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The last dance encountering death and dying 9th edition pdf

05/01/2021 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 2 Day

The Last Dance


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The Last Dance tenth edition


Encountering Death and Dying


L Y N N E A N N D e S P E L D E R Cabrillo College


A L B E R T L E E S T R I C K L A N D


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THE LAST DANCE: ENCOUNTERING DEATH AND DYING, TENTH EDITION


Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2015 , 2011, and 2009 by Lynne Ann DeSpelder and Albert Lee Strickland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.


Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.


This book is printed on acid-free paper.


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4


ISBN: 978-0-07-803546-3 MHID: 0-07-803546-5


Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L. Strand Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan Vice President, Content Production & Technology Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Senior Brand Manager: Maureen E. Prado Roberts Managing Development Editor: Penina Braffman Marketing Specialist: Alexandra Schultz Director, Content Production: Terri Schiesl Lead Content Project Manager: Jane Mohr Buyer: Nichole Birkenholz Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, MO. Cover Images: Edvard Munch, The Dance of Life, 1889–1900. Oil on canvas. 49¼” 3 74¾”. National


Gallery, Oslo. Media Project Manager: Jennifer Bartell Compositor: Laserwords Private Limited Typeface: 10/12 New Baskerville Printer: R. R. Donnelley


All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.


Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DeSpelder, Lynne Ann, 1944- The last dance : encountering death and dying / Lynne Ann DeSpelder, Cabrillo College, Albert Lee Strickland.—Tenth edition. pages cm ISBN 978-0-07-803546-3 (alk. paper) 1. Death—Psychological aspects—Textbooks. 2. Death--Social aspects—Textbooks. I. Strickland, Albert Lee. II. Title. BF789.D4D53 2014 155.9’37—dc23 2013041273


The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw- Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.


www.mhhe.com


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In memory of Coleen DeSpelder


who lived with lightness through the shadows of terminal illness


April 2, 1954—May 17, 2001


and to our parents


Bruce Erwin DeSpelder and


Dorothy Roediger DeSpelder


Luther Leander Strickland and


Bertha Wittenburg Strickland


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vii


Brief Contents


Preface xxi Prologue, by David Gordon 1


CHAPTER 1: Attitudes Toward Death: A Climate of Change 5


CHAPTER 2: Learning About Death: Socialization 49


CHAPTER 3: Perspectives on Death: Historical and Cultural 89


CHAPTER 4: Death Systems: Mortality and Society 139


CHAPTER 5: Health Care: Patients, Staff, and Institutions 175


CHAPTER 6: End-of-Life Issues and Decisions 213


CHAPTER 7: Facing Death: Living with Life-Threatening Illness 259


CHAPTER 8: Last Rites: Funerals and Body Disposition 295


CHAPTER 9: Survivors: Understanding the Experience of Loss 341


CHAPTER 10: Death in the Lives of Children and Adolescents 385


CHAPTER 11: Death in the Lives of Adults 417


CHAPTER 12: Suicide 447


CHAPTER 13: Risks, Perils, and Traumatic Death 489


CHAPTER 14: Beyond Death / After Life 531


CHAPTER 15: The Path Ahead: Personal and Social Choices 569


Epilogue, by David Gordon 599 Notes 601 Credits and Sources 671 Name Index 677 Subject Index 693


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ix


Contents


Preface xxi Prologue, by David Gordon 1


C H A P T E R 1


Attitudes Toward Death: A Climate of Change 5


Expressions of Attitudes Toward Death 6 Mass Media 6


In the News 6 Entertaining Death 8


Language 10 Music 12 Literature 15 Visual Arts 18 Humor 23


Living with Awareness of Death 25 Contemplating Mortality 26 Dimensions of Thanatology 26 Death Anxiety and Fear of Death 27 Terror Management 29


Studying Death and Dying 31 The Rise of Death Education 31 Pioneers in Death Studies 32


Factors Affecting Familiarity with Death 34 Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates 35 Causes of Death 37 Geographic Mobility and Intergenerational Contact 38 Life-Extending Technologies 40 The Internet and the Digital Age 42


Examining Assumptions 43 Death in a Cosmopolitan Society 44 Exploring Your Own Losses and Attitudes 46


Further Readings 47


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x


C H A P T E R 2


Learning About Death: Socialization 49


A Child’s Reasoning 50 A Mature Concept of Death 51 Understanding Death Through the Life Course 53


Infancy and Toddlerhood 57 Early Childhood 58 Middle Childhood or School-Age Period 60 Adolescence 62 Emerging Adulthood 64 Early Adulthood 64 Middle Adulthood 65 Later Adulthood 66 The Evolution of a Mature Concept of Death 66


