Pizza hut moscow case study

Global Marketing eiGhth edition

Warren J. Keegan • Mark C. Green

this is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author.

Pearson Global Edition

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ISBN-13: ISBN-10:

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For these Global editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools. this Global edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the north American version.

Whatever your course goals, we’ve got you covered!

Use MyMarketingLab™ to improve student results!

• Study Plan – Help students build a basic understanding of key concepts. Students start by taking a pretest to gauge initial understanding of key concepts. Upon completion, they receive a personalized path of study based on the areas where they would benefit from additional study and practice.

• Business Today – Bring current events alive in your classroom with videos, discussion questions, and author blogs. Be sure to check back often; this section changes daily.

• Decision-making Simulations – Place your students in the role of a key decision-maker, where they are asked to make a series of decisions. The simulation will change and branch based on the decisions students make, providing a variation of scenario paths. Upon completion of each simulation, students receive a grade, as well as a detailed report of the choices they made during the simulation and the associated consequences of those decisions.

• Dynamic Study Modules – Through adaptive learning, students get personalized guidance where and when they need it most, creating greater engagement, improving knowledge retention, and supporting subject-matter mastery. Ultimately, students’ self-confidence increases and their results improve. Also available on mobile devices.

• Writing Space – Better writers make great learners—who perform better in their courses. Providing a single location to develop and assess concept mastery and critical thinking, the Writing Space offers assisted graded and create-your-own writing assignments, enabling you to exchange personalized feedback with students, quickly and easily.

Writing Space can also check students’ work for improper citation or plagiarism by comparing it against the world’s most accurate text comparison database, available from Turnitin.

http://www.pearsonmylabandmastering.com

Whatever your course goals, we’ve got you covered!

Use MyMarketingLab™ to improve student results!

• Study Plan – Help students build a basic understanding of key concepts. Students start by taking a pretest to gauge initial understanding of key concepts. Upon completion, they receive a personalized path of study based on the areas where they would benefit from additional study and practice.

• Business Today – Bring current events alive in your classroom with videos, discussion questions, and author blogs. Be sure to check back often; this section changes daily.

• Decision-making Simulations – Place your students in the role of a key decision-maker, where they are asked to make a series of decisions. The simulation will change and branch based on the decisions students make, providing a variation of scenario paths. Upon completion of each simulation, students receive a grade, as well as a detailed report of the choices they made during the simulation and the associated consequences of those decisions.

• Dynamic Study Modules – Through adaptive learning, students get personalized guidance where and when they need it most, creating greater engagement, improving knowledge retention, and supporting subject-matter mastery. Ultimately, students’ self-confidence increases and their results improve. Also available on mobile devices.

• Writing Space – Better writers make great learners—who perform better in their courses. Providing a single location to develop and assess concept mastery and critical thinking, the Writing Space offers assisted graded and create-your-own writing assignments, enabling you to exchange personalized feedback with students, quickly and easily.

Writing Space can also check students’ work for improper citation or plagiarism by comparing it against the world’s most accurate text comparison database, available from Turnitin.

http://www.pearsonmylabandmastering.com

Warren J. Keegan Lubin Graduate School of Business

Pace University

New York City and Westchester, New York

Mark C. Green Department of Business Administration

and Economics

Simpson College

Indianola, Iowa

Tippie College of Business

University of Iowa

Iowa City, Iowa

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River

Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal

Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

Global MaRKETING Eighth Edition

gLoBAL Edition

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Editor in Chief: Stephanie Wall acquisitions Editor: Mark Gaffney Senior acquisitions Editor, Global Editions: Steven Jackson Project Editor, Global Editions: Suchismita Ukil Program Manager Team lead: ashley Santora Program Manager: Jennifer M. Collins Editorial assistant: Daniel Petrino Director of Marketing: Maggie Moylan Executive Marketing Manager: anne Fahlgren Project Manager Team lead: Judy leale Project Manager: becca Groves Head of learning asset acquisition, Global Editions: laura Dent Media Producer, Global Editions: M. Vikram Kumar

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Pearson Education limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England

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© Pearson Education limited 2015

The rights of Warren J. Keegan and Mark C. Green to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents act 1988.

Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Global Marketing, 8th edition, ISBN 978-0-13-354500-5, by Warren J. Keegan and Mark C. Green, published by Pearson Education © 2015.

all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright licensing agency ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, london EC1N 8TS.

all trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.

ISbN 10: 1-292-01738-4 ISbN 13: 978-1-292-01738-9

british library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data a catalogue record for this book is available from the british library

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11

Typeset in 10/12 Times by Integra Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of america

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To Cynthia, my wife, best friend, and partner in living life creatively.

—WJK

In memoriam: Peter Nathaniel Green 1964–2013

—MCG

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5

Brief Contents

Preface 17 Acknowledgments 21

Part ONE Introduction 24 Chapter 1 Introduction to Global Marketing 24 Case 1-1 The Global Marketplace Is Also Local 24 Case 1-1 The Global Marketplace (continued) 54 Case 1-2 McDonald’s Expands Globally While Adjusting Its Local

Recipe 55 Case 1-3 Apple versus Samsung: The Battle for Smartphone Supremacy

Heats Up 58

Part twO the Global Marketing Environment 60 Chapter 2 The Global Economic Environment 60 Case 2-1 A New Front in the Battle of Ideas 60 Case 2-1 A New Front in the Battle of Ideas (continued) 89 Case 2-2 Argentina Uncorks Malbec; World Ready

for a Glass 90

Chapter 3 The Global Trade Environment 92 Case 3-1 Global Trading Partners Look East and West

for Economic Growth 92 Case 3-1 Will New Trade Partnerships Fuel East-West Growth?

(continued) 121 Case 3-2 Will the Euro Survive? The Euro Zone Fights

for Its Life 122

Chapter 4 Social and Cultural Environments 124 Case 4-1 Will Tourism Ruin Venice? 124 Case 4-1 Is Tourism the Savior or the Scourge of Venice?

