Scrivener's error is another fancier name for a typo

BUSINESS LAW

BUSINESS LAW INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO

SE / Beatty/Samuelson/Abril / Intro to Business Law, 6e ISBN-13: 9781337404341 ©2019 Designer: Stratton Design Text & Cover printer: Quad Graphics Binding: PB Trim: 8.5” x 10” CMYK

IN TR

O D

U C

TIO N

TO BU

SIN ESS LAW

6th EDITION

To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com.

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

CengageBrain.com is the smart move when it comes to getting the right stuff on time, every time. Whether you rent or buy, we’ll save you time, money, and frustration.

You’ve Got Options: Convenient digital solutions and textbooks the way you want them — to buy or rent.

You Get Access: Anytime, anywhere access of digital products, eBooks, and eChapters, on your desktop, laptop, or phone.

You Get Free Stuff: Free 14-day eBook access, free shipping on orders of $25 or more, free study tools like flash- cards and quizzes, and a free trial period for most digital products.

Look, we get it. You’ve got a full schedule — we’ve got your back(pack). Get what you need to get the grades at CengageBrain.com

04341_ifc_hr.indd 1 9/27/17 4:19 PM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

cengage.com/mindtap

Fit your coursework into your hectic life. Make the most of your time by learning your way. Access the resources you need to succeed wherever, whenever.

Study with digital flashcards, listen to audio textbooks, and take quizzes.

Review your current course grade and compare your progress with your peers.

Get the free MindTap Mobile App and learn wherever you are.

Break Limitations. Create your own potential, and be unstoppable with MindTap.

MINDTAP. POWERED BY YOU.

04341_ibc_hr.indd 1 9/27/17 3:40 PM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Jeffrey F. Beatty Boston University

Susan S. Samuelson Boston University

Patricia Sánchez Abril University of Miami

BUSINESS LAW

6 th

E D

IT IO

N INTRODUCTION TO

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 1 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

© 2019, 2016 Cengage Learning, Inc.®

Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706

For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions

Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017948394

Student Edition: ISBN: 978-1-337-40434-1

Loose-leaf Edition: ISBN: 978-1-337-40443-3

Cengage 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA

Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com

Cengage products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, visit www.cengage.com

To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com

Introduction to Business Law, 6th Edition Jeffrey F. Beatty, Susan S. Samuelson, and Patricia Sánchez Abril

Senior Vice President/General Manager Social Sciences, Business, & Humanities: Erin Joyner

Exe cutive Product Director Business & Economics: Mike Schenk

Product Director: Bryan Gambrel

Senior Product Manager: Vicky True-Baker

Senior Content Developer: Kristen Meere

Product Assistant: Christian Wood

Marketing Manager: Katie Jergens

Senior Content Project Manager: Kim Kusnerak

Production Service/Composition: SPi Global

Senior Art Director: Bethany Bourgeois

Co ver/Internal Design: Mike Stratton/Stratton Design

Intellectual Property

Analyst: Jennifer Bowes

Project Manager: Reba Frederics

Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 2 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

iii

C O N T E N T S : OV E RV I E W

Preface xv

U N I T 1 The Legal Environment 1 1 Introduction to Law 2 2 Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility 15 3 International Law 39 4 Constitutional, Statutory, Administrative,

and Common Law 58 5 Dispute Resolution 79 6 Crime 101

U N I T 2 Torts 121 7 Intentional Torts and Business Torts 122 8 Negligence, Strict Liability, and Product

Liability 137 9 Privacy and Internet Law 156

U N I T 3 Contracts and the UCC 177 10 Forming a Contract 178 11 Requirements for a Contract 198 12 Performance of a Contract 220 13 Practical Contracts 242 14 Sales 261 15 Negotiable Instruments 278 16 Secured Transactions 295

U N I T 4 Agency and Employment Law 315 17 Agency 316 18 Employment and Labor Law 336 19 Employment Discrimination 356

U N I T 5 The Lifecycle of a Business 377 20 Starting a Business: LLCs and Other Options 378 21 Corporations 398 22 Bankruptcy 420

U N I T 6 Government Regulation 439 23 Securities and Antitrust 440 24 Consumer Protection 460 25 Environ mental Law 482 26 Accountants’ Liability 501

