The possessive investment in whiteness sparknotes

PAULA S . ROTHENBE RG

TENTH EDITION

A N I N T E G R A T E D S T U D Y

RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER IN THE UNITED STATES

R O

TH EN

B E

R G

TENTH EDITION

R A

C E, C

LA S

S , A

N D G

EN D

ER

IN T

H E U

N ITED

S TA

TES

RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER IN THE UNITED STATES, Tenth Edition Paula S. Rothenberg This best-selling anthology expertly explores concepts of identity, diversity, and inequality as it introduces students to race, class, gender, and sexuality in the United States. The thoroughly updated Tenth Edition features 38 new readings. New mate- rial explores citizenship and immigration, mass incarceration, sex crimes on campus, transgender identity, the school-to-prison pipeline, food insecurity, the Black Lives Matter movement, the pathology of poverty, socioeconomic privilege versus racial privilege, pollution on tribal lands, stereotype threat, gentrification, and more. The combination of thoughtfully selected readings, deftly written introductions, and careful organization makes Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, Tenth Edition, the most engaging and balanced presentation of these issues available today.

Readings new to the Tenth Edition include:

• The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander • How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? Being Young and Arab in America by

Moustafa Bayoumi • Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates • Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court case that legalized gay marriage

• Immigration Enforcement as a Race-Making Institution by Douglas S. Massey • Domestic Workers Bill of Rights by Ai-jen Poo • The New Face of Hunger by Tracie McMillan • My Class Didn’t Trump My Race by Robin DiAngelo • Intersectionality: An Everyday Metaphor Anyone Can Use, Kimberlé Crenshaw

interviewed by Bim Adewunmi • Black Ethnics: Race, Immigration, and the Pursuit of the American Dream by

Christina Greer • Transgender Feminism: Queering the Woman Question by Susan Stryker • Debunking the Pathology of Poverty by Susan Greenbaum • The Transgender Crucible, reporting on the life and imprisonment of

transgender activist CeCe McDonald, by Sabrina Rubin Erdely • Neither Black nor White, on the racialization of Asian Americans, by

Angelo Ancheta

• “You are in the dark, in the car…” from Citizen: An American Lyric by Claudia Rankine

• When You Forget to Whistle Vivaldi by Tressie McMillan Cottom

Instructor’s resources to accompany Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, Tenth Edition, are available for download. Instructor’s resources include Reading for Comprehension Questions, Writing Assignments, Article Summaries, Research Proj- ects, Recommended Media, and Data Activities.

6 × 9.25 SPINE: 0.8125 FLAPS: 0

www.macmillanlearning.com Cover photo: Silberkorn/Shutterstock

RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER IN THE UNITED STATES

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 1 2/25/16 10:30 AM

This page intentionally left blank

02_ROT_7866_INTRO_01_04.indd 4 26/02/16 5:59 PM

New York

RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER IN THE UNITED STATES AN INTEGRATED STUDY

Tenth Edition

Paula S. Rothenberg

with Soniya Munshi Borough of Manhattan

Community College

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 3 2/25/16 10:30 AM

Publisher, Psychology and Sociology: Rachel Losh Associate Publisher: Jessica Bayne Senior Associate Editor: Sarah Berger Development Editor: Thomas Finn Assistant Editor: Kimberly Morgan Smith Executive Marketing Manager: Katherine Nurre Media Producer: Hanna Squire Director, Content Management Enhancement: Tracey Kuehn Managing Editor, Sciences and Social Sciences: Lisa Kinne Senior Project Editor: Kerry O’Shaughnessy Photo Editor: Robin Fadool Permissions Associate: Chelsea Roden Director of Design, Content Management: Diana Blume Senior Design Manager: Vicki Tomaselli Cover and Interior Design: Kevin Kall Senior Production Supervisor: Stacey B. Alexander Composition: Jouve North America Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley Cover Photo: Silberkorn/Shutterstock

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932674

ISBN- 13: 978-1-4641-7866-5 ISBN- 10: 1-4641-7866-6

© 2016, 2014, 2010, 2007 by Worth Publishers

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

First printing

Worth Publishers One New York Plaza Suite 4500 New York, NY 10004-1562 www.worthpublishers.com

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 4 2/25/16 10:30 AM

http://www.worthpublishers.com
Selection Title v

v

Preface xiii

About the Author xix

Introduction 1

PART I The Social Construction of Difference: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality 5