(continued) 148 Case 4-2 Soccer and the Fashion World 150

Chapter 5 The Political, Legal, and Regulatory Environments 152

Case 5-1 Mr. President—Free Pussy Riot! 152 Case 5-1 Mr. President—Free Pussy Riot! (continued) 181 Case 5-2 America’s Cuban Conundrum 183 Case 5-3 Gambling Goes Global on the Internet 186

Part thrEE approaching Global Markets 188 Chapter 6 Global Information Systems and Market Research 188 Case 6-1 Nestlé’s Middle East Investment in Market Research 188 Case 6-1 Nestlé’s Middle East Investment in Market Research

(continued) 217 Case 6-2 Research Helps Whirlpool Keep Its Cool at Home, Act Local

in Emerging Markets 218

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6 BRIEF CoNTENTS

Chapter 7 Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning 220 Case 7-1 Global Companies Target Low-Income Consumers (A) 220 Case 7-1 Global Companies Target Low-Income Consumers (A)

(continued) 250 Case 7-2 Cosmetics Giants Segment the Global Cosmetics Market 252

Chapter 8 Importing, Exporting, and Sourcing 254 Case 8-1 East-Asian Countries: Export-led Growth for Economic

Success 254 Case 8-1 Hong Kong Trade and Investment Hub (continued) 281 Case 8-2 Turkish Cars: The Big Picture 282 Case 8-3 A Day in the Life of an Export Coordinator 283

Chapter 9 Global Market-Entry Strategies: Licensing, Investment, and Strategic Alliances 284

Case 9-1 Mo’men Launches Franchises in UAE 284 Case 9-1 Mo’men Launches Franchises in UAE (continued) 311 Case 9-2 Jaguar’s Passage to India 313

Part fOur the Global Marketing Mix 314 Chapter 10 Brand and Product Decisions in Global Marketing 314 Case 10-1 The Beatles Story, Liverpool 314 Case 10-1 The Beatles Story, Liverpool (continued) 347 Case 10-2 The Smart Car 348

Chapter 11 Pricing Decisions 350 Case 11-1 Global Companies Target Low-Income Consumers (B) 350 Case 11-1 Global Companies Target Low-Income Consumers (B)

(continued) 379 Case 11-2 LVMH and Luxury Goods Marketing 380 Case 11-3 One Laptop Per Child 382

Chapter 12 Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution 384 Case 12-1 Carrefour’s Entry in Dubai 384 Case 12-1 How Successful is Carrefour’s Joint Venture in the UAE?

(continued) 415 Case 12-2 Fail! Tesco Strikes Out in the United States 416

Chapter 13 Global Marketing Communications Decisions I: Advertising and Public Relations 418

Case 13-1 The Gulf Oil Spill: BP’s Public Relations Nightmare 418 Case 13-1 The BP Oil Spill (continued) 445 Case 13-2 Samsung: Launching People 446

Chapter 14 Global Marketing Communications Decisions II: Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, and Special Forms of Marketing Communication 448

Case 14-1 Red Bull 448 Case 14-1 Red Bull (continued) 479 Case 14-2 Marketing an Industrial Product in Latin America 480

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BRIEF CoNTENTS 7

Chapter 15 Global Marketing and the Digital Revolution 482 Case 15-1 Africa 3.0 482 Case 15-1 Africa 3.0 (continued) 508 Case 15-2 Global Marketers Discover Social Media 509

Part fIvE Strategy and Leadership in the twenty-first Century 510

Chapter 16 Strategic Elements of Competitive Advantage 510 Case 16-1 Volkswagen Aims for the Top 510 Case 16-1 Volkswagen (continued) 538 Case 16-2 IKEA 541 Case 16-3 LEGO 543

Chapter 17 Leadership, organization, and Corporate Social Responsibility 544

Case 17-1 A Changing of the Guard at Unilever 544 Case 17-1 Unilever (continued) 572

Glossary 575 Author/Name Index 589 Subject/Organization Index 597

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9

Contents

Preface 17 Acknowledgments 21

Part ONE Introduction 24

Chapter 1 Introduction to Global Marketing 24 introduction and overview 25 Principles of Marketing: A Review 27

Competitive Advantage, Globalization, and Global Industries 28

global Marketing: What it is and What it isn’t 31 the importance of global Marketing 38 Management orientations 40

Ethnocentric Orientation 40 Polycentric Orientation 41 Regiocentric Orientation 41 Geocentric Orientation 42

Forces Affecting global integration and global Marketing 44 Multilateral Trade Agreements 44 Converging Market Needs and Wants and the Information Revolution 45 Transportation and Communication Improvements 45 Product Development Costs 45 Quality 46 World Economic Trends 46 Leverage 48

Experience Transfers 48 Scale Economies 48 Resource Utilization 49 Global Strategy 49

Restraining Forces 49 Management Myopia and Organizational Culture 49 National Controls 50 Opposition to Globalization 50

outline of this Book 51

Part twO the Global Marketing Environment 60

Chapter 2 the Global Economic Environment 60 the World Economy—An overview 62 Economic Systems 63

Market Capitalism 64 Centrally Planned Socialism 65 Centrally Planned Capitalism and Market Socialism 65

Stages of Market development 70 Low-Income Countries 70 Lower-Middle-Income Countries 71 Upper-Middle-Income Countries 73 Marketing Opportunities in LDCs and Developing Countries 75 High-Income Countries 77 The Triad 78 Marketing Implications of the Stages of Development 79

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10 CoNTENTS

Balance of Payments 80 trade in Merchandise and Services 82

Overview of International Finance 83 Economic Exposure 85 Managing Exchange Rate Exposure 85

Chapter 3 the Global trade Environment 92 the World trade organization and gAtt 93 Preferential trade Agreements 94

Free Trade Area 95 Customs Union 95 Common Market 95 Economic Union 95

north America 98 Latin America: SiCA, Andean Community, Mercosur, and CARiCoM 100

Central American Integration System 100 Andean Community 101 Common Market of the South (Mercosur) 103 Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) 105 Current Trade-Related Issues 106

Asia-Pacific: the Association of Southeast Asian nations (ASEAn) 106

Marketing Issues in the Asia-Pacific Region 107

Western, Central, and Eastern Europe 109 The European Union (EU) 110 Marketing Issues in the EU 112

the Middle East 114 Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf 115 Marketing Issues in the Middle East 116