U N I T 7 Property 519 27 Intellectual Property 520 28 Real Property and Landlord–Tenant Law 538 29 Personal Property and Bailment 560 30 Estate Planning 576 31 Insurance 593

Appendix A The Constitution of the United States A1

Appendix B Uniform Commercial Code B1

Appendix C Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Questions C1

Glossary G1 Table of Cases T1 Index I1

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 3 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 4 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

C O N T E N T S

Preface xv

U N I T 1 The Legal Environment 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Law 2 1-1 Exploring the Law 3

1-1a Sources of Contemporary Law 3 1-1b Classifications of Law 6

1-2 Working with the Book’s Features 7 1-2a Analyzing a Case 7 1-2b Analysis 8 1-2c Exam Strategy 9 1-2d You Be the Judge 9

Chapter Conclusion 10 Exam Review 11 Matching Questions 12 True/False Questions 12 Multiple-Choice Questions 12 Case Questions 13 Discussion Questions 14

Chapter 2 Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility 15

2-1 Why Study Ethics? 16 2-1a Ethics in Business 17 2-1b Why Be Ethical? 17

2-2 Theories of Ethics 18 2-2a Utilitarian Ethics 19 2-2b Deontological Ethics 19 2-2c Rawlsian Justice 20 2-2d Front Page Test 20 2-2e Moral Universalism and Relativism 20

2-3 Ethics Traps 21 2-3a Money 21 2-3b Competition 22 2-3c Rationalization 22 2-3d We Can’t Be Objective about Ourselves 23 2-3e Moral Licensing 23 2-3f Conflicts of Interest 23 2-3g Conformity 23 2-3h Following Orders 24

2-3i Euphemisms and Reframing 24 2-3j Lost in a Crowd 24 2-3k Short-Term Perspective 25 2-3l Blind Spots 25 2-3m Lying: A Special Case 25 2-3n Ethics Case: Truth (?) in Borrowing 25 2-3o Avoiding Ethics Traps 26 2-3p Reacting to Unethical Behavior 27

2-4 Applying the Principles 27 2-4a Personal Ethics in the Workplace 27 2-4b Ethics Case: Weird Wierdsma 27 2-4c The Organization’s Responsibility

to Society 28 2-4d Ethics Case: Up in Smoke 28 2-4e The Organization’s Responsibility to

Its Employees 29 2-4f Ethics Case: The Storm after the Storm 29 2-4g The Organization’s Responsibility

to Its Customers 30 2-4h Ethics Case: Mickey Weighs In 30 2-4i The Organization’s Responsibility

to Overseas Workers 31 2-4j Ethics Case: A Worm in the Apple 31 2-4k Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 32 2-4l Ethics Case: The Beauty of a

Well-Fed Child 32

Chapter Conclusion 32 Exam Review 32 Matching Questions 34 True/False Questions 34 Multiple-Choice Questions 35 Case Questions 35 Discussion Questions 37

Chapter 3 International Law 39 3-1 International Law: Public versus Private 40 3-2 Actors in International Law 40

3-2a The United Nations 40 3-2b The International Court of Justice 41 3-2c International Chamber of Commerce 41 3-2d Sovereign Nations 41

3-3 The World’s Legal Systems 42 3-3a Common Law 42 3-3b Civil Law 42 3-3c Islamic Law 43

v

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 5 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

vi CONTENTS

3-4 Sources and Applicability of International Law 44 3-4a Sources of International Law 44 3-4b Interaction of Foreign and

Domestic Laws 49

Chapter Conclusion 52 Exam Review 52 Matching Questions 54 True/False Questions 54 Multiple-Choice Questions 55 Case Questions 56 Discussion Questions 56

Chapter 4 Constitutional, Statutory, Administrative, and Common Law 58

4-1 Constitutional Law 59 4-1a Government Power 59 4-1b Power Granted 60 4-1c Protected Rights 63 4-1d Fifth Amendment: Due Process

and the Takings Clause 64 4-1e Fourteenth Amendment: Equal

Protection Clause 66 4-2 Statutory Law 66

4-2a Committee Work 67 4-3 Common Law 68

4-3a Stare Decisis 68 4-3b Bystander Cases 68

4-4 Administrative Law 70 4-4a Rule Making 70 4-4b Investigation 71 4-4c Adjudication 71

Chapter Conclusion 73 Exam Review 73 Matching Questions 75 True/False Questions 75 Multiple-Choice Questions 76 Case Questions 77 Discussion Questions 77

