sites. Lisa A. Mitten, 16 Sept. 2008. Web. 3 Dec. 2013.

33. Course, Department, or Personal Web Site

For a course Web site, include the instructor’s name; the title of the site, italicized; a description of the site (such as Course home page, Dept.

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home page, or Home page — not italicized); the sponsor of the site (aca- demic department and institution); dates of the course or last update to the page; the medium; and the date of access. Note that the MLA spells home page as two separate words. For an academic department, list the name of the department; a description; the academic institution; the date the page was last updated (use n.d. for “no date,” not italicized); the medium (Web); and the date of access.

Dept. of English. Home page. Amherst Coll., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2007.

Lunsford, Andrea A. Home page. Stanford U, 27 Mar. 2003. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.

Lunsford, Andrea A. Memory and Media. Course home page. Dept. of English, Stanford U, Sept.-Dec. 2002. Web. 13 Mar. 2006.

34. Online Book

Cite an online book as you would a print book. After the print publica- tion information (if any), give the title of the Web site or database in which the book appears, italicized; the medium (Web); and the date of access.

Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York. Ed. David Phillips. New York: Scribner’s, 1890. The Authentic History Center. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.

Treat a poem, essay, or other short work within an online book as you would a part of a print book. After the print publication information (if any), give the title of the Web site or database, italicized; the medium (Web); and the date of access.

Dickinson, Emily. “The Grass.” Poems: Emily Dickinson. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1891. Humanities Text Initiative American Verse Project. Web. 6 Jan. 2015.

35. Article in a Journal on the Web

For an article in an online journal, cite the same information that you would for a print journal. If the online article does not have page num- bers, use n. pag. (not italicized). Then add the medium consulted (Web) and the date of access.

Edwards, Chris. “A Wealth of Opportunity: An Undergraduate Consultant’s Look into the Benefits of Working at a Writing Center.” Praxis: A Writing Center Journal 7.2 (2010): n. pag. Web. 28 May 2011.

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36. Article in a Magazine or Newspaper on the Web

For an article in an online magazine or newspaper, cite the author; the title of the article, in quotation marks; the name of the magazine or newspaper, italicized; the sponsor of the Web site; the date of publica- tion; the medium (Web); and the date you accessed the article.

Broad, William J. “In Ancient Fossils, Seeds of a New Debate on Warming.” New York Times. New York Times, 7 Nov. 2006. Web. 12 Jan. 2015.

McIntosh, Jill. “First Drive: 2013 Audi Q5 Hybrid.” Canadian Driver. Canadian Driver Communications, 20 June 2011. Web. 15 Aug. 2011.

37. Entry in a Web Reference Work

Cite the entry as you would an entry from a print reference work (see item 16). Follow with the name of the Web site, the sponsor, the date of publication, the medium, and the date of access.

“Tour de France.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2006. Web. 21 May 2014.

38. Post or Comment on a Web Site

Begin with the author’s name; the title of the posting, in quotation marks (if there is no title, use the description Weblog post or Weblog com- ment, not italicized); the name of the blog, italicized; the sponsor of the blog (use N.p., not italicized, if there is no sponsor); the date of the most recent update; the medium (Web); and the date of access.

Marcotte, Amanda. “Rights without Perfection.” Pandagon. N.p., 16 May 2010. Web. 16 May 2012.

39. Entry in a Wiki

Since wikis are collectively edited, do not include an author. Treat a wiki as you would a work from a Web site (see item 31). Include the title of the entry; the name of the wiki, italicized; the sponsor or publisher (use N.p., not italicized, if there is no sponsor); the date of the latest update; the medium (Web); and the date of access.

“Fédération Internationale de Football Association.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 June 2011. Web. 18 July 2014.

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40. Posting on a Social Networking Site

To cite a posting on Facebook or another social networking site, include the writer’s name, a description of the posting, the date of the posting, and the medium of delivery.

Ferguson, Sarah. Status update. 6 Mar. 2014. Facebook posting.

41. Email or Message on a Social Networking Site

Include the writer’s name; the subject line, in quotation marks (for email); Message to (not italicized or in quotation marks) followed by the recipient’s name; the date of the message; and the medium of delivery (E-mail, not italicized). Note that the MLA hyphenates e-mail.

Harris, Jay. “Thoughts on Impromptu State Productions.” Message to the author. 16 July 2014. E-mail.

42. Tweet

Include the writer’s real name, if known, with the user name (if differ- ent) in parentheses. If you don’t know the real name, give just the user name. Include the entire tweet, in quotation marks. End with the date and time of the message and the medium (Tweet).

