Racial and ethnic groups 15th edition schaefer pdf

Racial and Ethnic Groups

Fourteenth Edition

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Racial and Ethnic Groups

Fourteenth Edition

Richard T. Schaefer

DePaul University

PEARSON

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schaefer, Richard T.

Racial and ethnic groups/ Richard T. Schaefer, DePaul University.-Fourteenth edition. pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-377099-5 ISBN-IO: 0-13-377099-0 1. Minorities-United States. 2. United States-Race relations. 3. United States-Ethnic relations.

4. Prejudices. I. Title. El84.AIS3 2014 305.800973-dc23

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I

PEARSON

2013041297

Student Edition ISBN-IO: 0-13-377099-0 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-377099-5

A la Carte ISBN-IO: 0-13-377365-5 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-377365-l

To my grandson, may he grow to flourish

in our multicultural society

V

vi

Brief Contents

Chapter 1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity

Chapter 2 Prejudice 31

Chapter 3 Discrimination 58

Chapter 4 Immigration 83

Chapter 5 Ethnicity and Religion 111

Chapter 6 Native Americans: The First Americans 140

Chapter 7 African Americans 167

Chapter 8 African Americans Today 187

Chapter 9 Latinos: The Largest Minority 207

Chapter 10 Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans 225

Chapter 11 Muslim and Arab Americans: Diverse Minorities 242

Chapter 12 Asian Americans: Growth and Diversity 261

Chapter 13 Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans 283

Chapter 14 Jewish Americans: Quest to Maintain Identity 301

Chapter 15 Women: The Oppressed Majority 323

Chapter 16 Beyond the United States: The Comparative Perspective 345

Chapter 17 Overcoming Exclusion 366

Contents

Features xvii

Preface xix

About the Author xxviii

PARTI Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Groups

1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity 1 Ranking Groups 4

Types of Groups 6 Racial Groups 6 Ethnic Groups 6

• Speaking Out: Problem of the Color Line 7

Religious Groups 8

Gender Groups 8

Other Subordinate Groups 8

Does Race Matter? 8 Biological Meaning 9

Absence of Pure Races 9

Intelligence Tests 9

Social Construction of Race 10

Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I? 11

• Research Focus: Multiracial Identity 12

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity 13 Stratification by Class and Gender 14

Theoretical Perspectives 14 Functionalist Perspective 14 Conflict Perspective 15

Labeling Theory 16

The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status 17 Migration 18

Annexation 18

Colonialism 19

Spectrum of Intergroup Status 20

The Consequences of Subordinate-Group Status 20 Extermination 20

Expulsion 21

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viii Contents

Secession 21 Segregation 22 Fusion 23 Assimilation 24 The Pluralist Perspective 26

Resistance and Change 26

2 Prejudice 31 Prejudice and Discrimination 33

• Research Focus: Virtual Prejudice and Anti-Prejudice 33

Merton's Typology 34 LaPiere 's Study 34

White Privilege 36

Theories of Prejudice 37 Scapegoating Theory 37 Authoritarian Personality Theory 37 Exploitation Theory 38 Normative Approach 38

Stereotypes 39 What Are Stereotypes? 39

• Speaking Out: Gangsters, Gooks, Geishas, and Geeks 40

Stereotyping in Action: Racial Profiling 41

Color-Blind Racism 42

The Mood of the Oppressed 43

Intergroup Hostility 45

Reducing Prejudice 47 Education 48 Mass Media 48 Avoidance Versus Friendship 50

The Social Distance Scale 50 Equal Status Contact 51 Avoidance Via the Internet 52

Corporate Response: Diversity Training 52

3 Discrimination 58 Understanding Discrimination 60

Relative vs. Absolute Deprivation 60

• A Global View: The Roma: A Thousand Years of Discrimination 60

Hate Crimes 61 What Are Hate Crimes? 61 Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Penalties? 62

Institutional Discrimination 63

Discrimination Today 64 Discrimination Hits the Wallet 65 Eliminating Discrimination 67

Wealth Inequality: Discrimination's Legacy 69

• Research Focus: The Unequal Wealth Distribution 70

Environmental Justice 71

Affirmative Action 72 Affirmative Action Explained 72

The Legal Debate 73

• Speaking Out: The Conversation We're Not Having When We Talk About Affirmative Action 75