Chapter 5 Dispute Resolution 79 5-1 Court Systems 80

5-1a State Courts 80 5-1b Federal Courts 83

5-2 Litigation 84 5-2a Pleadings 84 5-2b The Discovery Process 87 5-2c Summary Judgment 89

5-3 Trial 90 5-3a Right to Jury Trial 91 5-3b Opening Statements 91 5-3c Burden of Proof 91 5-3d Plaintiff’s Case 92 5-3e Defendant’s Case 92 5-3f Closing Argument 92 5-3g Verdict 93

5-4 Appeals 93 5-4a Appeal Court Options 93

5-5 Alternative Dispute Resolution 94 5-5a Mediation 94 5-5b Arbitration 94

Chapter Conclusion 95 Exam Review 95 Matching Questions 97 True/False Questions 97 Multiple-Choice Questions 98 Case Questions 99 Discussion Questions 100

Chapter 6 Crime 101 6-1 Criminal Procedure 102

6-1a A Civil versus a Criminal Case 102 6-1b State of Mind 103 6-1c Gathering Evidence:

The Fourth Amendment 104 6-1d After Arrest 106

6-2 Crimes That Harm Businesses (and Their Customers) 109 6-2a Larceny 109 6-2b Embezzlement 109 6-2c Fraud 109 6-2d Arson 111 6-2e Hacking 111

6-3 Crimes Committed by Business 111 6-3a Making False Statements 111 6-3b RICO 112 6-3c Money Laundering 112 6-3d Hiring Illegal Workers 113 6-3e Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 113 6-3f Punishing a Corporation 113

Chapter Conclusion 114 Exam Review 114 Matching Questions 117 True/False Questions 117 Multiple-Choice Questions 117 Case Questions 118 Discussion Questions 119

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 6 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

viiCONTENTS

U N I T 2 Torts 121 Chapter 7 Intentional Torts

and Business Torts 122 7-1 Intentional Torts 124

7-1a Defamation 124 7-1b False Imprisonment 125 7-1c Battery and Assault 125 7-1d Fraud 126 7-1e Intentional Infliction of Emotional

Distress 126 7-2 Damages 127

7-2a Compensatory Damages 127 7-2b Punitive Damages 129 7-2c Tort Reform and the Exxon Valdez 130 7-2d Business Torts 130

Chapter Conclusion 131 Exam Review 131 Matching Questions 133 True/False Questions 133 Multiple-Choice Questions 133 Case Questions 134 Discussion Questions 135

Chapter 8 Negligence, Strict Liability, and Product Liability 137

8-1 Negligence 138 8-1a Duty of Due Care 139 8-1b Special Duty: Landowners 140 8-1c Special Duty: Professionals 140 8-1d Breach of Duty 141 8-1e Causation 141 8-1f Damages 144 8-1g Defenses 145

8-2 Strict Liability and Product Liability 146 8-2a Strict Liability 146 8-2b Product Liability 147 8-2c Contemporary Trends 149

Chapter Conclusion 150 Exam Review 150 Matching Questions 152 True/False Questions 152 Multiple-Choice Questions 153 Case Questions 154 Discussion Questions 154

Chapter 9 Privacy and Internet Law 156 9-1 Privacy in a Digital World 157

9-1a How We Lose Our Privacy in the Digital World 157

9-2 The Law of Privacy 159 9-2a Constitutional Law:

The Fourth Amendment 159 9-2b Common Law: Privacy Torts 161 9-2c Privacy Statutes 163

9-3 Regulation in the Digital World 166 9-3a Regulation of User-Generated

Content 167 9-3b Online Speech 167 9-3c Liability of Internet Service

Providers 169 9-3d Consumer Protection 170

Chapter Conclusion 171 Exam Review 171 Multiple-Choice Questions 174 Case Questions 175 Discussion Questions 176

U N I T 3 Contracts and the UCC 177 Chapter 10 Forming a Contract 178 10-1 Contracts 179

10-1a Elements of a Contract 179 10-1b Types of Contracts 180 10-1c Sources of Contract Law 182

10-2 Enforcing Non-Contracts 183 10-2a Promissory Estoppel 184 10-2b Quasi-Contract 185