Africa 116 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 116 East African Community 117 Southern African Development Community (SADC) 118 Marketing Issues in Africa 118

Chapter 4 Social and Cultural Environments 124 Society, Culture, and global Consumer Culture 125

Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values 127 Religion 127 Aesthetics 128 Dietary Preferences 130 Language and Communication 132 Marketing’s Impact on Culture 135

high- and Low-Context Cultures 136 hofstede’s Cultural typology 137 the Self-Reference Criterion and Perception 141 diffusion theory 142

The Adoption Process 142 Characteristics of Innovations 143 Adopter Categories 143 Diffusion of Innovations in Pacific Rim Countries 144

Marketing implications of Social and Cultural Environments 145

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CoNTENTS 11

Chapter 5 the Political, Legal, and regulatory Environments 152 the Political Environment 153

Nation-States and Sovereignty 154 Political Risk 155 Taxes 157 Seizure of Assets 159

international Law 160 Common Law Versus Civil Law 161 Islamic Law 162

Sidestepping Legal Problems: important Business issues 162 Jurisdiction 162 Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 163 Antitrust 168 Licensing and Trade Secrets 172 Bribery and Corruption: Legal and Ethical Issues 173

Conflict Resolution, dispute Settlement, and Litigation 175 Alternatives to Litigation for Dispute Settlement 176

the Regulatory Environment 177 Regional Economic Organizations: The EU Example 178

Part thrEE approaching Global Markets 188

Chapter 6 Global Information Systems and Market research 188 information technology and Business intelligence for global Marketing 189 Sources of Market information 194 Formal Market Research 196

Step 1: Information Requirement 196 Step 2: Problem Definition 198 Step 3: Choose Unit of Analysis 198 Step 4: Examine Data Availability 198 Step 5: Assess Value of Research 201 Step 6: Research Design 201

Issues in Data Collection 202 Research Methodologies 204 Scale Development 207 Sampling 208

Step 7: Data Analysis 208 Comparative Analysis and Market Estimation by Analogy 212

Step 8: Interpretation and Presentation 213

headquarters’ Control of Market Research 214 the Marketing information System as a Strategic Asset 214

Chapter 7 Segmentation, targeting, and Positioning 220 global Market Segmentation 221

Contrasting Views of Global Segmentation 223 Demographic Segmentation 223

Segmenting Global Markets by Income and Population 224 Age Segmentation 227 Gender Segmentation 228

Psychographic Segmentation 229 Behavior Segmentation 231 Benefit Segmentation 231 Ethnic Segmentation 234

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12 CoNTENTS

Assessing Market Potential and Choosing target Markets or Segments 235 Current Segment Size and Growth Potential 235 Potential Competition 237 Feasibility and Compatibility 238 A Framework for Selecting Target Markets 239

Product-Market decisions 241 targeting and target Market Strategy options 242

Standardized Global Marketing 242 Concentrated Global Marketing 243 Differentiated Global Marketing 243

Positioning 243 Attribute or Benefit 244 Quality and Price 244 Use or User 244 Competition 245 Global, Foreign, and Local Consumer Culture Positioning 245

Chapter 8 Importing, Exporting, and Sourcing 254 Export Selling and Export Marketing: A Comparison 255 organizational Export Activities 257 national Policies governing Exports and imports 258

Government Programs That Support Exports 259 Governmental Actions to Discourage Imports and Block Market Access 260

tariff Systems 265 Customs Duties 267 Other Duties and Import Charges 267

Key Export Participants 268 organizing for Exporting in the Manufacturer’s Country 269 organizing for Exporting in the Market Country 270 trade Financing and Methods of Payment 270

Documentary Credit 271 Documentary Collections (Sight or Time Drafts) 271 Cash in Advance 273 Sales on Open Account 273

Additional Export and import issues 273 Sourcing 274

Management Vision 275 Factor Costs and Conditions 276 Customer Needs 277 Logistics 277 Country Infrastructure 277 Political Factors 278 Foreign Exchange Rates 278

Chapter 9 Global Market-Entry Strategies: Licensing, Investment, and Strategic alliances 284 Licensing 286

Special Licensing Arrangements 287

investment 289 Joint Ventures 289 Investment via Equity Stake or Full Ownership 293

global Strategic Partnerships 296 The Nature of Global Strategic Partnerships 297 Success Factors 300

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CoNTENTS 13

Alliances with Asian Competitors 300 CFM International, GE, and Snecma: A Success Story 301 Boeing and Japan: A Controversy 301

international Partnerships in developing Countries 302 Cooperative Strategies in Asia 303

Cooperative Strategies in Japan: Keiretsu 303 How Keiretsu Affect American Business: Two Examples 306

Cooperative Strategies in South Korea: Chaebol 307

twenty-First-Century Cooperative Strategies 307 Market Expansion Strategies 308

Part fOur the Global Marketing Mix 314

Chapter 10 Brand and Product Decisions in Global Marketing 314 Basic Product Concepts 315

Product Types 316 Product Warranties 316 Packaging 316 Labeling 317 Aesthetics 318

Basic Branding Concepts 319 Local Products and Brands 320 International Products and Brands 320 Global Products and Brands 321 Global Brand Development 324

A needs-Based Approach to Product Planning 327 “Country of origin” as Brand Element 329 Extend, Adapt, Create: Strategic Alternatives in global Marketing 333

Strategy 1: Product-Communication Extension (Dual Extension) 335 Strategy 2: Product Extension–Communication Adaptation 335 Strategy 3: Product Adaptation–Communication Extension 337 Strategy 4: Product-Communication Adaptation (Dual Adaptation) 338 Strategy 5: Innovation 339 How to Choose a Strategy 340

new Products in global Marketing 340 Identifying New-Product Ideas 340 New-Product Development 342 The International New-Product Department 343 Testing New Products 344

Chapter 11 Pricing Decisions 350 Basic Pricing Concepts 351 global Pricing objectives and Strategies 352

Market Skimming and Financial Objectives 352 Penetration Pricing and Nonfinancial Objectives 353 Companion Products: Captive Pricing, a/k/a “Razors and Blades” Pricing 354 Target Costing 355 Calculating Prices: Cost-Plus Pricing and Export Price Escalation 356

