The preeminent organization for private security professionals

Security And Data Loss Prevention

Refer to your textbook; Chapter 1 Learning Check #6: Name and discuss at least 3 technological innovations that improved the private security industry in the nineteenth century.

As a security consultant for Costsco (https://www.costco.com/warehouse-locations/washington-dc-dc-1120.html) determine the security needs of their DC business, i.e. cameras, private security, perimeter patrol, point of sale and other technical systems, etc. You must take into consideration the balance of the aesthetics of the complex in order to have the business attract its clientele against the security needs of the company.

APA format, 2-3 pages in length (excluding cover page, abstract, and reference list

CHAPTER 1

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The History and Professionalization of Private Security

Rick Michelson, M. A.

Grossmont College

Public Safety and Security Programs

2010

Chapter 1 Learning Objectives

1. To acquaint you with the rich, colorful history of private security in Rome and England

2. To explore the history of private security in the United States

3. To familiarize you with the relatively recent movement to achieve professionalism in the private security industry

4. To explore college programs in private security

5. To acquaint you with current ethical standards in the private security industry

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Introduction

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 The word security comes from the Latin word “securus” (without care, free from care, free from danger, safe, etc.)

 The security industry in the United States consists of publicly-funded local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies, as well as private security organizations

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Early Development of Private Security

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• Maintaining order and dealing with lawbreakers was initially a private matter

• Citizens were responsible for protecting themselves and maintaining an orderly society

• Nomadic tribes banded together and used guards and security methods to protect themselves and their families and livestock

• True police roles did not appear until the 14th century in France and the 19th century in England

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Private Security in Ancient Rome

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 In the 5th century BCE, Rome created the first specialized investigative unit, called questors, or “trackers of murder”

 The Romans may have created the prototypes that led to some of our modern physical security devices to protect homes and business entrance doors, the Bard locking device, and the padlock

 The Romans also used humans, primarily slaves (referred to as “janitor”) to protect their buildings

 Geese were used as “early warning systems”

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Private Security in England

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 The American system of law and security was borrowed from the English

 The European Feudal system provided a high level of security for individuals and society

 Law enforcement was perceived to be the duty of all citizens

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Private Security In England (cont’d)

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 In 16th-18th century France and England, private citizens called “thief-takers” were paid by the king for every criminal arrested, although many were corrupt

 In the mid 1700s in England, Henry Fielding, the novelist, is credited with laying the foundation for the first modern private investigative agency called the Bow Street Runners

 Fielding established relationships with pawnbrokers and provided them lists and descriptions of recently stolen property; soliciting details from citizens to create the first crime reports

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Private Security in England (cont’d)

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• During the Industrial Revolution, both business and industry were involved in private policing – yet crime was rampant

• Sir Robert Peel drafted the Metropolitan Police Act, which was passed by Parliament in 1829

• Peel established the first large-scale, uniformed, organized, paid, civil police force in London; known as “Bobbies”

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Private Security in the United States

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 Colonial Experience: By the 17th Century, Town Marshals and County Sheriffs were the chief law enforcement officials, aided by Constables and night watchmen

 When serious breaches of the peace occurred, governors called on colonial militia or the British army

 Law enforcement was still mainly the responsibility of individual citizens; which led to vigilantism

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The 18th and 19th Centuries

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 American policing attempted to control the brutal and corrupt crime and disorder in both urban and frontier environments

 The first organized, paid, public police department was in Boston in 1838

 By the start of the Civil War in 1861, many cities had their own police departments

 However, policing in the U.S. did not reach the professionalism of Peel’s London police for some time

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The 18th and 19th Centuries (cont’d.)

Allan Pinkerton 11

 Today’s private security industry owes much of its origins to Allan Pinkerton (born Scotland 1819)

 Pinkerton was the 1st detective in the Chicago police department

 Later formed the Pinkerton National Detective Agency; gave rise to the term “private eye”

 Pinkerton established the practice of handwriting examination in U.S. courts and proposed a plan to centralize criminal identification records

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The 18th and 19th Centuries

Allan Pinkerton (cont’d)

 Pinkerton pioneered numerous investigative techniques, such as shadowing or suspect surveillance and undercover operations

 In 1856, Pinkerton’s agency hired the nation’s first female detective, Kate Warne, who successfully prevented at least one assassination plot against President Lincoln

 After the Civil War, his agency focused on railroad robberies and security and “rode shotgun” on stagecoaches in the West.

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Alan Pinkerton

Pinkerton served as head of the Union Intelligence Service in 1861–62 and, thanks to “Kitty” Warne, foiled an alleged assassination plot while Lincoln was traveling to his inauguration.

The Intelligence Service was the predecessor to the Secret Service.

Pinkerton (Left), Lincoln, and General John McClernand on the right.