10-3 Agreement 186 10-3a Making an Offer 186 10-3b Termination of Offers 188 10-3c Acceptance 190 10-3d Communication of Acceptance 191

Chapter Conclusion 192 Exam Review 192 Matching Questions 194 True/False Questions 194 Multiple-Choice Questions 195 Case Questions 196 Discussion Questions 197

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 7 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

viii CONTENTS

Chapter 11 Requirements for a Contract 198 11-1 Consideration 199

11-1a What Is Value? 199 11-1b What Constitutes Exchange? 200

11-2 Legality 201 11-2a Non-compete Agreements: Sale of

a Business 201 11-2b Non-compete Agreements:

Employment Contracts 202 11-2c Exculpatory Clauses 203

11-3 Capacity 205 11-3a Minors 205 11-3b Mentally Impaired Persons 206 11-3c Intoxication 206

11-4 Reality of Consent 206 11-4a Fraud 206 11-4b Mistake 208

11-5 Contracts in Writing 209 11-5a Contracts That Must Be in Writing 210 11-5b What the Writing Must Contain 212 11-5c Sale of Goods 213

Chapter Conclusion 213 Exam Review 214 Matching Questions 215 True/False Questions 216 Multiple-Choice Questions 216 Case Questions 217 Discussion Questions 218

Chapter 12 Performance of a Contract 220 12-1 Third Party Beneficiaries 221

12-1a Types of Beneficiaries 221 12-2 Assignment and Delegation 223

12-2a Assignment 223 12-2b Delegation of Duties 224

12-3 Performance and Discharge 225 12-3a Performance 225 12-3b Good Faith 227 12-3c Breach 228 12-3d Impossibility 228

12-4 Remedies 229 12-4a Expectation Interest 229 12-4b Reliance Interest 233 12-4c Restitution Interest 233 12-4d Other Equitable Interests 234 12-4e Mitigation of Damages 235

Chapter Conclusion 235 Exam Review 235

Matching Questions 237 True/False Questions 237 Multiple-Choice Questions 238 Case Questions 239 Discussion Questions 240

Chapter 13 Practical Contracts 242 13-1 Creating a Contract 243

13-1a The Lawyer 243 13-1b Who Drafts the Contract? 244 13-1c Mistakes 244

13-2 The Structure of a Contract 249 13-2a Terms That Vary by Contract 249 13-2b Boilerplate 252

Chapter Conclusion 255 Exam Review 256 Matching Questions 257 True/False Questions 258 Multiple-Choice Questions 258 Case Questions 259 Discussion Questions 260

Chapter 14 Sales 261 14-1 Sales 262

14-1a Development of the UCC 262 14-1b Contract Formation 263 14-1c Performance and Remedies 267

14-2 Warranties 268 14-2a Express Warranties 268 14-2b Implied Warranties 269

Chapter Conclusion 272 Exam Review 272 Matching Questions 274 True/False Questions 274 Multiple-Choice Questions 275 Case Questions 276 Discussion Questions 277

Chapter 15 Negotiable Instruments 278 15-1 Negotiable Instruments 279

15-1a Commercial Paper 279 15-1b Types of Negotiable Instruments 279 15-1c Negotiation 280

15-2 Holder in Due Course 285 15-2a Requirements for Being a

Holder in Due Course 285

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 8 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

ixCONTENTS

15-2b Defenses against a Holder in Due Course 287

15-2c Consumer Exception 288

Chapter Conclusion 289 Exam Review 289 Matching Questions 291 True/False Questions 291 Multiple-Choice Questions 291 Case Questions 292 Discussion Questions 293

Chapter 16 Secured Transactions 295 16-1 Article 9: Terms and Scope 296

16-1a Scope of Article 9 298 16-2 Attachment of a Security Interest 298

16-2a Agreement 298 16-2b Possession 299 16-2c Value 299 16-2d Debtor Rights in the Collateral 299 16-2e Attachment to Future Property 300

16-3 Perfection 300 16-3a Perfection by Filing 300 16-3b Perfection by Possession 302 16-3c Perfection of Consumer Goods 302

16-4 Protection of Buyers 304 16-4a Buyers in Ordinary Course

of Business 304 16-5 Priorities among Creditors 306 16-6 Default and Termination 307

16-6a Default 307 16-6b Termination 309

Chapter Conclusion 310 Exam Review 310 Matching Questions 311 True/False Questions 312 Multiple-Choice Questions 312 Case Questions 313 Discussion Questions 314