Environmental influences on Pricing decisions 361 Currency Fluctuations 361 Inflationary Environment 364 Government Controls, Subsidies, and Regulations 365

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14 CoNTENTS

Competitive Behavior 366 Using Sourcing as a Strategic Pricing Tool 367

global Pricing: three Policy Alternatives 367 Extension or Ethnocentric Pricing 368 Adaptation or Polycentric Pricing 368 Geocentric Pricing 369

gray Market goods 369 dumping 371 Price Fixing 372 transfer Pricing 373

Tax Regulations and Transfer Prices 374 Sales of Tangible and Intangible Property 374

Countertrade 374 Barter 375 Counterpurchase 376 Offset 376 Compensation Trading 376 Switch Trading 377

Chapter 12 Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution 384 distribution Channels: objectives, terminology, and Structure 385

Consumer Products and Services 386 Industrial Products 390

Establishing Channels and Working with Channel intermediaries 391 global Retailing 394

Types of Retail Operations 395 Trends in Global Retailing 399 Global Retailing Market Expansion Strategies 402

Physical distribution, Supply Chains, and Logistics Management 403

Order Processing 408 Warehousing 408 Inventory Management 408 Transportation 409 Logistics Management: A Brief Case Study 412

Chapter 13 Global Marketing Communications Decisions I: advertising and Public relations 418 global Advertising 419

Global Advertising Content: Standardization versus Adaptation 422

Advertising Agencies: organizations and Brands 425 Selecting an Advertising Agency 427

Creating global Advertising 429 Art Direction and Art Directors 430 Copy and Copywriters 432 Cultural Considerations 432

global Media decisions 435 Global Advertising Expenditures and Media Vehicles 435 Media Decisions 436

Public Relations and Publicity 436 The Growing Role of PR in Global Marketing Communications 441 How PR Practices Differ Around the World 442

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CoNTENTS 15

Chapter 14 Global Marketing Communications Decisions II: Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, and Special forms of Marketing Communication 448 Sales Promotion 449

Sampling 452 Couponing 453 Sales Promotion: Issues and Problems 454

Personal Selling 455 The Strategic/Consultative Selling Model 457 Sales Force Nationality 462

Special Forms of Marketing Communications: direct Marketing, Support Media, Event Sponsorship, and Product Placement 464

Direct Mail 465 Catalogs 466 Infomercials, Teleshopping, and Interactive Television 467 Support Media 469 Sponsorship 471 Product Placement: Motion Pictures, Television Shows, and Public Figures 473

Chapter 15 Global Marketing and the Digital revolution 482 the digital Revolution: A Brief history 483 Convergence 488 Value networks and disruptive technologies 489 global E-Commerce 491 Web Site design and implementation 494 new Products and Services 497

Broadband 497 Cloud Computing 498 Smartphones 500 Mobile Advertising and Mobile Commerce 500 Mobile Music 502 Mobile Gaming 504 Internet Phone Service 504 Digital Books and Electronic Reading Devices 505

Part fIvE Strategy and Leadership in the twenty-first Century 510

Chapter 16 Strategic Elements of Competitive advantage 510 industry Analysis: Forces influencing Competition 511

Threat of New Entrants 511 Threat of Substitute Products 513 Bargaining Power of Buyers 513 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 514 Rivalry Among Competitors 515

Competitive Advantage 516 Generic Strategies for Creating Competitive Advantage 516

Broad Market Strategies: Cost Leadership and Differentiation 516 Narrow Target Strategies: Cost Focus and Focused Differentiation 517

The Flagship Firm: The Business Network with Five Partners 520 Creating Competitive Advantage via Strategic Intent 521

Layers of Advantage 522 Loose Bricks 523 Changing the Rules 523 Collaborating 523

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16 CoNTENTS

global Competition and national Competitive Advantage 524 Factor Conditions 525

Human Resources 525 Physical Resources 525 Knowledge Resources 526 Capital Resources 526 Infrastructure Resources 526

Demand Conditions 526 Composition of Home Demand 527 Size and Pattern of Growth of Home Demand 528 Rapid Home-Market Growth 528 Means by Which a Nation’s Products and Services Are Pushed or Pulled into Foreign Countries 528

Related and Supporting Industries 529 Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry 529 Chance 530 Government 530

Current issues in Competitive Advantage 531 Hypercompetitive Industries 531

Cost/Quality 532 Timing and Know-How 533 Entry Barriers 534

Additional Research on Comparative Advantage 535

Chapter 17 Leadership, Organization, and Corporate Social responsibility 544 Leadership 545

Top Management Nationality 546 Leadership and Core Competence 548

organizing for global Marketing 549 Patterns of International Organizational Development 551

International Division Structure 553 Regional Management Centers 555 Geographical and Product Division Structures 556 The Matrix Design 557

Lean Production: organizing the Japanese Way 559 Assembler Value Chains 560 Downstream Value Chains 561

Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Social Responsiveness in the globalization Era 563

Glossary 575 Author/Name Index 589 Subject/Organization Index 597

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Preface

Global Marketing, Eighth Edition, builds on the worldwide success of the previous editions of Principles of Global Marketing and Global Marketing. Those books took an environmental and strategic approach by outlining the major dimensions of the global business environment. The authors also provided a set of conceptual and analytical tools that prepared students to success- fully apply the four Ps to global marketing.

our goal for all eight editions has been the same: to write a book that is authoritative in con- tent yet relaxed and assured in style and tone. Here’s what students have to say:

● “an excellent textbook with many real-life examples.” ● “The authors use simple language and clearly state the important points.” ● “This is the best textbook that I am using this term.” ● “The authors have done an excellent job of writing a text that can be read easily.”

When Principles of Global Marketing first appeared in 1996, we invited readers to “look ahead” to such developments as the ending of america’s trade embargo with Vietnam, Europe’s new single market, Daimler aG’s Smart car, Volkswagen’s global ambitions, and Whirlpool’s expansion into emerging markets. These topics represented “big stories” in the global marketing arena and continue to receive press coverage on a regular basis.

