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Desert EcosystemThe word Desertis derived from the word ‘desertaire’ which means abandoned. Deserts are of two types:(a)Hot desertssuch as Sahara in Africa and Thar in India.(b)Cold desertssuch as Laddakh and Antarctica.It is therefore difficult to have a uniform definition of desert.On the basis of climate as well as vegetation, a desert is an area in which the annual potential evapotranspiration is greatly in excess of the annual rainfall, where the development of biota is over a substantial part of the year largely limited by the availability of water and where vegetation is sparse.Desert habitat is scorched, wind scoured, waterless, endless and with wide gaps without shelter and still plants. Animal and human population continues to thrive inspite of hostility. In view of increasing population, deserts are expected to be man’s future land banks.Location:In the world, deserts are located in two discontinuous belts, one in the northern and the other in the southern hemisphere roughly centered along the tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn between 15° and 35° latitudes with their greatest development being on the polar side.Deserts are spread over 17%part of land. Areas with less than 25 cm rainfall per year are called hot deserts while those covered with snow are called cold deserts or Tundra. Hot deserts are further classified as Dry and Semiariddeserts while cold deserts are classified as Arctic tundra and Alpine tundra. Desert regions of Northernhemisphere:Some of the important desert regions of the Northern hemisphere are:(1)North American Desert:This includes Western Colorado and Arizona. Main plants of this region are Yuccaand Carnegia.
(2)Sahara Desert:It is the largest desert on the earth, located in Africa. It is spread over an area of 48 million km to 5.6 million km covering almost the entire northern Africa. There are mountains and sandy areas. Ephemeral herbs like Argemoneand Solanumare commonly found.(3)Iranian Desert: It includessome areas of Iran, Afghanistan and Baluchistan. The winters are cold and the summers are hot. Artemissia herba-alba is the common herb. (4)Arabian Desert:This includes Jordan, Iraq, Israel and Syria.Sand dunes are observed near the coastal areas. Common plant is zygophyllum dumosum.(5)Turkistan Desert:It is located in Russia. It has very harsh climate where the temperature in summers goes as high as 46°c and in winters it may drop to -40°c. Poa bulbosa and Aristidaare the common grasses.(6)Thar Desert:It is located in Rajasthan (India) and popularly known as the Indian desert. Sand dunes are the commonfeature. Common plants are Haloxylon, Euphorbia caducifolia andAaristida.(7)Takla-Makan Desert: Located in Central Asia in the territory of Tibet.Halophytic vegetationoccurs in old valleys.(8)Gobi Desert:This is also located in Central Asia. Mountains and sand dunes are the common features.Desert regions of Southern Hemisphere:Some of the main deserts of southern hemisphere are:(1)Australian Desert:About half of the Australian continent is arid having desert conditions. Some deserts are sandy and some are stony. The most common plant is the grass known as Spinifexand small trees & shrubs like Acacia.(2)Kalahari Namib Desert:It extends from Angola toSt. Halena Bay in South Africa. Average rainfall is less than 5 cm per year but it remains covered