U N I T 4 Agency and Employment Law 315 Chapter 17 Agency 316 17-1 The Agency Relationship 317

17-1a Creating an Agency Relationship 317 17-1b Duties of Agents to Principals 318

17-1c Duties of Principals to Agents 320 17-1d Terminating an Agency Relationship 321

17-2 Liability to Third Parties 321 17-2a Principal’s Liability for Contracts 321 17-2b Agent’s Liability for Contracts 322 17-2c Principal’s Liability for

Negligent Physical Torts 324 17-2d Principal’s Liability for Intentional

Physical Torts 328 17-2e Principal’s Liability for

Nonphysical Torts 328 17-2f Agent’s Liability for Torts 329

Chapter Conclusion 329 Exam Review 329 Matching Questions 332 True/False Questions 332 Multiple-Choice Questions 332 Case Questions 334 Discussion Questions 334

Chapter 18 Employment and Labor Law 336

18-1 Employment at Will 337 18-2 Employment Security 337

18-2a Common Law Protections 337 18-2b Family and Medical Leave Act 341 18-2c Whistleblowing 341

18-3 Workplace Freedom and Safety 342 18-3a Off-Duty Activities 342 18-3b The Right to Free Speech 343 18-3c Lie Detector Tests 344 18-3d OSHA 345 18-3e Employee Data 345 18-3f Guns 345

18-4 Financial Protection 346 18-4a Fair Labor Standards Act 346 18-4b Workers’ Compensation 346 18-4c Health Insurance 346 18-4d Social Security 346

18-5 Labor Unions 347 18-5a Organizing a Union 347 18-5b Collective Bargaining 348 18-5c Concerted Action 348

Chapter Conclusion 350 Exam Review 350 Matching Questions 352 True/False Questions 352

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 9 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

x CONTENTS

Multiple-Choice Questions 353 Case Questions 354 Discussion Questions 355

Chapter 19 Employment Discrimination 356

19-1 Equal Pay Act of 1963 357 19-2 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 357

19-2a Prohibited Activities 357 19-2b Religion 362 19-2c Family Responsibility

Discrimination 362 19-2d Sexual Orientation 362 19-2e Gender Identity and Expression 362 19-2f Immigration 363 19-2g Reverse Discrimination 363 19-2h Defenses to Charges of

Discrimination 364 19-3 Pregnancy Discrimination Act 365 19-4 Age Discrimination 365 19-5 The Americans with Disabilities Act 366

19-5a The Hiring Process 367 19-5b Relationship with a Disabled Person 367 19-5c Obesity 367 19-5d Mental Disabilities 367

19-6 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 367 19-7 Hiring Practices 368

19-7a Interviews 368 19-7b Social Media 368

19-8 Enforcement 369

Chapter Conclusion 370 Exam Review 370 Matching Questions 372 True/False Questions 372 Multiple-Choice Questions 373 Case Questions 374 Discussion Questions 375

U N I T 5 The Lifecycle of a Business 377 Chapter 20 Starting a Business: LLCs

and Other Options 378 20-1 Sole Proprietorships 379 20-2 Corporations 379

20-2a Corporations in General 380 20-2b Special Types of Corporations 382

20-3 Limited Liability Companies 383 20-3a Limited Liability 383 20-3b Formation 384 20-3c Flexibility 385 20-3d Transferability of Interests 385 20-3e Duration 385 20-3f Going Public 386 20-3g Piercing the Company Veil 386 20-3h Legal Uncertainty 387 20-3i Choices: LLC versus Corporation 387

20-4 Social Enterprises 388 20-5 General Partnerships 388

20-5a Tax Status 388 20-5b Liability 388 20-5c Formation 388 20-5d Raising Capital 389 20-5e Management 389 20-5f Transfer of Ownership 389 20-5g Terminating a Partnership:

Dissociation 389 20-6 Limited Liability Partnerships 390 20-7 Professional Corporations 390 20-8 Franchises 391

Chapter Conclusion 392 Exam Review 392 Matching Questions 393 True/False Questions 394 Multiple-Choice Questions 394 Case Questions 395 Discussion Questions 397

Chapter 21 Corporations 398 21-1 Promoter’s Liability 399 21-2 Incorporation Process 399