Reverse Discrimination 76

The Glass Ceiling 77

PART II Ethnic and Religious Sources of Conflict

4 Immigration 83 Patterns of Immigration to the United States 85

Early Immigration 87 The Anti-Chinese Movement 87

• Speaking Out: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 89

Restrictionist Sentiment Increases 90 The National Origin System 90 The Immigration and Nationality Act 91

Contemporary Social Concerns 92 The Brain Drain 93 Population Growth 94

Mixed-Status Families 94 Language Barriers 94 The Economic Impact 96

• Research Focus: The Hispanic Dairyland 97

Illegal Immigration 99

• A Global View: Immigration and South Africa 102

Path to Citizenship: Naturalization 102

Women and Immigration 103

The Global Economy and Immigration 104

The Environment and Immigration 106

Refugees 1 06

5 Ethnicity and Religion 111 Studying Whiteness 113

Rediscovering Ethnicity 114 The Third-Generation Principle 115 Ethnic Paradox 115

• Speaking Out: The Next Americans 116

Symbolic Ethnicity 117

Contents ix

x Contents

The German Americans 117 Settlement Patterns 118 Twenty First-Century German America 118

The Irish Americans 119 Irish Immigration 119 Becoming White 120 The Contemporary Picture 121

The Italian Americans 122 Early Immigration 122 Constructing Identity 123 The Contemporary Picture 124

• Research Focus: Immigrants: Yesterday and Today 125

The Polish Americans 125 Early Immigration 126 Polonia 126 The Contemporary Picture 127

Religious Pluralism 128 Diversity among Roman Catholics 132 Diversity among Protestants 132

Religion and the Courts 134 School Prayer 134 Secessionist Minorities 135

Creationism and Intelligent Design 136 Public Displays 136

PART Ill Major Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups in the United States

6 Native Americans: The First Americans 140 Early European Contacts 142

Treaties and Warfare 143 The Allotment Act 145 The Reorganization Act 145

• A Global View: Australia's Aboriginal People 146

Reservation Life and Federal Policies 146

Legal Claims 14 7 The Termination Act 148 Employment Assistance Program 148

Collective Action 150 Protest Efforts 151

• Speaking Out: Holocaust Museum of the Indigenous People Should Be Built at Wounded Knee 151

Collective Action: An Overview 153

American Indian Identity 153 Sovereignty 153 Individual Identity 154

• Research Focus: Sovereignty of the Shinnecock Nation 155

Native Americans Today 155 Economic Development 156

Tourism 156 Casino Gambling 157

Education 159 Healthcare 161

Religious and Spiritual Expression 161

Environment 162

7 African Americans 167 Slavery 168

Slave Codes 169 The Attack on Slavery 170 Slavery's Aftermath 171

• A Global View: France Noire: Black France 172

Reflecting on Slavery Today 172

The Challenge of Black Leadership 173 The Politics of Accommodation 173 The Niagara Movement 174

• Research Focus: Sundown Towns, USA 176

Reemergence of Black Protest 176

The Civil Rights Movement 177 Struggle to Desegregate the Schools 178 Civil Disobedience 178

The Urban Stage 180 Urban Violence and Oppression 180 Black Power 181

• Speaking Out: The New Jim Crow 182

The Religious Force 183

The New Immigration 184

8 African Americans Today 187 • Speaking Out: On the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington 188

Education 189 School Segregation 190 Acting White, Acting Black, or Neither 191 Higher Education 192

The Economic Picture 193 The Middle Class 193

• Research Focus: Moving on Up, or Not 194

Employment 195

Family Life 196 Challenges to Family Stability 196 Strengths of African American Families 197

Contents xi

xii Contents

Housing 197

Criminal Justice 198

Healthcare 200

Politics 202

9 Latinos: The Largest Minority 207 Latino Identity 209

The Economic Picture 210

Education 211

• Research Focus: English-Language Acquisition 212

The Political Presence 213

Religion 214

Cuban Americans 215 Immigration 216

• Speaking Out: Leaving Cuba 217

The Current Picture 217

Central and South Americans 219 Immigration 219

• A Global View: The Salvadoran Connection 221

The Current Picture 221

1 0 Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans 225 Mexican Americans 226

