Please answer all questions

1. Which cancers originate from connective tissue?


2. Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?


3. What are characteristics of cancer in situ?


4. Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized. This is an example of what abnormal physiology?


5. What are tumor cell markers? What is the purpose of tumor cell markers?


6. What is apoptosis?


7. What are oncogenes?


8. Why are two “hits” required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes?


9. How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?


10. What are characteristics of benign tumors?


11. What is the major virus involved in cervical cancer?


12. Which of the viruses are oncogenic DNA viruses?


13. Which cancers are associated with chronic inflammation? How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?


14. A pathology report stages a tumor as T2, N1, M0. What is the meaning of this finding?


15. Why do nausea and vomiting occur after cancer therapy?


16. Which cytokine is involved in producing cachexia syndrome?


17. Normally, which cells, are considered immortal (never die)?


18. What are the common routes for distant metastasis?

Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology

1. Which characteristic among women correlates with a high morbidity of cancer of the colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, breast, uterus, and kidney?


2. What substance has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with tobacco smoking?


3. Which diagnostic tests provide the greatest exposure to ionizing radiation?


4. Tobacco smoking is associated with which cancers?


5. What are the most important risk factors associated with the development of skin melanoma?


6. Which environmental factors has been shown to have the greatest effect on the frequency of genetic mutations in humans?


7. Research data support the relationship between ultraviolet sunlight exposure and the development of which cancers?


8. Alcohol consumption has been proven to be a consistent risk factor in the development of which of the major cancers?

Chapter 14: Cancer in Children

1. What congenital malformation is commonly linked to acute leukemia in children?


2. When are childhood cancers most often diagnosed?


3. Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) can result in which cancer?


4. What percentage of children with cancer can be cured?


5. Most childhood cancers arise from which tissue?


6. Chronic myelogenous leukemia, retinoblastoma, and osteosarcoma are associated with which genetic factors in childhood cancers?


7. Childhood exposure to which risk factors increases susceptibility to cancer?


8. There are research data to support a carcinogenic relationship in children resulting from exposure to which virus?