Agents of Socialization 67 Family 68 School and Peers 69 Mass Media and Children’s Literature 72 Religion 76


Teachable Moments 76 The Death of a Companion Animal 78 The Mature Concept of Death Revisited 81 Further Readings 87


C H A P T E R 3


Perspectives on Death: Historical and Cultural 89


Traditional Cultures 92 Origin of Death 92 Names of the Dead 94 Causes of Death 95 Power of the Dead 97


Western Culture 98 The Deathbed Scene 100 Burial Customs 102


Charnel Houses 102 Memorializing the Dead 104


The Dance of Death 104


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xi


Death Masks 106 Invisible Death? 107


Cultural Viewpoints 108 People of Native American Heritage 108 People of African Heritage 112


The LoDagaa of Northern Ghana 114 Traditions Among African Americans 116


People of Hispanic Heritage 117 Attitudes Toward Death in Mexico 118 Día de los Muertos 118


People of Asian Heritage 122 Paper Offerings 127 Ch’ing ming and O-bon Festivals 128


People of Jewish Heritage 129 People of Celtic Heritage 129 People of Arab Heritage 132 People of Oceanian Heritage 132


Mixed Plate: Cultural Diversity in Hawaii 133 Characteristics of Hawaii’s Peoples 133 Death and Local Identity 134


Death in Contemporary Multicultural Societies 136 Further Readings 137


C H A P T E R 4


Death Systems: Mortality and Society 139


Certifi cation of Death 140 The Coroner and the Medical Examiner 141 Autopsies 144 Assessing Homicide 147 Capital Punishment 150 Defi ning Death 151


Conventional Signs of Death and New Technology 153 Conceptual and Empirical Criteria 155 Four Approaches to the Defi nition and Determination of Death 157


Irreversible Loss of Flow of Vital Fluids 157 Irreversible Loss of the Soul from the Body 157 Irreversible Loss of the Capacity for Bodily Integration 159


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xii


Irreversible Loss of the Capacity for Consciousness or Social Interaction 160


The Uniform Determination of Death Act 162


Organ Transplantation and Organ Donation 165 Medical Ethics: A Cross-Cultural Example 170 The Impact of the Death System 172 Further Readings 173


C H A P T E R 5


Health Care: Patients, Staff, and Institutions 175


Modern Health Care 176 Health Care Financing 178 Rationing Scarce Resources 180


The Caregiver-Patient Relationship 181 Disclosing a Life-Threatening Diagnosis 182 Achieving Clear Communication 183 Providing Total Care 185


Care of the Dying 185 Hospice and Palliative Care 187


The Origins of Hospice and Palliative Care 191 Challenges for Hospice and Palliative Care 192 The Future of Hospice and Palliative Care 195


Home Care 196 Social Support 198


Elder Care 199 Trauma and Emergency Care 201 Death Notifi cation 204 Caregiver Stress and Compassion Fatigue 207 A Changing Health Care System 209 Further Readings 210


C H A P T E R 6


End-of-Life Issues and Decisions 213


Principles of Medical Ethics 214 Informed Consent to Treatment 215


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xiii


Principles of Informed Consent 215 Preferences Regarding Informed Consent 217


Choosing Death 221 Withholding or Withdrawing Treatment 225 Physician-Assisted Death 226 The Rule of Double Effect 229 Euthanasia 229 Palliative Care and the Right to Die 230 Nutrition and Hydration 231 Seriously Ill Newborns 232


Advance Directives 233 Using Advance Directives 238 Advance Directives and Emergency Care 240


Inheritance: Wills, Probate, and Living Trusts 241 Wills 242


The Formally Executed Will 245 Amending or Revoking a Will 246


Probate 248 The Duties of the Executor or Administrator 248 Laws of Intestate Succession 250


Living Trusts 251


Insurance and Death Benefi ts 253 Considering End-of-Life Issues and Decisions 255 Further Readings 256


C H A P T E R 7


Facing Death: Living with Life-Threatening Illness 259


Personal and Social Meanings of Life-Threatening Illness 261 Coping with Life-Threatening Illness 263


Awareness of Dying 263 Adapting to “Living-Dying” 264 Patterns of Coping 266 Maintaining Coping Potency 269


Treatment Options and Issues 272 Surgery 275 Radiation Therapy 276 Chemotherapy 277 Alternative Therapies 277