The Immigrant Experience 227 Chavez and the Farm Laborers 229 The Borderlands 231 Healthcare 232

Family Life 232

• Research Focus: The Latino Family Circle: Familism 233

Puerto Ricans 233 The Bridge Between the Island and the Mainland 234 The Island of Puerto Rico 235

• Speaking Out: Puerto Ricans Cannot Be Silenced 236

Issues of Statehood and Self-Rule 237 The Social Construction of Race 238 The Island Economy 238

11 Muslim and Arab Americans: Diverse Minorities 242 Arab Americans 244

Muslim Americans 246

• Research Focus: Self-Identifying as "Arab American" 247

Black Muslims 249

Immigration to the United States 251

lslamophobia 252

• Speaking Out: Arab Problem 253

Contemporary Life in the United States 254 Family Life and Gender 255 Education 256

Politics 256

• A Global View: Muslims in France 257

12 Asian Americans: Growth and Diversity 261 Is There a Model Minority? 264

Political Activity and Pan-Asian Identity 267

Asian Indians 268 Immigration 268 The Current Picture 269

• Research Focus: Arranged Marriages in America 270

Filipino Americans 270 Immigration Patterns 270

The Current Picture 271

Korean Americans 272 Historical Background 272 The Current Picture 273

Southeast Asian Americans 27 4 The Refugees 275

The Current Picture 275 Case Study: A Hmong Community 276

Hawai'i and Its People 277 Histmical Background 277 The Sovereignty Movement 278

• Speaking Out: Recognizing Native Hawaiians 279

13 Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans 283 Chinese Americans 284

Early Settlement Patterns 285 Occupational Profile of Chinese Americans 286 Chinatowns Today 286

Organizational Life 286 Social Problems 287

Family Life 288

• Research Focus: Tiger Mothers 289

Japanese Americans 290 Early Japanese Immigration 290 The Wartime Evacuation 291

Executive Order 9066 291

The Camps 292 The Evacuation: What Does It Mean ? 294

Contents xiii

xiv Contents

• Speaking Out: Anti-Bullying 295

The Economic Picture 296 Family Life 296

Remnants of Prejudice and Discrimination 297

14 Jewish Americans: Quest to Maintain Identity 301 • A Global View: Argentina's Jewish Community 303

The Jewish People: Race, Religion, or Ethnic Group? 303

Immigration of Jews to the United States 304

Anti-Semitism: Past and Present 306 Origins 306 The Holocaust 308

• Speaking Out: Night 309

U.S. Anti-Semitism: Past 309 Contemporary Anti-Semitism 310

Incidents of Anti-Semitism 311

American Jews and Israel 311

Position of Jewish Americans 312 Employment and Income 312 Education 313 Political Activity 313

Religious Life 314 The Orthodox Tradition 314 The Reform Tradition 315

Jewish Identity 317 Role of the Family 318 Role of Religion 318

• Research Focus: Intermarriage: The Final Step to Assimilation? 319

Role of Cultural Heritage 319

PART IV Other Patterns of Dominance

15 Women: The Oppressed Majority 323 Gender Roles 325

Sociological Perspectives 326

The Feminist Movement 327 The Suffrage Movement 327 The Women's Liberation Movement 327 Feminism Today 328

The Economic Picture 329

• Research Focus: Give Me a Male Boss 331

• A Global View: Gender Inequality in Japan 332

Sources of Discrimination 332

Sexual Harassment 335 Feminization of Poverty 335

Education 336

Family Life 337 Childcare and Housework 338 Abortion 339

• Speak ing Out: What Do Women and Men Want? 340

Political Activity 341

Matrix of Domination: Minority Women 341

16 Beyond the United States: The Comparative Perspective 345 Mexico: Diversity South of the Border 34 7

The Mexican Indian People and the Color Gradient 348

The Status of Women 349

Canada: Multiculturalism Up North 350 The First Nations 350 The Quebecois 351

Immigration and Race 352

Brazil: Not a Racial Paradise 353 The "Racial Democracy" Illusion 353 Brazilian Dilemma 354

