Southernization by lynda shaffer

What does the author mean by “Southernization”?
How does Shaffer define the “South”?
List the ideas, the agricultural, mineral, and manufactured products and the inventions that she associates with “Southernization.”
What places were the ideas, agriculture, minerals, and manufactured products associated with?
What were the major contributions of Indians, Malays, and Chinese to hemispheric development?
Again, your responses do not need to be in essay form. However, they need to be complete.Southernization lynda shaffer Tufts University he term southernization is a new one. It is used here to refer to a multifaceted process that began in Southern Asia and T spread from there to various other places around the globe. The process included so many interrelated strands of development that it is impossible to do more here than sketch out the general outlines of a few of them. Among the most important that will be omitted from this discussion are the metallurgical, the medical, and the literary. Those included are the development of mathematics; the production and marketing of subtropical or tropical spices; the pioneering of new trade routes; the cultivation, processing, and marketing of southern crops such as sugar and cotton; and the development of various related technologies. The term southernization is meant to be analogous to westernization. Westernization refers to certain developments that first occurred in western Europe. Those developments changed Europe and eventually spread to other places and changed them as well. In the same way, southernization changed Southern Asia and later spread to other areas, which then underwent a process of change. Southernization was well under way in Southern Asia by the fifth century c.e., during the reign of India’s Gupta kings (320–535 c.e.). It was by that time already spreading to China. In the eighth century various elements characteristic of southernization began spreading through the lands of the Muslim caliphates. Both in China and in the lands of the caliphate, the process led to dramatic changes, and by the year 1200 it was beginning to have an impact on the Christian Mediterranean. One could argue that Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No. 1 © 1994 by University of Hawaii Press 1 2 journal of world history, spring 1994 within the Northern Hemisphere, by this time the process of southernization had created an eastern hemisphere characterized by a rich south and a north that was poor in comparison. And one might even go so far as to suggest that in Europe and its colonies, the process of southernization laid the foundation for westernization. The Indian Beginning Southernization was the result of developments that took place in many parts of southern Asia, both on the Indian subcontinent and in Southeast Asia. By the time of the Gupta kings, several of its constituent parts already had a long history in India. Perhaps the oldest strand in the process was the cultivation of cotton and the production of cotton textiles for export. Cotton was first domesticated in the Indus River valley some time between 2300 and 1760 b.c.e.,1 and by the second millennium b.c.e., the Indians had begun to develop sophisticated dyeing techniques.2 During these early millennia Indus River valley merchants are known to have lived in Mesopotamia, where they sold cotton textiles.3 In the first century c.e. Egypt became an important overseas market for Indian cottons.