1 Racial Formations Michael Omi and Howard Winant 11

2 Constructing Race, Creating White Privilege Pem Davidson Buck 21

3 How Jews Became White Folks: And What That Says About Race in America Karen Brodkin 27

4 “Night to His Day”: The Social Construction of Gender Judith Lorber 38

5 The Invention of Heterosexuality Jonathan Ned Katz 47

6 Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity Michael S. Kimmel 59

7 Transgender Feminism: Queering the Woman Question Susan Stryker 71

8 Debunking the Pathology of Poverty Susan Greenbaum 78

9 Disability and the Justification of Inequality in American History Douglas C. Baynton 81

10 Domination and Subordination Jean Baker Miller 91

Suggestions for Further Reading 97

Selection Title v

CONTENTS

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 5 2/27/16 12:29 PM

vi Contents

Selection Title vi

Selection Title vi

PART I I Understanding Racism, Sexism, Heterosexism, and Class Privilege 99

1 Defining Racism: “Can We Talk?” Beverly Daniel Tatum 105

2 Color- Blind Racism Eduardo Bonilla- Silva 113

3 Neither Black nor White Angelo N. Ancheta 120

4 Oppression Marilyn Frye 130

5 Homophobia as a Weapon of Sexism Suzanne Pharr 134

6 Class in America Gregory Mantsios 144

7 Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life Annette Lareau 163

8 Intersectionality: An Everyday Metaphor Anyone Can Use Kimberlé Crenshaw, interviewed by Bim Adewunmi 171

9 White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack Peggy McIntosh 176

10 My Class Didn’t Trump My Race: Using Oppression to Face Privilege Robin J. DiAngelo 181

Suggestions for Further Reading 188

PART III Complicating Questions of Identity: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration 191

1 Immigration in the United States: New Economic, Social, Political Landscapes with Legislative Reform on the Horizon Faye Hipsman and Doris Meissner 195

2 Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of America Mae Ngai 207

3 Los Intersticios: Recasting Moving Selves Evelyn Alsultany 218

4 For Many Latinos, Racial Identity Is More Culture than Color Mireya Navarro 220

5 Black Ethnics: Race, Immigration, and the Pursuit of the American Dream Christina M. Greer 224

6 The Myth of the Model Minority Noy Thrupkaew 230

7 How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? Moustafa Bayoumi 237

Suggestions for Further Reading 242

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 6 2/25/16 10:30 AM

Contents vii

Selection Title vii

PART IV Discrimination in Everyday Life 243

1 The Problem: Discrimination U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 247

2 The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness Michelle Alexander 258

3 Deportations Are Down, But Fear Persists Among Undocumented Immigrants Tim Henderson 266

4 The Ghosts of Stonewall: Policing Gender, Policing Sex Joey L. Mogul, Andrea J. Ritchie, and Kay Whitlak 270

5 The Transgender Crucible Sabrina Rubin Erdely 276

6 Where “English Only” Falls Short Stacy A. Teicher 285

7 My Black Skin Makes My White Coat Vanish Mana Lumumba- Kasongo 288

8 Women in the State Police: Trouble in the Ranks Jonathan Schuppe 290

9 Muslim- American Running Back Off the Team at New Mexico State Matthew Rothschild 294

10 Race, Disability, and the School- to- Prison Pipeline Julianne Hing 296

11 The Segregated Classrooms of a Proudly Diverse School Jeffrey Gettleman 304

12 Race and Family Income of Students Influence Guidance Counselor’s Advice, Study Finds Eric Hoover 307

13 By the Numbers: Sex Crimes on Campus Dave Gustafson 308

14 More Blacks Live with Pollution The Associated Press 313

15 Pollution, Poverty and People of Color: A Michigan Tribe Battles a Global Corporation Brian Bienkowski 316

16 Testimony Sonny Singh 322

Suggestions for Further Reading 325

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 7 2/25/16 10:30 AM

Selection Title viii

Selection Title viii

viii Contents

PART V The Economics of Race, Class, and Gender 327

1 Imagine a Country Holly Sklar 329

2 Wealth Inequality Has Widened Along Racial, Ethnic Lines Since End of Great Recession Rakesh Kochhar and Richard Fry 340

3 The Making of the American 99% and the Collapse of the Middle Class Barbara Ehrenreich and John Ehrenreich 344

4 Immigration Enforcement as a Race- Making Institution Douglas S. Massey 348

5 For Asian Americans, Wealth Stereotypes Don’t Fit Reality Seth Freed Wessler 361

6 Gender and the Black Jobs Crisis Linda Burnham 364

7 Domestic Workers Bill of Rights: A Feminist Approach for a New Economy Ai- jen Poo 373

8 “Savage Inequalities” Revisited Bob Feldman 378

9 The New Face of Hunger Tracie McMillan 382

10 “I am Alena”: Life as a Trans Woman Where Survival Means Living as Christopher Ed Pilkington 387

