Helpful Checklists Checklist for Critical Reading
Questions for Analyzing a Written Work
Questions for Examining an Image
Questions for Peer Review and Revision
Questions for Editing
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising a Narrative
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising a Description
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising an Example Essay
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising a Comparison-and- Contrast Essay
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising a Process Analysis
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising a Division or Analysis Essay
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising a Classification
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising a Cause-and-Effect Essay
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising a Definition
Checklist for Reviewing and Revising an Argument
Questions for Evaluating Sources
A note about the cover: The Brief Bedford Reader has long featured a cover displaying nature. In keeping with that theme, we’ve chosen Malvern—an acrylic painting by Paul Powis.
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Methods for Achieving Your Purpose in Writing The Brief Bedford Reader centers on common ways of thinking and writing about all kinds of subjects, from everyday experiences to public policies to scientific theories. Whatever your purpose in writing, one or more of these ways of thinking — or methods of development — can help you discover and shape your ideas in individual paragraphs or entire papers.
The following list connects various purposes you may have for writing and the methods for achieving those purposes. The blue boxes along the right edge of the page correspond to tabs on later pages where each method is explained.
PURPOSE METHOD
To tell a story about your subject, possibly to enlighten readers or to explain something to them
Narration
To help readers understand your subject through the evidence of their senses — sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste
Description
To explain your subject with instances that show readers its nature or character
Example
To explain or evaluate your subject by helping readers see the similarities and differences between it and another subject
Comparison and Contrast
To inform readers how to do something or how something works — how a sequence of actions leads to a particular result
Process Analysis
To explain a conclusion about your subject by Division or
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showing readers the subject’s parts or elements Analysis
To help readers see order in your subject by understanding the kinds or groups it can be sorted into
Classification
To tell readers the reasons for or consequences of your subject, explaining why or what if
Cause and Effect
To show readers the meaning of your subject — its boundaries and its distinctions from other subjects
Definition
To have readers consider your opinion about your subject or your proposal for it
Argument and Persuasion
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THE BRIEF BEDFORD READER Fourteenth Edition
X. J. Kennedy Dorothy M. Kennedy
Jane E. Aaron Ellen Kuhl Repetto
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To Dorothy M. Kennedy, 1931–2018
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FOR BEDFORD/ST. MARTIN’S Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Learning Humanities: Edwin
Hill Executive Program Director for English: Leasa Burton Senior Program Manager: John E. Sullivan III Executive Marketing Manager: Joy Fisher Williams Director of Content Development, Humanities: Jane Knetzger Developmental Editor: Cara Kaufman Content Project Manager: Louis C. Bruno Jr. Senior Workflow Project Manager: Jennifer Wetzel Production Coordinator: Brianna Lester Media Project Manager: Allison Hart Media Editor: Daniel Johnson Senior Manager of Publishing Services: Andrea Cava Assistant Editor: William Hwang Project Management: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Composition: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Permissions Manager: Kalina Ingham Text Permissions Editors: Arthur Johnson and Mark Schaefer,
Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Photo Permissions Editor: Angela Boehler Photo Researcher: Krystyna Borgen, Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Director of Design, Content Management: Diana Blume Cover Design: William Boardman Cover Image: Malvern (acrylic on board)/Powis, Paul/PAUL
POWIS/Private Collection/ Bridgeman Images
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Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014, 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be permitted by law or expressly permitted in writing by the Publisher.