Andrea A. Lunsford (aalrhetorician). “Just read (again) about demise of the apostrophe. Argument getting a bit old.” 27 Aug. 2014, 1:59 p.m. Tweet.

43. Work from an Online Database or a Subscription Service

For a work from an online database, list the author’s name; the title of the work, in quotation marks; any print publication information; the name of the database, italicized; the medium consulted (Web); and the date of access.

“Bolivia: Elecciones Presidenciales de 2002.” Political Database of the Americas. Web. 12 Nov. 2006.

Penn, Sean, and Jon Krakauer. “Into the Wild Script.” Internet Movie Script Database. Web. 12 June 2011.

For a work from an online service to which your library subscribes, include the same information as for an online database. After the

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information about the work, give the name of the database, italicized; the medium; and the date you accessed the work.

“Breaking the Dieting Habit: Drug Therapy for Eating Disorders.” Psychology Today Mar. 1995: 12+. ProQuest. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.

If you’re citing an article from a subscription service to which you sub- scribe (such as AOL), use the following model:

Weeks, W. William. “Beyond the Ark.” Nature Conservancy Mar.-Apr. 1999. America Online. Web. 30 Nov. 2008.

44. Computer Software or Video Game

Include the title, italicized; the version number (if given); publication information; and the medium. If you are citing material downloaded from a Web site, include the title and version number (if given), but instead of publication information, add the publisher or sponsor of the Web site; the date of publication; the medium (Web); and the date of access.

The Sims 3. Vers. 1.24. Redwood City: Electronic Arts, 2009. CD-ROM.

Web Cache Illuminator. Vers. 4.02. NorthStar Solutions, n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2007.

45. CD-ROM, Diskette, or Magnetic Tape

If the CD has multiple discs, insert the total number at the end of the citation.

The 1998 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Danbury: Grolier Interactive, 1998. CD-ROM. 2 discs.

Other Sources (Including Online Versions)

46. Unpublished Dissertation

Thompson, Brian. “I’m Better Than You, and I Can Prove It: Games, Expertise, and the Culture of Competition.” Diss. Stanford U, 2014. Print.

47. Published Dissertation

Baum, Bernard. Decentralization of Authority in a Bureaucracy. Diss. U of Chicago, 1959. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1961. Print.

48. Article from a Microform

Sharpe, Lora. “A Quilter’s Tribute.” Boston Globe 25 Mar. 1989: 13. Microform. NewsBank: Social Relations 12 (1989): fiche 6, grids B4-6.

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49. Personal, Published, or Broadcast Interview

For a personal interview, list the name of the person interviewed, the label Personal interview (not italicized), and the date of the interview.

Ashdown, Audrey. Personal interview. 1 Jan. 2015.

For a published interview, list the name of the person interviewed and the title (if any), or if there is no title, use the label Interview by [inter- viewer’s name] (not italicized); then add the publication information, including the medium.

Marshall, Andrew. “The Marshall Plan.” Interview by Douglas McGray. Wired. CondéNet, Feb. 2003. Web. 17 Mar. 2010.

Taylor, Max. “Max Taylor on Winning.” Time 13 Nov. 2000: 66. Print.

For a broadcast interview, list the name of the person interviewed, the label Interview (not italicized), and the name of the interviewer (if rele- vant); then list information about the program, the date of the interview, and the medium.

Fairey, Shepard. “Spreading the Hope: Street Artist Shepard Fairey.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air. Natl. Public Radio. WBUR, Boston. 20 Jan. 2009. Radio.

If you listened to an archived version online, after the site’s sponsor (if known), add the interview date, medium (Web), and date of access.

Gordon, Kim. “A ‘Girl in a Band’: Kim Gordon on Life after Sonic Youth.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air. Natl. Public Radio, 4 Mar. 2015. Web. 17 Apr. 2015.

50. Letter

Treat a published letter like a work in an anthology, but include the date of the letter.

Jacobs, Harriet. “To Amy Post.” 4 Apr. 1853. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Ed. Jean Fagan Yellin. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1987. 234-35. Print.

51. Film

For films, ordinarily begin with the title, followed by the director and major performers. If your essay or project focuses on a major person

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related to the film, such as the director, you can begin with that name or names, followed by the title and performers.

Selma. Dir. Ava DuVernay. Perf. David Oyelowo, Tom Wilkinson. Plan B Entertainment, 2014. Film.

Jenkins, Tamara, dir. The Savages. Perf. Laura Linney and Philip Seymour Hoffman. 2007. Fox Searchlight. Web. 4 Mar. 2008.