Guided by our experience using the text in undergraduate and graduate classrooms and in corporate training seminars, we have revised, updated, and expanded Global Marketing, Eighth Edition. We have benefited tremendously from readers’ feedback and input; we also continue to draw on our direct experience in the americas, asia, Europe, africa, and the Middle East. The result is a text that addresses your needs and the needs of instructors in every part of the world. Global Marketing has been adopted at scores of colleges and universities in the United States; international use of the English-language Global Edition is found in australia, Canada, China, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi arabia, South Korea, Spain, and Sri lanka. The text is also available in albanian, Chinese (simplified and traditional), Japanese, Korean, Macedonian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Turkish editions.

what’s New to the Eighth Edition Thunderclap Newman once sang,

“Call out the instigator, there’s something in the air . . . we’ve got to get together sooner or later, because the revolution’s here.”

Indeed, something is in the air. Two specific geopolitical developments that formed the backdrop to the Seventh Edition continue to dominate the headlines as this revision goes to press. First, after popular uprisings in North africa upended the long-entrenched political order, the region is still in transition. Tensions remain especially high in Egypt and Syria. Second, the sovereign debt crisis in the euro zone, while still not resolved, is not as acute today as it was in 2011. High on the EU’s agenda now are broader concerns about high unemployment levels and stagnant demand in Greece, Italy, and elsewhere.

More generally, the global economic crisis continues to impact global marketing strate- gies. Virtually every industry sector, company, and country has been affected by the downturn. although the North american auto industry is rebounding, Europe’s automakers are plagued by excess capacity. The lack of credit remains a key issue that is still squeezing companies and con- sumers. among the bright spots: Real estate values in the United States appear to have bottomed

17

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18 PREFACE

out, and the uptick in the demand for housing provides grounds for optimism. also, Wall Street continues to rebound, with some stocks hitting record highs.

although all of these storylines continue to unfold as this edition goes to press, we have tried to offer up-to-date, original insights into the complexities and subtleties of these shifts in the external environment and their implications for global marketers. other specific updates and revisions include:

● Fifty percent of the chapter-opening cases and related end-of-chapter cases are new to the Eighth Edition. Holdover cases have been revised and updated.

● all tables containing key company, country, and industry data have been updated. Examples include Table 2-3, “Index of Economic Freedom”; all the income and population tables in Chapters 3 and 7; Table 10-2, “The World’s Most Valuable brands”; Table 13-1, “Top 25 Global Marketers”; and Table 13-2, “Top 20 Global advertising agency Companies.”

● The discussion of bRIC nations has been expanded to talk about the bRICS countries, reflecting South africa’s increasing importance as an emerging market.

● New discussion of social media is integrated throughout the Eighth Edition. Chapter 15, “Global Marketing and the Digital Revolution,” has been completely revised and updated to include discussion of location-based mobile platforms, cloud computing, tablets, and other emerging topics.

● a new sidebar, Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and the Global Startup, presents profiles of visionary business leaders from around the world.

● Income and population data in Chapter 3 have been reorganized for improved clarity and comparability.

● a new emphasis on developing critical thinking skills when analyzing chapter-ending cases has been included in the Eighth Edition.

● To supplement the use of Global Marketing, Eighth Edition, faculty and students can access author updates and comments on Twitter, the microblogging Web site. In addition, the authors have archived nearly 2,000 articles pertaining to global marketing on Delicious.com, the social bookmarking site (www.delicious.com/MarkCGreen).

Time marches on. as this edition goes to press in 2013, some iconic global brands and companies celebrate golden anniversaries. among them: the beatles! Fifty years ago, the bea- tles topped the charts in the United Kingdom before fundamentally revolutionizing popular music. also 50 years ago, the first hypermarket opened in France. Turning 40 this year is the mobile phone; Motorola’s DynaTec mobile handset was the first shot fired in the nascent tele- communications revolution. It was 30 years ago, in 1983, that Theodore levitt’s classic article “The Globalization of Markets” was published in Harvard Business Review. That same year, the compact disc player was introduced, ushering in a new era of digital music. and, in april 2013, apple’s game-changing iTunes store turned 10.

Unifying themes in earlier editions included the growing impact of emerging nations in general and brazil, Russia, India, and China in particular. To those four bRIC countries we add South africa in this edition. also in earlier editions, we explored the marketing strategies used by global companies such as Embraer (brazil), lukoil (Russia), Cemex (Mexico), lenovo (China), and India’s big Three—Wipro, Infosys, and Tata—to build scale and scope on the global stage. We then broadened our view to examine emerging markets as a whole. We noted that, prior to the world wide economic downturn, Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey (the so-called MINTs) and a handful of other emerging nations were rapidly approaching the tipping point in terms of both competitive vigor and marketing opportunity.

In the Seventh Edition previously, we charted the path of the nascent economic recovery and the resulting shifts in global market opportunities and threats. New phrases such as austerity, capital flight, currency wars, double-dip recession, global imbalances, global rebalancing, quantitative easing (QE), and sovereign-debt crisis were introduced into the discourse. The crisis in the euro zone was, and remains, one of the top stories of the year. Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain bear especially close observation; this is the open- ing case in Chapter 3. Meanwhile, the big news in asia was China’s overtaking Japan as the world’s second-largest economy. China has also surpassed the United States as the world’s leading manufacturer.

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PREFACE 19

The aforementioned trends are central to the Eighth Edition as well. as noted previously, unprecedented social and political change is underway in North africa. Sub-Saharan africa’s economies are rebounding from the global financial crisis at a rapid pace. Every day the busi- ness press contains another announcement that a global company plans to enter africa or expand operations there. bharti-airtel, Coca-Cola, Ford, IbM, Nestlé, and Walmart are among the com- panies that have joined the “final gold rush” into the world’s last untapped market. “africa 3.0,” the lead-in case to Chapter 15, explores the way mobile phones are transforming business and home life across the continent. This is clearly a region that bears watching.

Current research findings have been integrated into each chapter of Global Marketing, Eighth Edition. For example, we have incorporated key insights from Seung Ho Park and Wilfried R. Vanhonacker’s article “The Challenge for Multinational Corporations in China: Think local, act Global,” which appeared in MIT Sloan Management Review in 2007. Similarly, we found arin- dam K. bhattacharya and David C. Michael’s 2008 Harvard Business Review article “How local Companies Keep Multinationals at bay” to be extremely insightful.

