Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____

Psychology 3322 Chapter-5

True / False

1. Johannes Müller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

General Principles of Perception

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 - Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

2. The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object's shape on the surface of the cortex.​

a.

True

b.

False

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

General Principles of Perception

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 - Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

3. The cornea is an adjustable structure in the eye that focuses light.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

4. Amacrine cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

5. Shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

6. Photopigments are stable in the dark.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

7. According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

Color Vision

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

8. The retinex theory accounts for the principle of color constancy.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

Color Vision

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.03 - Explain the main features of color vision.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

9. An object's location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Primary Visual Cortex

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

10. Lateral inhibition is the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

Processing in the Retina

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.05 - Explain lateral inhibition in terms of the connections among neurons in the retina.

TOPICS:

5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information

11. Parvocellular cells respond strongly to moving stimuli and large overall patterns.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

Further Processing

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 - Define and give examples of receptive fields.

TOPICS:

5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information

12. The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Ventral and Dorsal Paths

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex

13. Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Primary Visual Cortex

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 - Define and give examples of receptive fields.

TOPICS:

5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information

14. A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Primary Visual Cortex

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.06 - Define and give examples of receptive fields.

TOPICS:

5.2 How the Brain Processes Visual Information

15. Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention.​

a.

True

b.

False

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

Detailed Analysis of Shape

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.07 - Describe research on how experiences alter development of the visual cortex.

TOPICS:

5.3 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex

Multiple Choice

16. The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.​

a.

​perception of a repeated stimulus fades

b.

​every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

c.

​the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus

d.

​any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Analyze

REFERENCES:

General Principles of Perception

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 - Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

17. According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.​

a.

​which neurotransmitter is released

b.

​which neurons are active

c.

​the velocity of the action potentials

d.

​the amplitude of the action potentials

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

General Principles of Perception

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.01 - Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

18. In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.​

a.

​retina cells

b.

​bipolar cells

c.

​ganglion cells

d.

​spiny cells

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

19. Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____. ​

a.

​retina

b.

​cornea

c.

​pupil

d.

​macula

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

20. Bipolar cells send their messages to ____, which are located close to the center of the eye.​

a.

​spiny cells

b.

​cornea cells

c.

​bipolar cells

d.

​ganglion cells

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

21. Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?​

a.

​the left half

b.

​the right half

c.

​the whole retina equally

d.

​It depends of the wavelength.

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

22. In what order does visual information pass through the retina?​

a.

​receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells

b.

​ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells

c.

​receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

d.

​bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

23. Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.​

a.

​receptors

b.

​geniculate cells

c.

​amacrine cells

d.

​optic nerves

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

24. The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?​

a.

​rods and cones

b.

​bipolar cells

c.

​horizontal cells

d.

​ganglion cells

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

25. The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.​

a.

​blind spot

b.

​fovea

c.

​optic chiasm

d.

​ganglion

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

26. Which statement characterizes the fovea?​

a.

​It has the greatest perception of detail.

b.

​It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve.

c.

​It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.

d.

​It has more rods than cones.

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

27. If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?​

a.

​the optic nerve

b.

​the fovea

c.

​an area containing mostly rods

d.

​the cornea

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Analyze

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

28. The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ____.​

a.

​have no discernible fovea

b.

​have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina

c.

​have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina

d.

​are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

29. In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages ____.​

a.

​straight to the brain

b.

​immediately to ganglion cells within the retina

c.

​to bipolar cells within the retina

d.

​to the periphery of the retina first, ganglion cells next, and bipolar cells last

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.04 - Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

30. Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?​

a.

​It is closest to the pupil.

b.

​It surrounds the optic nerve.

c.

​It has tightly packed receptors.

d.

​It contains many blood vessels for supplying energy.

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

31. Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?​

a.

​It is very sensitive to detail.

b.

​It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.

c.

​It is not very sensitive to light.

d.

​It is most sensitive to color, which helps to differentiate multiple objects clearly.

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

32. In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.​

a.

​common toward the periphery of the retina

b.

​sensitive to detail

c.

​sensitive to dim light

d.

​common in rodents and other nocturnal animals

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

33. ____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.​

a.

​Phototransmitters

b.

​Photosins

c.

​Photopigments

d.

​Photoions

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.

TOPICS:

5.1 Visual Coding

34. Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.​

a.

​opsins

b.

​unstable proteins

c.

​all-trans-retinal

d.

​sodium

ANSWER:

DIFFICULTY:

Bloom’s: Understand

REFERENCES:

Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

KALA.BIOP.16.05.02 - List the properties of cones and rods.