11 Cause of Death: Inequality Alejandro Reuss 393

12 Inequality Undermines Democracy Eduardo Porter 398

Suggestions for Further Reading 401

PART VI Many Voices, Many Lives: Issues of Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality in Everyday Life 403

1 Civilize Them with a Stick Mary Brave Bird (Crow Dog) with Richard Erdoes 407

2 Then Came the War Yuri Kochiyama 411

3 Crossing the Border Without Losing Your Past Oscar Casares 419

4 Between the World and Me Ta- Nehisi Coates 421

5 “I wouldn’t have come if I’d known.” E. Tammy Kim 425

6 This Person Doesn’t Sound White Ziba Kashef 428

7 “You are in the dark, in the car . . .” Claudia Rankine 432

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 8 2/25/16 10:30 AM

Selection Title ix

Contents ix

8 He Defies You Still: The Memoirs of a Sissy Tommi Avicolli 434

9 Against “Bullying” or On Loving Queer Kids Richard Kim 440

10 The Case of Sharon Kowalski and Karen Thompson: Ableism, Heterosexism, and Sexism Joan L. Griscom 443

11 Gentrification Will Drive My Uncle Out of His Neighborhood, and I Will Have Helped Eric Rodriguez 451

12 My Vassar College Faculty ID Makes Everything OK Kiese Laymon 453

13 The Unbearable (In)visibility of Being Trans Chase Strangio 460

14 Black Bodies in Motion and in Pain Edwidge Danticat 463

Suggestions for Further Reading 466

PART VII How It Happened: Race and Gender Issues in U.S. Law 469

1 Indian Tribes: A Continuing Quest for Survival U.S. Commission on Human Rights 477

2 An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and Slaves, South Carolina, 1712 482

3 The “ Three- Fifths Compromise” The U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 2 487

4 An Act Prohibiting the Teaching of Slaves to Read 488

5 Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 489

6 People v. Hall, 1854 493

7 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 495

8 The Emancipation Proclamation Abraham Lincoln 499

9 United States Constitution: Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth (1870) Amendments 501

10 The Black Codes W. E. B. Du Bois 503

11 The Chinese Exclusion Act 511

12 Elk v. Wilkins, 1884 514

13 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 516

14 United States Constitution: Nineteenth Amendment (1920) 519

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 9 2/25/16 10:30 AM

Selection Title x

x Contents

15 U.S. v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 1923 520

16 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 523

17 Roe v. Wade, 1973 528

18 The Equal Rights Amendment (Defeated) 529

19 Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015 530

Suggestions for Further Reading 534

PART VIII Maintaining Race, Class, and Gender Hierarchies: Reproducing “Reality” 537

1 Self- Fulfilling Stereotypes Mark Snyder 541

2 Am I Thin Enough Yet? Sharlene Hesse- Biber 547

3 Institutions and Ideologies Michael Parenti 555

4 Media Magic: Making Class Invisible Gregory Mantsios 562

5 Still Separate, Still Unequal: America’s Educational Apartheid Jonathan Kozol 570

6 Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex Angela Davis 584

7 You May Know Me from Such Roles as Terrorist #4 Jon Ronson 589

8 The Florida State Seminoles: The Champions of Racist Mascots Dave Zirin 596

9 Michael Brown’s Unremarkable Humanity Ta- Nehisi Coates 599

10 When You Forget to Whistle Vivaldi Tressie McMillan Cottom 601

Suggestions for Further Reading 603

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 10 2/25/16 10:30 AM

Selection Title xi

Contents xi

PART IX Social Change: Revisioning the Future and Making a Difference 605

1 Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference Audre Lorde 609

2 Feminism: A Transformational Politic bell hooks 616

3 A New Vision of Masculinity Cooper Thompson 623

4 Interrupting the Cycle of Oppression: The Role of Allies as Agents of Change Andrea Ayvazian 629

5 Demand the Impossible Matthew Rothschild 636

6 The Motivating Forces Behind Black Lives Matter Tasbeeh Herwees 639

7 On Solidarity, “Centering Anti- Blackness,” and Asian Americans Scot Nakagawa 642

Suggestions for Further Reading 644

Index 645

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 11 2/25/16 10:30 AM

This page intentionally left blank

02_ROT_7866_INTRO_01_04.indd 4 26/02/16 5:59 PM

xiii

Reflections from the First to the Tenth Edition of Race, Class, and Gender When the first edition of Race, Class, and Gender in the United States was published in 1988 under the title Racism and Sexism: An Integrated Study, there was no World Wide Web. There were no smart phones. Smoking was still allowed on airplanes. China was one of the poorest nations in the world, the Soviet Union still existed, and apartheid was alive— if not well— in South Africa. In fact, the next president of South Africa and famed civil rights leader Nelson Mandela was still in prison in 1988, serving the 25th year of his sentence.