Similarly, our thinking about the global/local market paradox has been influenced by John Quelch’s 2012 book, All Business Is Local. We have added scores of current examples of global marketing practice as well as quotations from global marketing practitioners and industry experts. Throughout the text, organizational Web sites are referenced for further student study and exploration. a companion Web site (www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/keegan) is integrated with the text as well.

End-of-Chapter Cases and Chapter Sidebars Each chapter opens with a brief case study introducing a company, a country, a product, or a global marketing issue that directly relates to the chapter’s themes and content. The cases vary in length from a few hundred words to more than 2,600 words, yet they are all short enough to be covered in a single class period. The cases were written with the same objectives in mind: to raise issues that will encourage student interest and learning; to stimulate class discussion; to give students a chance to apply theory and concepts while developing critical thinking skills; and to enhance the classroom experience for students and instructors alike. Every chapter and case has been classroom-tested in both undergraduate and graduate courses.

The end-of-chapter cases strike a balance between revisions and updates of cases from the Seventh Edition and cases that are new to this edition. Revised and updated cases include Case 1-2, “McDonald’s Expands Globally While adjusting Its local Recipe”; Case 7-1, “Global Companies Target low-Income Consumers”; Case 15-1, “africa 3.0”; and Case 16-1, “Volkswa- gen aims for the Top.”

New cases in the Eighth Edition include Case 1-3, “apple Versus Samsung: The battle for Smartphone Supremacy Heats Up”; Case 3-1, “Global Trading Partners look East and West for Economic Growth”; Case 4-1, “Will Tourism Ruin Venice?”; Case 5-1, “Mr. President— Free Pussy Riot!”; Case 8-1, “East-asian countries: Export-led Growth for Economic Success”; Case 9-1, “Mo’men launches Franchises in UaE”; Case 12-1, “Carrefour’s Entry in Dubai”; and Case 14-1, “Red bull.”

In addition, every chapter contains two or more sidebars on three themes: Emerging Markets briefing book; Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and the Global Startup; and The Cultural Context. among the entrepreneurs profiled are Kevin Plank (Under armour), Reed Hastings (Netflix), and Diego Della Valle (Tod’s).

teaching aids for Instructors on the Instructor’s resource Center at www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/keegan, instructors can access a variety of print, digital, and presentation resources available with this text in downloadable format. Registration is simple and gives you immediate access to new titles and new editions. as a registered faculty member, you can download resource files and receive immediate access and instructions for installing course management content on your campus server.

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20 PREFACE

If you need assistance, our dedicated technical support team is ready to help with the media supplements that accompany this text. Visit http://247pearsoned.custhelp.com for answers to fre- quently asked questions and toll-free user-support phone numbers.

The following supplements are available to adopting instructors (for detailed descriptions, please visit www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/keegan):

● Instructor’s Manual. This downloadable instructor’s manual includes sample syllabi, lecture outlines, answers to all end-of-chapter questions and case questions, and additional activities and assignments for your students. This manual is available for download by visiting www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/keegan.

● Test Item File. This downloadable Test Item File contains over 1,600 questions, including multiple-choice, true/false, and essay-type questions. Each question is followed by the correct answer, the learning objective it ties to, the aaCSb category when appropriate, the question type (concept, application, critical thinking, or synthesis), and a difficulty rating.

● PowerPoints. These downloadable PowerPoint slides are available from www.pearson globaleditions.com/keegan. PowerPoints include the basic outlines and key points with corresponding figures and art from each chapter. These PowerPoint slides are completely customizable for individual course needs or are ready to use as is. The notes section of each slide provides additional explanations written for your students.

● TestGen. Pearson Education’s test-generating software is available from www.pearson globaleditions.com/keegan. The software is PC/Mac compatible and preloaded with all of the Test Item File questions. You can manually or randomly view test questions and drag- and-drop to create a test. You can also add or modify test bank questions as needed.

video Library Videos illustrating the most important topics can be accessed at:

MyMarketinglab—available for instructors and students, provides round-the-clock, instant access to videos and corresponding assessments and simulations for Pearson textbooks.

CourseSmart* CourseSmart eTextbooks were developed for students looking to save on required or recommended textbooks. Students simply select their eText by title or author and purchase immediate access to the content for the duration of the course using any major credit card. With a CourseSmart eText, students can search for specific keywords or page numbers, take notes online, print out reading assignments that incorporate lecture notes, and bookmark important passages for later review. For more information or to purchase a CourseSmart eTextbook, visit www.coursesmart.co.uk.

one of our challenges in writing new editions of this textbook is the rate of change in the global business environment. Yesterday’s impossibility becomes today’s reality; new companies explode onto the scene; company leadership changes abruptly. In short, any book can be quickly outdated by current events. Even so, we set out to create a compelling narrative that captures the unfolding drama that is inherent in marketing in the globalization era. The authors are passionate about the subject of global marketing; if our readers detect a note of enthusiasm in our writing, then we have been successful. We believe that you will find Global Marketing, Eighth Edition, to be the most engaging, up-to-date, relevant, and useful text of its kind.

*This product may not be available in all markets. For more details, please visit www.coursesmart.co.uk or contact your local Pearson representative.

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21

acknowledgments

This book reflects the contributions, labor, and insights of many persons. I would like to thank my students, colleagues, associates, and clients for sharing their insights

and understanding of global marketing theory and practice. It is impossible to single out everyone who has contributed to this edition, but I would especially like to thank:

Stephen blank, lawrence G. bridwell, Steve burgess, John Dory, bob Fulmer, Donald Gibson, Pradeep Gopalakrisna, Jim Gould, David Heenan, Hermawan Kartajaya, Suren Kaushik, bodo b. Schlegelmilch, Jim Stoner, John Stopford, barbara Stöttinger, Michael Szenberg, Martin Topol, Robert Vambery, and Dominique Xardel.