52. Television or Radio Program

“Baelor.” Game of Thrones. Dir. Alan Taylor. Writ. David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Perf. Sean Bean, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington. HBO. 9 June 2011. Television.

Montagne, Renee. “Week in Review: The Latest on Egypt and Syria.” Morning Edition. Natl. Public Radio. KQED, San Francisco. 23 Aug. 2013. Radio.

53. Online Video Clip

Cite a short online video as you would a work from a Web site (see item 31).

Weber, Jan. “As We Sow, Part I: Where Are the Farmers?” YouTube. YouTube, 15 Mar. 2009. Web. 27 Sept. 2012.

54. Sound Recording

Black Rebel Motorcycle Club. “Howl.” Howl. RCA Records, 2005. CD.

Brandon Flowers. “Crossfire.” Flamingo. Island, 2010. MP3.

55. Work of Art or Photograph

List the artist or photographer; the work’s title, italicized; the date of composition (if unknown, use N.d.); and the medium of composition (Oil on canvas, Bronze, Photograph, etc.). Then cite the name of the museum or other location and the city.

Ulmann, Doris. Man Leaning against a Wall. 1930. Photograph. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC.

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To cite a reproduction in a book, add the publication information.

General William Palmer in Old Age. 1810. Oil on canvas. National Army Museum, London. White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India. William Dalrymple. New York: Penguin, 2002. 270. Print.

To cite artwork found online, omit the medium of composition, and after the location add the title of the database or Web site, italicized; the medium consulted (Web); and the date of access.

Chagall, Marc. The Poet with the Birds. 1911. Minneapolis Inst. of Arts. Artsmia.org. Web. 6 Oct. 2003.

56. Lecture or Speech

DeGeneres, Ellen. Baccalaureate Address. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. 11 May 2009. Address.

57. Performance

Anything Goes. By Cole Porter. Perf. Klea Blackhurst. Shubert Theatre, New Haven. 7 Oct. 2003. Performance.

58. Map or Chart

World Political Map (Classic). Washington: Natl. Geographic, 2007. Print.

59. Cartoon

Ramirez, Michael. “The Phoenix.” Cartoon. Investors.com. Investor’s Business Daily, 10 Sept. 2011. Web. 11 Sept. 2011.

60. Advertisement

Banana Republic. Advertisement. Wired Sept. 2009: 13. Print.

On p. 485, note the formatting of the first page of a sample essay written in MLA style. On p. 486, you’ll find a sample works cited page written for the same student essay.

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Emily Lesk

Professor Arraéz

Electric Rhetoric

15 November 2014

Red, White, and Everywhere

America, I have a confession to make: I don’t drink Coke.

But don’t call me a hypocrite just because I am still the proud

owner of a bright red shirt that advertises it. Just call me an

American. Even before setting foot in Israel three years ago,

I knew exactly where I could find one. The tiny T-shirt shop

in the central block of Jerusalem’s Ben Yehuda Street did

offer other designs, but the one with a bright white “Drink

Coca-Cola Classic” written in Hebrew cursive across the chest

was what drew in most of the dollar-carrying tourists. While

waiting almost twenty minutes for my shirt (depicted in

fig. 1), I watched nearly

every customer ahead of

me ask for “the Coke shirt,

todah rabah [thank you

very much].”

At the time, I

never thought it strange

that I wanted one, too.

After having absorbed

sixteen years of Coca-Cola

propaganda through

everything from NBC’s Saturday morning cartoon lineup to

the concession stand at Camden Yards (the Baltimore Orioles’

ballpark), I associated the shirt with singing along to the

“Just for the Taste of It” jingle and with America’s favorite

pastime, not with a brown fizzy beverage I refused to consume.

Name, instructor, course, date aligned at left

Title centered

Figure number and caption noting the source of the photo

Sample First Page for an Essay in MLA Style

Lesk 1Author name and page number in upper right corner of each page

Fig. 1. Hebrew Coca-Cola

T-shirt. Personal photograph.

Despite my dislike for the

beverage, I bought this

Coca-Cola T-shirt in Israel.

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RESEARCH AND ARGUMENTS486 MLA

Works Cited

Coca-Cola Santa pin. Personal photograph by the author.

9 Nov. 2008.

”The Fabulous Fifties.” Beverage Industry 87.6 (1996): 16.

General OneFile. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.

“Fifty Years of Coca-Cola Television Advertisements.”

American Memory. Motion Picture, Broadcasting and

Recorded Sound Division, Lib. of Cong. 29 Nov. 2000.

Web. 5 Nov. 2014.

“Haddon Sundblom and Coca-Cola.” Thehistoryofchristmas

.com. 10 Holidays, 2004. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.