Israel and the Palestinians 356 Arab-Israeli Conflicts 356

The Intifada 358 The Search for Solutions amid Violence 358

Republic of South Africa 359 The Legacy of Colonialism 360 Apartheid 360

• Speak ing Out: Africa, It Is Ours! 361

The Era of Reconciliation and Moving On 362

• Research Focus: Intergroup Contact and South Africa 362

17 Overcoming Exclusion 366 The Aged: A Social Minority 367

Who Are the Elderly? 368 Ageism 369

• Research Focus: The Three Maxes 369

The Economic Picture 370 Advocacy Efforts by the Elderly 371

People with Disabilities: Moving On 372 Disability in Contemporary Society 372

Labeling People with Disabilities 373

• Speak ing Out: My Journey Into the Deaf World 374

Advocacy for Disability Rights 376

Contents xv

xvi Contents

Gays and Lesbians: Coming Out for Equality 377 Being Gay and Lesbian in the United States 378 Prejudice and Discrimination 379 Advocacy for Gay and Lesbian Rights 381

Glossary 385

References 390

Photo Credits 412

Index 413

Features

Q Research Focus • Multiracial Identity (Chapter 1)

• Virtual Prejudice and Anti-Prejudice (Chapter 2)

• The Unequal Wealth Distribution (Chapter 3)

• The Hispanic Dairyland (Chapter 4)

• Immigrants: Yesterday and Today (Chapter 5)

• Sovereignty of the Shinnecock Nation (Chapter 6)

• Sundown Towns , USA (Chapter 7)

• Moving on Up , or Not (Chapter 8)

• English-L anguage Acquisition (Chapter 9)

( lfJ) Speaking Out

• Problem of the Color Llne , by W. E. B. Du Bois (Chapter 1)

• Gangsters , Gooks , Geish as, and Geeks , by Helen Zia (Chapter 2)

• The Convers ation We're Not Having When We Talk About Affirmative Action , by Gail Christopher (Chapter 3)

• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , by Judy Chu (Ch apter 4)

• The Next Americans , by Tomas Jimenez (Ch apter 5)

• Holocaust Museum of the Indigenous People Should Be Built at Wounded Knee , by Tim Giago (Chapter 6)

• The New Jim Crow, by Michelle Alex ander (Chapter 7)

• On the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington , by Ch arles Rangel (Chapter 8)

• Leaving Cub a, by J. Alfredo Jimenez ( Chapter 9)

• The Latino Family Circle: Familism (Ch apter 10)

• Self-Identifying as "Arab American " (Ch apter 11)

• Arr anged Marriages in America (Chapter 12)

• Tiger Mothers (Chapter 13)

• Intermarriage: The Final Step to Assimilation ? (Chapter 14)

• Give Me a Male Boss (Chapter 15)

• Intergroup Cont act and South Africa (Chapter 16)

• The Three Maxes (Chapter 17)

• Puerto Ricans Cannot Be Silenced , by Luis Gutierrez (Chapter 10)

• Arab Problem , by Moustafa Bayoumi ( Ch apter 11)

• Recognizing Native Hawaiians , by Daniel Akaka (Chapter 12)

• Anti-Bullying , by Mike Hond a (Ch apter 13)

• Night , by Elie Wiesel (Ch apter 14)

• What Do Women and Men Want? , by Kathleen Gerson ( Chapter 15)

• Afric a, It Is Ours! , by Nelson Mandel a (Chapter 16)

• My Journey Into the Deaf World , by Erik Olin Wright ( Chapter 1 7)

xvii

xviii Features

~~ A Global View • The Roma: A Thousand Years of Discrimination • The Salvadoran Connection (Chapter 9)

(Chapter 3) • Muslims in France ( Chapter 11)

• Immigr ation and South Africa (Chapter 4) • Argentina's Jewish Community (Chapter 14)

• Australia's Aboriginal People (Chapter 6) • Gender Inequ ality in Japan (Chapter 15)

• France Noire: Black France (Chapter 7)

Preface

The first fifteen years of the 21st century have witnessed significant changes. The heavily written about growth in the Latino population has overtaken the African American population with the Asian American population growing faster than either. Meanwhile, the number of White non-Hispanic youth has actually become a numerical minority when compared collectively to the other racial and ethnic groups. Yet along- side these demographic changes has been a series of events that serve to underscore the diversity of the American people.