I also wish to acknowledge the many contributions of the students in my doctoral seminar on global strategic marketing. The Pace doctoral students are a remarkable group of experienced executives who have decided to pursue a doctoral degree while working full time.

My associates at Keegan & Company—Eli Seggev, Mark Keegan, and anthony Donato— are outstanding expert consultants. Their collective backgrounds include doctoral degrees in mar- keting, and law and a master’s degree in public administration. The cross-fertilization of their training and experience and challenging client assignments addressing contemporary marketing issues is a continuing source of new ideas and insights on global strategic marketing.

Special thanks are due the superb librarians at Pace University: Michelle lang, head, Gradu- ate Center library, and anne b. Campbell, reference librarian, have a remarkable ability to find anything. like the Canadian Mounties who always get their man, Michelle and anne always get the document. My admiration for their talent and appreciation for their effort are unbounded.

Elyse arno brill, my coauthor for Offensive Marketing (butterworth Heinemann), has pro- vided invaluable assistance in researching, writing, and teaching. Her energy and creativity are unbounded. I am in awe of her ability to juggle a large and growing family, community service, a working farm, and our joint projects. She is an original and creative thinker with an impressive ability to identify important new directions and insights in marketing.

Stephanie Wall, Editor in Chief at Pearson, and Mark Gaffney, acquisitions Editor, were quick to endorse and support the Eighth Edition. becca Groves, Production Project Manager; and Daniel Petrino, Editorial assistant, kept the revision process on track and on schedule. Michelle Dellinger, Senior Project Manager at Integra, shepherded the manuscript through the final stages of the publication process. We are also grateful for the continuing support at Pearson.

Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Dr. Cynthia MacKay, who is a constant source of inspira- tion, support, and delight, as well as my companion in global market field research trips (many by motorcycle).

Warren J. Keegan

September 2013

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22 ACKNoWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to the many colleagues and friends who carefully read and critiqued individual manuscript sections and chapters. Their comments improved the clarity and readability of the text. In particular, I would like to thank James a. baggett, Hunter Clark, Frank Colella, Dave Collins, Diana Dickinson, Mark Freyberg, alexandre Gilfanov, Carl Halgren, Kathy Hill, Mark Juffern- bruch, David Kochel, Peter Kvetko, Keith Miller, Gayle Moberg, James Palmieri, alexandre Plokhov, Yao lu Swanson, Wendy Vasquez, David Wolf, and Thomas Wright.

Many individuals were instrumental in helping us secure permissions, and I want to acknowledge everyone who “went the extra mile” in supporting this revision. I would especially like to thank bill becker, John Deere; Veronique bellett, McarthurGlen; Janon Costley, Total apparel Group; Kirk Edmondson, lexus advanced business Development; Travis Edmonson, Pollo Campero; anita Gambill, STIHl USa; Monica Gartner, bang & olufsen; Jeffrey Hipps, Theta Digital/aTI; lou Ireland, DuPont Pioneer; Kim Isele, NaVTEQ; bob Johnsen, 5b artist Management; Mary Jubb, Kikkoman; Denise lavoie, Henkel; Ilana McCabe, QVC Inc.; Daniel McDonnell, Forrester Research; Pat McFadden, Nucor; brad Miller, New balance athletic Shoe, Inc.; Kerry ann Miller, Subaru of america; Morgan Molinoff, Edelman; Jenni Moyer, Consumer Electronics association; Kerry Moyer, Consumer Electronics association; Ciarra o’Sullivan, Global Call to action against Poverty; Ramiro Pindeda, bridgestone americas Tire operations, llC; lenore Rice, Seibert & Rice; Vivian Santangelo, Meredith Corporation; Mara Seibert, Seibert & Rice; Micaela Shaw, bSH Home appliances Corporation; Naomi Starkman, Slow Food Nation; Corey Taylor, Slipknot; Kathleen Tepfer, Scottish Development International; and Terri Wilsie, CSX.

Colleagues at several institutions contributed material to this revision. The authors are indebted to Keith Miller, Ellis and Nelle levitt Distinguished Professor of law at Drake University law School, for expanding and revising Case 5-3, “Gambling Goes Global on the Internet.” Dominic Standish, a colleague at CIMba Italy, organized the panel discussion “Death in Venice: Is Tourism Killing or Saving the City?” in fall 2011. That panel, our subse- quent discussions, and Dominic’s book Venice in Environmental Peril? Myth and Reality were key resources for the opening case in Chapter 4. Yao lu Swanson, my marketing colleague at Simpson, kindly provided expert answers and clarifications in response to my questions about China.

I would also like to thank the many present and former students at Simpson College and the University of Iowa who have offered feedback on previous editions of Global Marketing, con- tributed case studies, and suggested improvements. These include Devin linn’s case on the wine industry in argentina. Simpson alumna beth Dorrell graciously offered her expertise on export documentation. Mikkel Jakobsen provided source material on Denmark for “The Cultural Con- text” sidebar in Chapter 4. Caleb Hegna supplied important data about the white-goods market in Germany. My conversations with Michael Schwoll also helped shaped the text treatment of marketing practices in Germany.

The students in my international marketing course at CIMba Italy worked collabora- tively on the issue of tourism in Venice; Case 4-1 represents, in part, a mashup of the various team efforts. Hats off to Kaleb beckett, luci boat, leslie bourland, lauren Camerieri, lucas Commodore, Jeff Dellinger, Chris Duncan, Jacque Ford, brian Fry, Glynis Gallagher, Katie Greif, Kim Halamicek, Harper Hier, Jake Hirsch, Mike Johnson, Sarah Jones, Josh Kroll, Sean Miller, Chris Nucero, Mark Parmalee, Jack Roeder, Chris Shonkwiler, Slava Sinitsyn, and Chloe Suh. all were enthusiastic participants in the project and our work together in Italy made a lasting impression on me. Indeed, the whiteboard that these students filled while reviewing for a midterm exam served as the inspiration and springboard for the cover design of the Eighth Edition.

It was a great pleasure working with the Pearson team that managed the production of this edition. let me echo Warren’s thanks to all members of the Pearson team, and especially to Meeta Pendharkar, our Editorial Project Manager, and becca Groves, Senior Project Manager.