Hebrew Coca-Cola T-shirt. Personal photograph by the

author. 8 Nov. 2014.

Ikuta, Yasutoshi, ed. ‘50s American Magazine Ads. Tokyo:

Graphic-Sha, 1987. Print.

Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The

Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the

Company That Makes It. 2nd ed. New York: Basic, 2000.

Print.

Heading centered

Subsequent lines of each entry indented

List is alphabet- ized by authors’ last names (or by title when there is no author)

Sample List of Works Cited for an Essay in MLA Style

Lesk 7

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APA C H A P T E R 2 2 DOCUMENTING SOURCES 487

APA Style

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition, 2010) provides comprehensive advice to student and professional writ- ers in the social sciences. Here we draw on the Publication Manual’s guide- lines to provide an overview of APA style for in-text citations, content notes, and entries in the list of references.

In-Text Citations

APA style calls for in-text citations in the body of an argument to docu- ment sources of quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and so on. These in-text citations correspond to full bibliographic entries in the list of ref- erences at the end of the text.

1. Author Named in a Signal Phrase

Generally, give the author’s name in a signal phrase to introduce the cited material, using the past tense for the signal verb. Place the date, in parentheses, immediately after the author’s name. For a quotation, the page number, preceded by p. (not italicized), appears in parentheses after the quotation. For electronic texts or other works without page numbers, paragraph numbers may be used instead, preceded by the abbreviation para. For a long, set-off quotation, position the page refer- ence in parentheses one space after the punctuation at the end of the quotation.

According to Brandon (1993), Adefunmi opposed all forms of racism and believed that black nationalism should not be a destructive force (p. 29).

As Johnson (2005) demonstrated, contemporary television dramas such as ER and Lost are not only more complex than earlier programs but “possess a quality that can only be described as subtlety and discretion” (p. 83).

2. Author Named in Parentheses

When you don’t mention the author in a signal phrase, give the name and the date, separated by a comma, in parentheses at the end of the cited material.

The Sopranos has achieved a much wider viewing audience than ever expected, spawning a cookbook and several serious scholarly studies (Franklin, 2002).

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3. Two Authors

Use both names in all citations. Use and in a signal phrase, but use an ampersand (&) in parentheses.

Associated with purity and wisdom, Obatala is the creator of human beings, whom he is said to have formed out of clay (Edwards & Mason, 1985).

4. Three to Five Authors

List all the authors’ names for the first reference. In subsequent refer- ences, use just the first author’s name followed by et al. (in regular type, not underlined or italicized).

Lenhoff, Wang, Greenberg, and Bellugi (1997) cited tests that indicate that segments of the left brain hemisphere are not affected by Williams syndrome, whereas the right hemisphere is significantly affected (p. 1641).

Shackelford (1999) drew on the study by Lenhoff et al. (1997).

5. Six or More Authors

Use only the first author’s name and et al. (in regular type, not under- lined or italicized) in every citation, including the first.

As Flower et al. (2003) demonstrated, reading and writing involve both cognitive and social processes.

6. Organization as Author

If the name of an organization or a corporation is long, spell it out the first time, followed by an abbreviation in brackets. In later citations, use the abbreviation only.

First Citation (Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], 2002) Subsequent Citations (FBI, 2002)

7. Unknown Author

Use the title or its first few words in a signal phrase or in parentheses. (In the example below, a book’s title is italicized.)

The school profiles for the county substantiate this trend (Guide to secondary schools, 2003).

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8. Authors with the Same Last Name

If your list of references includes works by different authors with the same last name, include the authors’ initials in each citation.

G. Jones (1998) conducted the groundbreaking study of retroviruses, whereas P. Jones (2000) replicated the initial trials two years later.

9. Two or More Sources in the Same Citation

List sources by the same author chronologically by publication year. List sources by different authors in alphabetical order by the authors’ last names, separated by semicolons.

While traditional forms of argument are warlike and agonistic, alternative models do exist (Foss & Foss, 1997; Makau, 1999).

10. Specific Parts of a Source

Use abbreviations (p., pt., and so on) in a parenthetical citation to name the part of a work you’re citing. However, chapter is not abbreviated.

Pinker (2003) argued that his research yielded the opposite results (p. 6).

Pinker (2003) argued that his research yielded the opposite results (Chapter 6).

11. Online Document

To cite a source found on the Internet, use the author’s name and date as you would for a print source, and indicate the chapter or figure of the document, as appropriate. If the source’s publication date is unknown, use n.d. (“no date”). To document a quotation, include para- graph numbers if page numbers are unavailable. If an online document has no page or paragraph numbers, provide the heading of the section and the number of the paragraph that follows.