21-2a Where to Incorporate? 399 21-2b The Charter 400

21-3 After Incorporation 401 21-4 Death of the Corporation 402

21-4a Voluntary Termination by the Shareholders 402

21-4b Termination by the State 403 21-4c Piercing the Corporate Veil 404

21-5 Management Duties 404 21-5a The Business Judgment Rule 404 21-5b Applications of the Business

Judgment Rule 406 21-6 Shareholder Rights 408

21-6a The Relationship between Shareholders and Managers 408

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 10 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

xiCONTENTS

21-6b Right to Information 408 21-6c Right to Vote 408

Chapter Conclusion 413 Exam Review 413 Matching Questions 416 True/False Questions 417 Multiple-Choice Questions 417 Case Questions 418 Discussion Questions 419

Chapter 22 Bankruptcy 420 22-1 Overview of the Bankruptcy Code 421 22-2 Chapter 7 Liquidation 422

22-2a Filing a Petition 422 22-2b Trustee 423 22-2c Creditors 423 22-2d Automatic Stay 423 22-2e Bankruptcy Estate 424 22-2f Payment of Claims 425 22-2g Discharge 426

22-3 Chapter 11 Reorganization 429 22-3a Debtor in Possession 430 22-3b Creditors’ Committee 430 22-3c Plan of Reorganization 430 22-3d Confirmation of the Plan 430 22-3e Discharge 430 22-3f Small-Business Bankruptcy 431

22-4 Chapter 13 Consumer Reorganizations 431 22-4a Beginning a Chapter 13 Case 432 22-4b Plan of Payment 432 22-4c Discharge 432

Chapter Conclusion 432 Exam Review 433 Matching Questions 434 True/False Questions 434 Multiple-Choice Questions 435 Case Questions 436 Discussion Questions 437

U N I T 6 Government Regulation 439 Chapter 23 Securities and Antitrust 440 23-1 Securities Laws 441

23-1a What Is a Security? 441 23-1b Securities Act of 1933 441 23-1c Securities Exchange Act of 1934 443 23-1d Insider Trading 445 23-1e Blue Sky Laws 448

23-2 Antitrust 449 23-2a The Sherman Act 449 23-2b The Clayton Act 452 23-2c The Robinson-Patman Act 453

Chapter Conclusion 453 Exam Review 453 Matching Questions 456 True/False Questions 456 Multiple-Choice Questions 457 Case Questions 458 Discussion Questions 459

Chapter 24 Consumer Protection 460 24-1 Introduction 461 24-2 Sales 461

24-2a Deceptive Acts or Practices 461 24-2b Unfair Practices 462 24-2c Abusive Acts 462 24-2d Bait-and-Switch 462 24-2e Merchandise Bought by

Mail, by Telephone, or Online 463 24-2f Telemarketing 463 24-2g Unordered Merchandise 464 24-2h Door-to-Door Sales 464

24-3 Consumer Credit 464 24-3a Payday Loans 465 24-3b Truth in Lending Act 465 24-3c Home Mortgage Loans 465 24-3d Plastic: Credit, Debit, and ATM Cards 466 24-3e Electronic Fund Transfers 468 24-3f Credit Reports 469 24-3g Debt Collection 470 24-3h Equal Credit Opportunity Act 472

24-4 Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act 473 24-5 Consumer Product Safety 473

Chapter Conclusion 474 Exam Review 474 Matching Questions 478 True/False Questions 478 Multiple-Choice Questions 478 Case Questions 479 Discussion Questions 480

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 11 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

xii CONTENTS

Chapter 25 Environ mental Law 482 25-1 Introduction 483 25-2 Air Pollution 483

25-2a Clean Air Act 484 25-2b Climate Change 485 25-2c Automobile Pollution 487

25-3 Water Pollution: The Clean Water Act 487 25-3a Coverage 488 25-3b Major Provisions 488

25-4 Waste Disposal 489 25-4a Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act 490 25-4b Superfund 490

25-5 Chemicals 491 25-6 Natural Resources 492

25-6a National Environmental Policy Act 492 25-6b Endangered Species Act 493

Chapter Conclusion 494 Exam Review 495 Matching Questions 496 True/False Questions 497 Multiple-Choice Questions 497 Case Questions 498 Discussion Questions 499