The Placebo Effect 280 Unorthodox Treatment 281


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xiv


Pain Management 282 The Language of Pain 283 Treating Pain 283


The Dying Trajectory 286 The Social Role of the Dying Patient 289 Being with Someone Who is Dying 292 Further Readings 293


C H A P T E R 8


Last Rites: Funerals and Body Disposition 295


Psychosocial Aspects of Last Rites 298 Announcement of Death 298 Mutual Support 301 Impetus for Coping with Loss 302


Funerals in the United States 303 The Rise of Professional Funeral Services 304 Criticisms of Funeral Practices 306 New and Rediscovered Memorial Choices 309


Selecting Funeral Services 311 Funeral Service Charges 313 Comparing the Costs 314


Professional Services 314 Embalming 315 Caskets 317 Outer Burial Containers 318 Facilities and Vehicles 319 Miscellaneous Charges 319 Direct Cremations and Immediate Burials 319


Funeral and Memorial Societies 321


Body Disposition 321 Burial 324 Cremation 326 Memorialization 328 Laws Regulating Body Disposition 329


New Directions in Funerals and Body Disposition 330 Remembrance Rituals and Linking Objects 333 Making Meaningful Choices 334 Further Readings 339


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xv


C H A P T E R 9


Survivors: Understanding the Experience of Loss 341


Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning 343 Tasks of Mourning 346 Models of Grief 347


Working Through Grief 347 Continuing Bonds with the Deceased 348 Telling the “Story”: Narrative Reconstruction 350 The Dual Process Model of Coping 351 The Two-Track Model of Bereavement 352 Toward an Integrated Model of Grief 353


The Experience of Grief 355 Mental Versus Emotional Responses 355 The Course of Grief 355 The Duration of Grief 358 Complications of Grief 359 The Mortality of Bereavement 362


Variables Infl uencing Grief 364 Survivor’s Model of the World 364


Personality 364 Cultural Context and Social Roles 365 Perceived Relationship with the Deceased 365 Values and Beliefs 367


Coping Patterns and Gender 367 Mode of Death 369


Anticipated Death 370 Sudden Death 371 Suicide 371 Homicide 372 Disaster 372


Multiple Losses and Bereavement Burnout 373 Social Support and Disenfranchised Grief 373 Unfi nished Business 375


Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy 376 Support for the Bereaved 379 Bereavement as an Opportunity for Growth 380 Further Readings 382


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xvi


C H A P T E R 1 0


Death in the Lives of Children and Adolescents 385


Experiences with Death 388 Children as Survivors of a Close Death 391


The Bereaved Child’s Experience of Grief 392 The Death of a Parent 393 The Death of a Sibling 395


Children with Life-Threatening Illnesses 399 The Child’s Perception of Serious Illness 400 The Child’s Coping Mechanisms 401 Providing and Organizing Care 402


Pediatric Hospice and Palliative Care 403 Decisions About Medical Treatment 405 Caring for a Seriously Ill Child 406


Support Groups for Children 407 Helping Children Cope with Change and Loss 409


Discussing Death Before a Crisis Occurs 409 Discussions When a Family Member Is Seriously Ill 411 Discussions in the Aftermath of Loss 412


Further Readings 415


C H A P T E R 11


Death in the Lives of Adults 417


Death and the College Student 418 The Death of a Friend 420 The Death of a Parent 420 Parental Bereavement 423


Childbearing Losses 424 Miscarriage 426 Induced Abortion 426 Stillbirth 428 Neonatal Death 429 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 430


Grief for “Unlived” Lives 431


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xvii


The Death of an Older Child 432 The Death of an Adult Child 433 Coping with Bereavement as a Couple 434 Social Support in Parental Bereavement 435


Spousal Bereavement 436 Factors Infl uencing Spousal Bereavement 436 Social Support for Bereaved Spouses 439


Aging and the Aged 440 Further Readings 445


C H A P T E R 1 2


Suicide 447


Comprehending Suicide 448 Statistical Issues 449 The Psychological Autopsy 451


Explanatory Theories of Suicide 453 The Social Context of Suicide 453


Degree of Social Integration 453 Degree of Social Regulation 455


Psychological Insights About Suicide 456 Toward an Integrated Understanding of Suicide 457


Some Types of Suicide 459 Suicide as Escape 459 Cry for Help 461 Subintentioned and Chronic Suicide 464


Risk Factors Infl uencing Suicide 464 Culture 466 Personality 467 The Individual Situation 468


Life-Span Perspectives on Suicide 471 Childhood 471 Adolescence and Early Adulthood 472 Middle Adulthood 475 Late Adulthood 476

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