People cheered on May 1, 2011, upon hearing that Osama bin Laden had been found and killed. However, the always patriotic American Indian people were very troubled to learn that the military had assigned the code name "Geronimo" to the infamous terrorist. The Chiricahua Apache of New Mexico were particularly disturbed to learn the name of their freedom fighter was used in this manner.

Barack Obama may be the son of an immigrant and the first African American president, but that is not the end of his ethnicity. On an official state visit to Ireland, the president made a side trip to the village of Moneygall in County Offaly from where his great-great- grandfather Falmouth Kearney, a shoemaker's son, came to the United States in 1850.

Race and ethnicity are an important part of the national agenda. Thirty years ago, when the first edition of this book was being written, it was noted that race is not a static phenomenon and that, although it is always a part of the social reality, specific aspects change. At that time, the presence of a new immigrant group, the Vietnamese, was duly noted, and the efforts to define affirmative action were described . Today, we seek to describe the growing presence of Salvadorans, Haitians, Tongans, Somalis, Hmong, and Arab Americans.

Specific issues may change over time, but they continue to play out against a backdrop of discrimination that is rooted in the social structure and changing population composi- tion as influenced by immigration and reproduction patterns . One unanticipated change is that the breakup of the Soviet Union and erosion of power of totalitarian leaders in the Middle East have made ethnic, language, and religious divisions even more significant sources of antagonism between and within nations. The old ideological debates about communism and capitalism have been replaced by emotional divisions over religious dogma and cultural traditions.

Changes in the Fourteenth Edition We continue to take full advantage of the most recent data releases from the Census Bureau through the annual American Community Survey. This allows the timelier updat- ing of information, instead of waiting for the results of the census every ten years. The reader will find updated and revised tables, figures, maps, and Internet sources. As one example of the thorough updating, we note that over 30 percent of the citations in the references are new since the last edition.

Learning Objectives are explicitly identified at the beginning of each chapter with the numbered Summary points and Review Questions at the conclusion of each chapter tied specifically to each objective.

Relevant scholarly findings in a variety of disciplines, including economics, anthro- pology, social psychology, and communication sciences, have been incorporated. The

xix

xx Preface

Speaking Out feature appears in every chapter. These selections provide firsthand commentaries on race and ethnicity in America. This helps us appreciate the expres- sion and passion of racial and ethnic groups in response to prejudice and challenges. Excerpts are included from the writings or speeches of noted members of racial and ethnic groups, such as Elie Wiesel, W. E. B. DuBois, Tomas R. Jimenez, Helen Zia, and Nelson Mandela. Their writings will help students appreciate the emotional and the intellectual energies felt by subordinate groups.

New to this edition are Key Terms of environmental refugees, feminism, kanaka maoli, medical apartheid, religion, segmented assimilation, and two-state solution. Previous users will see a definite increase in the effort to introduce key terms throughout the book in an effort to make them a part of the reader's working vocabulary.

Along with the Speaking Out feature, the Research Focus and Global View boxes offer new insights into the ever-changing nature of race and ethnicity. Eighteen of these boxes are new to the fourteenth edition.

The Spectrum of Intergroup Relations figure now appears in sixteen of the chapters. Included among these is a large, comprehensive Spectrum at the end of the final chapter, which ties the observations together from throughout the textbook.

The fourteenth edition includes entirely new sections on why hate crimes carry harsher penalties, avoiding racial and ethnic groups through the Internet, the African American middle class, the state of education among Hispanics, and contemporary feminism.

We continue and update the new feature added in the twelfth edition called A Global View, consisting of boxes that profile racial and ethnic issues in other nations. This edition features an entirely new one on "France Noire: Black France." These discussions are intended to create a dialogue between the student reader and the material in this book concerning the similarities in racial and ethnic issues globally.

Chapter-by-Chapter Changes As with all previous editions, every line, every source, and every number has been rechecked for its currency. We pride ourselves on providing the most current informa- tion possible to document the patterns in intergroup relations both in the United States and abroad. In addition to all these revisions and new material, we now detail the major changes chapter by chapter:

Chapter 1

• New opening examples

• New Jeff Parker cartoon on changing racial and ethnic landscape

• Latest American Community Survey 2010 data update all statistics

• New census data now allows listing of Arab Americans among major racial groups.