Chapter 26 Accountants’ Liability 501 26-1 Introduction 502

26-1a Sarbanes-Oxley 502 26-1b Consolidation in the Accounting

Profession 503 26-1c Audits 503

26-2 Liability to Clients 505 26-2a Contract 505 26-2b Negligence 505 26-2c Common Law Fraud 506 26-2d Breach of Trust 506

26-3 Liability to Third Parties 506 26-3a Negligence 507 26-3b Fraud 508 26-3c Securities Act of 1933 508 26-3d Securities Exchange Act of 1934 508

26-4 Criminal Liability 510 26-5 Other Accountant-Client Issues 511

26-5a The Accountant-Client Relationship 511 26-5b Accountant-Client Privilege 511

Chapter Conclusion 512 Exam Review 512

Matching Questions 515 True/False Questions 515 Multiple-Choice Questions 515 Case Questions 517 Discussion Questions 518

U N I T 7 Property 519 Chapter 27 Intellectual Property 520 27-1 Patents 521

27-1a Types of Patents 521 27-1b Requirements for a Utility Patent 522 27-1c Patent Application and Issuance 524 27-1d Patent Infringement 525 27-1e International Patent Treaties 525

27-2 Copyrights 525 27-2a Copyright Term 527 27-2b Copyright Infringement and

Fair Use 527 27-2c The Digital Millennium

Copyright Act 528 27-3 Trademarks 528

27-3a Ownership and Registration 529 27-3b Valid Trademarks 529 27-3c Trademark Infringement 530

27-4 Trade Secrets 531

Chapter Conclusion 533 Exam Review 533 Matching Questions 533 True/False Questions 533 Multiple-Choice Questions 534 Case Questions 535 Discussion Questions 536

Chapter 28 Real Property and Landlord–Tenant Law 538

28-1 Nature of Real Property 539 28-2 Concurrent Estates 539

28-2a Tenancy in Common 540 28-2b Joint Tenancy 540

28-3 Adverse Possession 541 28-3a Entry and Exclusive Possession 541 28-3b Open and Notorious Possession 541 28-3c A Claim Adverse or Hostile

to the Owner 541

04341_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 12 10/6/17 11:39 AM

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

xiiiCONTENTS

28-3d Continuous Possession for the Statutory Period 541

28-4 Land Use Regulation 543 28-4a Nuisance Law 543 28-4b Zoning 543 28-4c Eminent Domain 543

28-5 Landlord–Tenant Law 544 28-5a Types of Tenancy 545 28-5b Landlord’s Duties 546 28-5c Tenant’s Duties 548

28-6 Change in the Parties 549 28-6a Sale of the Property 550 28-6b Assignment and Sublease 550

28-7 Liability of Landlords and Tenants 550 28-7a Tenant’s Liability 550 28-7b Landlord’s Liability 551 28-7c Crime 551

Chapter Conclusion 552 Exam Review 552 Matching Questions 555 True/False Questions 555 Multiple-Choice Questions 556 Case Questions 557 Discussion Questions 558

Chapter 29 Personal Property and Bailment 560

29-1 Acquiring Personal Property 561 29-1a Gifts 561 29-1b Found Property 564

29-2 Bailment 565 29-2a Control 566 29-2b Rights of the Bailee 567 29-2c Duties of the Bailee 567 29-2d Rights and Duties of

the Bailor 568 29-2e Liability for Defects 569 29-2f Common Carriers and

Contract Carriers 569 29-2g Innkeepers 569

Chapter Conclusion 570 Exam Review 570 Matching Questions 572 True/False Questions 572 Multiple-Choice Questions 572 Case Questions 574 Discussion Questions 575

Chapter 30 Estate Planning 576 30-1 Introduction 577

30-1a Definitions 577 30-1b Purpose 577 30-1c Probate Law 577

30-2 Wills 578 30-2a Requirements for a Valid Will 578 30-2b Spouse’s Share 580 30-2c Children’s Share 580 30-2d Digital Assets 582 30-2e Amending a Will 583 30-2f Intestacy 583 30-2g Power of Attorney 583 30-2h Probate 583 30-2i Property Not Transferred by Will 584 30-2j Anatomical Gifts 584 30-2k End of Life Health Issues 584

30-3 Trusts 585 30-3a Advantages and Disadvantages 585 30-3b Types of Trusts 586 30-3c Trust Administration 586 30-3d A Trust’s Term 587