Superconnected The Internet, Digital Media, and Techno-Social Life Second Edition 2 SAGE was founded in 1965 by Sara Miller McCune to support the dissemination of usable knowledge by publishing innovative and highquality research and teaching content. Today, we publish over 900 journals, including those of more than 400 learned societies, more than 800 new books per year, and a growing range of library products including archives, data, case studies, reports, and video. SAGE remains majorityowned by our founder, and after Sara’s lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures our continued independence. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne 3 Superconnected The Internet, Digital Media, and Techno-Social Life Second Edition Mary Chayko Rutgers University Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne 4 Copyright © 2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London, EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub 5 Singapore 049483 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Chayko, Mary, 1960–, author. Title: Superconnected : the internet, digital media, and techno-social life / Mary Chayko, Rutgers University. Description: Second Edition. | Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications [2017] | Revised edition of the author’s Superconnected [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017033031 | ISBN 9781506394855 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Information technology—Social aspects. | Internet—Social aspects. | Digital media. | Information society. Classification: LCC HM851.C4335 2017b | DDC 302.23/1—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017033031 Printed in the United States of America This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Jeff Lasser Editorial Assistant: Adeline Wilson Production Editor: Laureen Gleason Copy Editor: Amy Hanquist Harris Typesetter: Hurix Digital Proofreader: Victoria Reed-Castro Indexer: May Hasso Cover Designer: Gail Buschman Marketing Manager: Kara Kindstrom 6 Contents About the Author Chapter 1 Superconnectedness Superconnected The Internet … … Digital Media … … and Techno-Social Life Technology, Mediation, and the Diffusion of Innovation Sociality, or Being Social This Book Chapter 2 Creating the Internet Age A (Very) Short History of Information and Communication Technology A (Not Quite as) Short History of Computing and the Internet The Web Is Born A Deep, “Dark” Web Is Also Born Wireless and Mobile Communication Early Online Networking Full-Featured Social Network Sites (SNSs) and Social Media The Triple Revolution of the 2000s Chapter 3 Inhabiting a Digital Environment Sociomental Spaces, Cultures, and Societies Why Not Cyberspace? Online Communities, Networks, and Networking Creating Digital Environments Reality, Presence, and Proximity Reality and the Brain Emotionality and Intimacy So … What About Physicality? The Intersection of the Online and the Offline Chapter 4 Sharing and Surveillance Sharing and Prosuming in a Participatory Culture Crowdsourcing Liking and Following—And Being Liked and Followed Ownership of Online Content The Power to Disseminate and Publish Information Accuracy, Inaccuracy,