Werbach (2002) argued convincingly that “despite the best efforts of legislators, lawyers, and computer programmers, spam has won. Spam is killing email” (p. 1).

12. Email and Other Personal Communication

Cite any personal letters, email messages, electronic postings, tele- phone conversations, or personal interviews by giving the person’s initial(s) and last name, the identification, and the date. Do not list email

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APARESEARCH AND ARGUMENTS490

in the references list, and note that APA style uses a hyphen in the word e-mail.

E. Ashdown (personal communication, March 9, 2015) supported these claims.

Content Notes

The APA recommends using content notes for material that will expand or supplement your argument but otherwise would interrupt the text. Indicate such notes in your text by inserting superscript numerals. Type the notes themselves either at the bottom of the page or on a separate page headed Footnotes (not italicized or in quotation marks), centered at the top of the page. Double-space all entries. Indent the first line of each note one-half inch or five spaces, and begin subsequent lines at the left margin.

Text with Superscript Indicating a Note

Data related to children’s preferences in books were instrumental in designing the questionnaire.1

Note

1Rudine Sims Bishop and members of the Reading Readiness Research Group provided helpful data.

List of References

The alphabetical list of sources cited in your text is called References. (If your instructor asks you to list everything you’ve read as background — not just the sources you cite — call the list Bibliography.) The list of refer- ences appears on a separate page or pages at the end of your paper, with the heading References (not underlined, italicized, or in quotation marks) centered one inch from the top of the page. Double-space after the heading, and begin your first entry. Double-space the entire list. For print sources, APA style specifies the treatment and placement of four basic elements: author, publication date, title, and publication information. Each element is followed by a period.

● Author: List all authors with last name first, and use only initials for first and middle names. Separate the names of multiple authors with commas, and use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name.

● Publication date: Enclose the publication date in parentheses. Use only the year for books and journals; use the year, a comma, and the

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month or month and day for magazines and newspapers. Do not abbreviate the month. If a date is not given, put n.d. (“no date,” not italicized) in the parentheses. Put a period after the parentheses.

● Title: Italicize titles and subtitles of books and periodicals. Do not enclose titles of articles in quotation marks. For books and articles, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns or proper adjectives; also capitalize the first word following a colon. Capitalize all major words in the title of a periodical.

● Publication information: For a book published in the United States, list the city of publication and state abbreviation. For books pub- lished outside the United States, identify the city and country. Pro- vide the publisher’s name, dropping Inc., Co., or Publishers. If the state is already included within the publisher’s name, do not include the postal abbreviation for the state. For a periodical, follow the periodi- cal title with a comma, the volume number (italicized), the issue number (if provided) in parentheses and followed by a comma, and the inclusive page numbers of the article. For newspaper articles and for articles or chapters in books, include the abbreviation p. (“page”) or pp. (“pages”).

The following APA style examples appear in a “hanging indent” format, in which the first line aligns on the left and the subsequent lines indent one-half inch or five spaces.

Print Books

1. One Author

Fraser, S. (2015). The age of acquiescence: The life and death of American resistance to organized wealth and power. New York, NY: Little, Brown.

2. Two or More Authors

Steininger, M., Newell, J. D., & Garcia, L. (1984). Ethical issues in psychology. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.

3. Organization as Author

Use the word Author (not italicized) as the publisher when the organi- zation is both the author and the publisher.

Linguistics Society of America. (2002). Guidelines for using sign language interpreters. Washington, DC: Author.

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4. Unknown Author

National Geographic atlas of the world. (2010). Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.

5. Book Prepared by an Editor

Hardy, H. H. (Ed.). (1998). The proper study of mankind. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus.

6. Selection in a Book with an Editor

Villanueva, V. (1999). An introduction to social scientific discussions on class. In A. Shepard, J. McMillan, & G. Tate (Eds.), Coming to class: Pedagogy and the social class of teachers (pp. 262-277). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

7. Translation

Pérez-Reverte, A. (2002). The nautical chart (M. S. Peden, Trans.). New York, NY: Harvest. (Original work published 2000)

8. Edition Other Than the First

Bok, D. (2015). Higher education in America (Rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

9. One Volume of a Multivolume Work

Will, J. S. (1921). Protestantism in France (Vol. 2). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

10. Article in a Reference Work

Chernow, B., & Vattasi, G. (Eds.). (1993). Psychomimetic drug. In The Columbia encyclopedia (5th ed., p. 2238). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

If no author is listed, begin with the article title, followed by the year, and the rest of the citation as shown here.