In the United States, the Reagan Administration was defending the secret sale of U.S. arms to Iran, while the Supreme Court was asked to decide whether one of the largest associations of “businessmen”—the Rotary Club— had a constitutional right to refuse to admit women as members. Scholars were arguing over the relationship between race and intelligence— a debate that was about to get even more heated in the decade that followed. Three quarters of the American population thought homo- sexual relations between two consenting adults was always wrong and the state had the right to outlaw such conduct.* As for the issue of economic inequality, it was nowhere to be found in the public discourse.

Much has happened in the intervening years. With a surge in voter turnout in 2008, a black man was elected president, and as of this writing, a woman is leading the polls for— and, by the time you are reading this, may even have won— the presidency of the United States. Given the setbacks for the feminist, black, and Latino/a move- ments of the 1960s and 1970s, most Americans in the 1980s did not expect to witness this type of cultural and political change in their lifetime. Even more inconceivable, given the cultural landscape, was that a growing LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) movement would help make gay marriage legal, and gender reassignment would enter the popular culture. An Occupy Wall Street movement helped put the issue of economic inequality squarely on the national and international agenda, seem- ingly overnight. And while many had hoped for a growing environmental movement, few anticipated the emergence of a global approach to climate change.

On the other hand, nearly three decades after the first edition of this book was published, so much has stayed the same or worsened. In 1988, the richest 20% of Americans held 83% of total household wealth: today, that 20% holds 93% of the nation’s wealth. Women have made significant strides politically, socially, and eco- nomically, yet they still make only 77 cents for every dollar a man makes— and the

Selection Title xiii

PREFACE

* Smith, Tom W. “Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality.” NORC/University of Chicago: Septem- ber, 2011.

The right of states to outlaw acts of homosexuality by consenting adults was based on the 1986 Supreme Court decision Bowers v. Hardwick.

01_ROT_7866_FM_i_xx.indd 13 2/25/16 10:30 AM

xiv Preface

gap is even greater for women of color (64 cents for African American women). While racial profiling has finally caught the attention of the media, its persistence—and its expansion to Muslim and Sikh communities—continues to destroy lives and families. Policies, like affirmative action, that were designed to remedy inequities have been deeply weakened. So too, have organizations, like unions, that had for so long been such an important check on inequality and injustice. Twenty- two percent of the chil- dren in the United States live in poverty, a proportion nearly identical to what it was 30 years ago. How ironic that so much change can co- exist with so much stagnation.

How do we make sense of all of this? In the introduction to the first edition of the book, I put it simply: “An integrated approach to the study of racism and sexism within the context of class provides us with a more comprehensive, more accurate, more useful analysis of the world in which we live out our lives.” This is as true now as it was nearly three decades ago.

New to Race, Class, and Gender, Tenth Edition The tenth edition of Race, Class, and Gender, like previous editions, views the prob- lems facing our country and our communities as structural, and seeks to contribute to the conversation about fairness and justice. Like its predecessors, this edition un- dertakes the study of race, gender, and sexuality within the context of class. We look at racism, sexism, heterosexism, class privilege, and the concepts of patriarchy and white privilege, and explore the interlocking nature of these systems of oppression as they work in combination and impact virtually every aspect of life in U.S. society today. New to Part II of this edition, we revisit Kimberlé Crenshaw’s work on inter- sectionality, a term she coined in 1989. In an interview, Crenshaw reflects on the continued need for an accessible metaphor that captures the complexity of multiple and simultaneous forms of oppression. This intersectional framework is one that we rely on throughout the book to illustrate the complex dimensions of race, gender, sexuality, and class.

Part I introduces these different categories by examining the ways each of them has been socially and hierarchically constructed to the benefit of some and to the disadvantage of others. Susan Stryker’s work, new to this edition, explores the rela- tionship between sex, gender, and gender identity. This excerpt lays a foundation for later pieces that address trans lives, identities, and experiences, all showing us how gender identity is shaped by race, class, sexuality, and other factors. For example, ad- ditional writings include a piece on violence against trans women (“The Transgender Crucible” by Sabrina Rubin Erdely in Part IV), the role of economic access in living as a trans person (“‘I am Alena’: Life as a Trans Woman Where Survival Means Living as Christopher” by Ed Pilkington in Part V), and a reflection on how recent public attention on trans communities is mediated by privilege so that many stories and experiences continue to be omitted (“The Unbearable (In)visibility of Being Trans” by Chase Strangio in Part VI).

This edition includes an intentional, focused, and intersectional engagement with current public conversations about mass incarceration, police violence, and racial and