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23

Stephanie Wall, Editor in Chief, encouraged us to integrate MyMarketinglab into this revision. Mark Gaffney, acquisitions Editor, Marketing, was instrumental in moving the project along. The production moved along smoothly through the summer of 2013 thanks to Michelle Del- linger, Senior Project Manager at Integra. Kudos also to our photo researcher, Nicole Solano, for demonstrating once again that “every picture tells a story.” Nicole also handled permissions research on ads and other content elements. Thanks to the entire Pearson sales team for helping promote the book in the field. I additionally want to acknowledge the contributions of Mahmood Kahn, Virginia Tech, for expertly creating this edition’s Test Item File, Kerry Walsh, University of South Florida, for her fine work on the Instructor’s Manual and Jill Solomon, University of South Florida, for preparing a new set of PowerPoint slides.

Mark C. Green

September 2013

Pearson would like to thank and acknowledge the following people for their work on the Global Edition:

Contributors

ali Hallak, Head of Digital Marketing, Samsung Gulf Electronics, UaE; Hamed Shamma, american University in Cairo, Egypt; Ronan Jouan de Kervenoael, Sabanci University, Turkey; Soo Jiuan Tan, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Stefania Paladini, Coventry University, UK

Reviewers

a. Ercan Gegez, Marmara University, Turkey; Christine Prince, ISG International business School, France; Norizan Mohd. Kassim, King abdulaziz University, Saudi arabia; Shohab Sikandar Desai, american University in the Emirates, UaE

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24 24

Part one

Introduction

1 Introduction to Global Marketing

Consider the following proposition: We live in a global marketplace. Apple iPhones, McDonald’s restaurants, Samsung HDTVs, LEGO toys, Swatch watches, Burberry trench coats, and Caterpillar earthmoving equipment are found practically everywhere on the planet. Global companies are fierce rivals in key markets. For example, American auto industry giants General Motors and Ford are locked in a competitive struggle with Toyota, Hyundai, and other global Asian rivals as well as European companies such as Volkswagen. U.S.-based Intel, the world’s largest chip maker, competes with South Korea’s Samsung. In the global cell phone market, Nokia (Finland), Apple (United States), Motorola (United States), and Samsung are key players. Appliances from Whirlpool and Electrolux compete for precious retail space with products manufactured and marketed by Germany’s Bosch, China’s Haier Group, and South Korea’s LG.

case 1-1

the Global Marketplace Is also Local

Exhibit 1-1 Salvatore Ferragamo, based in Florence, Italy, is one of the world’s leading fashion brands. Emerging markets represent important opportunities for luxury goods marketers. As Ferruccio Ferragamo notes, “We cannot make enough to keep up with demand from the Chinese. They want their shoes not just ‘Made in Italy’ but often ‘Made in Florence.’”

To show its support for socially responsible initiatives, Ferragamo recently introduced a new shoe line called Ferragamo WORLD that utilizes eco-friendly production processes. A portion of the proceeds from every pair sold supports Acumen Fund’s anti-poverty efforts in East Africa, India, and Pakistan. Source: Roussel Bernard/Alamy.

MyMarketingLab™

Improve Your Grade!

Over 10 million students improved their results using the Pearson MyLabs. Visit mymktlab.com for simulations, tutorials, and end-of-chapter problems.

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25

Learning Objectives

1 Use the product/market growth matrix to explain the various ways a company can expand globally.

2 Describe how companies in global industries pursue competitive advantage.

3 Compare and contrast single-country marketing strategy with global marketing strategy (GMS).

4 Identify the companies at the top of the Global 500 rankings.

5 Explain the stages a company goes through as its management orientation evolves from domestic and ethnocentric to global and geocentric.

6 Discuss the driving and restraining forces affecting global integration today.

Which brands are Japanese? American? Korean? German? Indian? Where is Nokia headquartered? When is a German car not a German car? Can a car be both German and American? Consider:

• An American-built Ford Mustang has 65 percent American and Canadian content; an American-built Toyota Sienna XLE mini- van has 90 percent American and Canadian content.2

• China’s Shanghai Automotive (SAIC) owns the rights to the MG, the legendary two-seat British sports car. In 2008, SAIC began manufacturing a limited-edition TF model at a plant in Longbridge, UK. In 2011, production of the MG6 sedan began in Birmingham.3 India’s Tata Group recently paid $2.4 billion to acquire Land Rover and Jaguar from Ford.

• German carmaker BMW exports the X5 sport-utility vehicle that it builds in Spartanville, South Carolina, to more than 100 coun- tries.

At the end of this chapter, you will find the rest of Case 1-1. Taken together, the two parts give you the opportunity to learn more about the global marketplace and test your knowledge of cur- rent issues in global marketing. You may be surprised at what you learn!

Now consider a second proposition: We live in a world in which markets are local. In China, for example, Yum! Brands’ East Dawning fast-food chain competes with local restaurants such as New Asia Snack and Haidi Lao.1 France’s domestic film industry generates about 40 percent of local motion picture box office receipts; U.S.-made movies account for about 50 percent. In Turkey, local artists such as Sertab account for more than 80 per- cent of recorded music sales. Kiki, a Japanese magazine for teen- age girls, competes for newsstand sales with Vogue Girl, Cosmo Girl, and other titles from Western publishers. In Germany, the children’s television powerhouse Nickelodeon competes with local broadcaster Super RTL. In Brazil, many consumers are partial to Guaraná Antarctica and other local soft drink brands made from guaraná, a berry that grows in the Amazon region.

The “global marketplace versus local markets” paradox lies at the heart of this text book. In later chapters, we will investi- gate the nature of local markets in more detail. For now, how- ever, we will focus on the first part of the paradox. Think for a moment about brands and products that are found throughout the world. Ask the average consumer where this global “horn of plenty” comes from, and you’ll likely hear a variety of answers. It’s certainly true that some brands—McDonald’s, Dos Equis, Swatch, Waterford, Ferragamo, and Burberry, for instance—are strongly identified with a particular country. In much of the world, Coca- Cola and McDonald’s are recognized as iconic American brands, just as Ferragamo and Versace are synonymous with classic Italian style (see Exhibit 1-1).