People in monochronistic cultures

Chapter 5

Communication and

Culture

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Chapter Outcomes

Define and explain culture and its impact on your communication

Delineate seven ways that cultural variables affect communication

Describe the communicative power of group affiliations

Chapter Outcomes (cont.)

Explain key barriers to competent intercultural communication

Demonstrate behaviors that contribute to intercultural competence

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Understanding Culture

Culture

A learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people

The composite of their shared beliefs, values, and practices

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Understanding

Culture (cont.)

Culture is learned through communication with others.

Your personal worldview is the framework through

which you interpret

the world and the

people in it.

Culture affects communication.

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Understanding

Culture (cont.)

Intercultural communication matters.

Communication between people from different cultures who have different worldviews

Necessary in our diverse, mobile society

Mediated interactions and diverse organizations provide regular exposure to people from other cultures.

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Communication and

Cultural Variations

Seven cultural variations play out along a continuum and are not absolute.

High-context cultures use contextual cues to both interpret meaning and send subtle messages.

Cues: time, place,

relationship, situation

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Communication and

Cultural Variations (cont.)

Low-context cultures use direct language and rely less on situational factors.

Examples: United States, Canada, northern Europe

Collectivistic cultures perceive selves primarily as members of a group.

Examples: Arab and Latin American cultures, China, Japan

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Communication and

Cultural Variations (cont.)

Individualistic cultures value individuality, communicate autonomy and privacy, and downplay emotions.

Examples: United States, Great Britain, Australia, Germany

High uncertainty avoidance cultures adapt behavior to avoid risk and use formal rules to communicate.

Examples: Portugal, Greece, Peru, Japan

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Communication and

Cultural Variations (cont.)

Low uncertainty avoidance cultures have a higher tolerance for risk and ambiguity and use fewer formal rules to communicate.

Examples: Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, United States

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Communication and

Cultural Variations (cont.)

Masculine cultures place value on assertiveness, achievement, ambition, and competitiveness.

Examples: Mexico, Japan, Italy

Feminine cultures value nurturance, relationships, and quality of life.

Examples: Sweden, Norway

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Communication and

Cultural Variations (cont.)

Power distance is the way cultures accept the division of power.

High power distance: people with less power accept lower position as basic fact of life.

Low power distance: people tolerate less difference in power between people; they communicate with less anxiety with those higher in status.

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Communication and

Cultural Variations (cont.)

Time orientation: the way that cultures communicate about and with time

Monochronistic cultures are time-conscious; include United States, Great Britain

Polychronistic cultures have a more fluid approach to time; include Latin America, Asia

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Communication and

Cultural Variations (cont.)

In monochronistic cultures, time is a valuable resource that is not to be wasted. Polychronistic cultures have a more fluid approach to time and deal with various projects and people simultaneously.

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Communication and

Cultural Variations (cont.)

Value of emotional expression

Collectivistic cultures may use hyperbole (vivid, colorful language with great emotional intensity).

Individualistic cultures tend toward understatement (euphemisms) to downplay emotional intensity.

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Understanding Group Affiliations

Co-cultural communication

Members share some of the general culture’s system of thought and behavior but have distinct unifying characteristics.

Includes race, gender, sexual orientation, religion

Includes generations

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Understanding Group Affiliations (cont.)

Co-cultures within a larger culture

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Understanding Group Affiliations (cont.)

Social identity theory includes

Personal identity

Social identity from your group memberships

Ingroups and outgroups

Intergroup communication

How communication occurs within and between groups and affects relationships

Group identification and communication shift depending on which group membership is made salient at a given moment.

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Intercultural Communication Challenges

Anxiety

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of your own culture or group; viewing other cultures through your own lens

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Intercultural Communication Challenges (cont.)

Discrimination

Stems from ethnocentrism

Behavior toward person or group based solely on their membership in a particular group, class, or category

Attitudes about superiority of one culture lead to rules and behaviors that favor that group and harm another group.

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Improving Intercultural Communication

Changing thinking (cognition)‏

Changing feelings (affect)‏

Changing behavior

Being mindful (intercultural sensitivity)‏

Desiring to learn about other cultures

Improving Intercultural Communication (cont.)

Overcoming intergroup biases

Intergroup contact theory: interaction between members of different social groups generates a possibility for more positive attitudes.

Refraining from

behavioral affirmation

and confirmation

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Improving Intercultural Communication (cont.)

Accommodating appropriately

Convergence involves shifting language or nonverbal behaviors toward each other’s way of communicating.

Avoid overaccommodation, or going too far in making changes based on stereotypes about another group.

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Practice Your Skills

Listen effectively.

Think before you speak or act.

Be empathic.

Do the right thing.

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