• Table of metropolitan segregation data for African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans

• 2012 map of minority population by counties

• Proposed census changes for racial/ ethnic categories for 2020

• Racial and ethnic population projections for 2060 including data for Arab and Biracial Americans

Chapter 2

• New opening example on impact of racial names on allocating public assistance

• Research Focus: Virtual Prejudice and Anti-Prejudice

• Speaking Out: Gangsters, Gooks, Geishas, and Geeks, by Helen Zia

• 2012 data on police profiling in New York City

• New section on avoidance of racial and ethnic groups via the Internet

• New cartoon on workplace diversity

• 2012 data on foreign-born workers

Chapter 3

• Actions in Czech republic taken on Roma schooling

• Section: What Are Hate Crimes?

• Section: Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Penalties?

• Figure on hate crimes (updated to 2012 release)

• Map of voter identification laws illustrates institutional discrimination

• 2013 HUD study of housing discrimination

• Tables and figure on income by race and sex, holding education constant, updated through 2013 Census reports

• Wealth inequity data updated through the recent economic slowdown

• Research Focus: The Unequal Wealth Distribution

• Implications of Fisher v. University of Texas 2013 decision outlined

• Speaking Out: The Conversation We're Not Having When We Talk About Affirmative Action, by Gail Christopher

• Recent changes in Craigslist policy on discriminatory advertisements

Chapter 4

• Opener on the success of Dr. Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa

• Two figures and map on immigration updated through 2012

• Speaking Out: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, by Judy Chu

• Table on immigrant adaptation to the USA

• Research Focus : The Hispanic Dairyland

• Updated figure on languages most frequently spoken at home from 2013 census report

• Cartoons on bilingual language and "border-line schizophrenia"

• Table on refugees updated to 2012

• Key terms of occupational segregation and environmental refugees

Chapter 5

• Opening on Little Italy and Chinese Americans in Manhattan's Little Italy

• Head "Studying Whiteness" rephrased

• More states enact "moment of silence" as a stand-in for prayer in schools

• Romanian language newspaper persists

• New key term ofreligion and key term of White privilege re-introduced

Chapter 6

• Opener on tribal language use

• Table of major tribal languages

• National map on population of American Indians by county

• Cartoon on destruction of indigenous people of North America

• Table on largest American Indian groupings

Preface xxi

xxii Preface

• Snapshot table of major social indicators comparison with total population

• Background on policies on Alaskan Natives

• Table of poverty rates of American Indians in cities with largest populations

• Speaking Out: Holocaust Museum of the Indigenous People Should Be Built at Wounded Knee, by Tim Giago

• End of growth in tribal casinos

• Research Focus: Sovereignty of the Shinnecock Nation

• Another look at the Washington NFL team's nickname

Chapter 7

• Obama's family connection to slavery

• Locating of Gee's Bend on Civil Rights Movement map

• Global View: France Noire: Black France

• Speaking Out: The New Jim Crow, by Michelle Alexander

Chapter 8

• Speaking Out: On the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington, by Charles Rangel

• Reintroducing key term color-blind racism to describe Acting White theory

• Section on "The Middle Class" within Economic Picture

• Research Focus: Moving on Up, or Not

• Reformulation of table on Black presence in selected occupations

• Key term of medical apartheid

• Figure of Black-White voter turnout comparison over time

• Challenge in fundraising faced by Black politicians

• Map on changes in Black population by county 2000-2010

Chapter 9

• Opener on growth of Latinos in rural America

• Figure comparing Hispanic versus White non-Hispanic worker wages

• Section on Education

• Figure comparing Hispanic versus White non-Hispanic going to college

• Comparison of Irish and Cuban immigration

• Speaking Out: Leaving Cuba, by J. Alfredo Jimenez • Map on Latin American countries

• Survey data on how Salvadorans feel about the USA

Chapter 10

• The Borderlands moved to this chapter from Chapter 9

• Map of the Borderlands

Chapter 11

• Introduction by Marvel Comics of a Muslim American superhero character

• The impact oflslamophobia on the 9/ 11 generation

• 2012 Arab and Muslim political party preferences