October 3, 1862

Antietam

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©Private Collection/Peter Newark American Pictures/The Bridgeman Art Library Nationality/copyright status: American/out of copyright 2010

The 18th and 19th Centuries (cont’d)

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 Other agencies competed with Pinkerton:

 Rocky Mountain Detective Association

 Wells, Fargo & Co.

 In 1865, the Railway Police Acts were established in many states which gave railroad industry the right to establish a proprietary security force

 Companies began to use in-house and contractual private security forces to protect company assets and perform strikebreaking roles

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The 18th and 19th Centuries (cont’d.)

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 The middle of the 19th century saw advances in modern technology and business improvements in the private security industry

 In 1850, Edwin Holmes invented the first electric burglar alarm system

 In 1874, Samuel FB Morse invented the telegraph which led to the ADT Security Protection Company

 In 1917, Brinks introduced armored cars to carry money and valuables

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The 18th and 19th Centuries (cont’d)

 Studying the rise in private security in the 19th century, The National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals published the Report of the Task Force on Private Security (1976), attributing it to:

Ineffective public police protection

Increased crimes against expanding railroads

Increased industrialization

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The 20th Century and the New Millennium

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 Rapidly increasing industrialization created a growing need to address labor and management problems

 During World War II, President Roosevelt issued an executive order to take appropriate measures to protect national defense–related industries and premises from sabotage

 The federal contract guidelines required mandatory security programs

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The 20th Century and the New Millennium (cont’d.)

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 Wartime concern for prevention and detection of espionage and sabotage led to a government decision to bring plant watchmen and security personnel into the U.S. Army

 In 1952, during the Korean War and the Cold War, the Industrial Defense Program was established to protect defense-related industries and facilities; it is now known as the National Industrial Security Program

 In 1955, the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) was created as the first professional association for private security professionals

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The 20th Century and the New Millennium (cont’d.)

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 Increased and more sophisticated crime led companies and industries to focus on security programs to protect their property and personnel

 Cooperative central repositories of criminal information were formed to share intelligence

 Following 134 aircraft-hijacking attempts and bomb threats from 1968-1972, focus shifted to crime on our nation’s airlines

 Prior to the al-Qaeda hijacking of 9/11, most airport passenger security was performed by each airline’s own private security

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The 20th Century and the New Millennium (cont’d.)

 The events of 9/11 prompted Americans to turn to security professionals for help with increasing safety in our changed world

 The federal government–sponsored task force on private security defined the private security industry as: Those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities

and organizations providing security-related services to specific clientele for a fee, for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards.

National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, Report of the Task Force on Private Security (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 4. property, or interests from various hazards.

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Hallcrest Reports

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 In 1980, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) hired Hallcrest Systems Inc. security consultants to conduct a three-year national study of the roles and resources of the private security industry

 1985 - Hallcrest I (The Hallcrest Report: Private Security and Police in America) is published

 1990 - Hallcrest II (The Hallcrest Report II: Private Security Trends: 1970–2000) is published

 Essentially, they demonstrated the growing and superior role of private security as compared to public law enforcement

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The Hallcrest Reports

 Hallcrest believed there were four interrelated factors that lead to greater employment and expenditure shift from public police to private security during the 1980s and 1990s:

(1) an increase in crimes in the workplace

(2) an increase in fear (real or perceived) of crime

(3) the limitations on public protection imposed by the “fiscal crisis of the state”

(4) an increased public and business awareness and use of the more cost-effective private security products and services

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Professionalization of Private Security

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 In the early 1950s, five private security professionals met to conceptualize a standardized professionalism in the private security industry in terms of certification, training, employment standards, and ethics

 By 1955, they had recruited 254 charter members to the inaugural meeting of the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS)

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Professionalization of Private Security

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 ASIS is the preeminent international organization for professionals responsible for security, including directors and directors of security

 ASIS has three certification programs:  Certified Protection Professional (CPP)

 Professional Certified Investigator (PCI)

 Physical Security Professional (PSP)

 Post-9/11, ASIS became an educational organization with an advocacy mission to affect government decisions in Homeland Security

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Professionalization of Private Security (cont’d.)

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 In December 2004, President George W. Bush signed Senate Bill 2845, popularly known as the Intelligence Reform Bill and the 9-11 Implementation Bill

 Includes the Private Security Officer Employment Authorization Act of 2004, giving employers the ability to request criminal background checks from the FBI’s database for applicants and holders of security positions

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Professionalization of Private Security (cont’d.)

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 As of 2009, ASIS International—the preeminent international organization for professionals responsible for security—has more than 36,000 members worldwide

 Other professional associations and organizations such as IACP, NSA, IFPO, ACFE, ISO and ANSI, have entered into joint cooperative ventures to professionalize standards related to minimum standards, ethics, values, education and training, and membership in a professional organization

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College Education and Private Security

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 In 1976, only five colleges in the U.S. offered a bachelor’s degree in private security, and no master’s programs were available

 By 1990, 46 colleges offered a bachelor’s degree and 14 offered a master’s degree, showing an increasing value of college in private security

 The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the largest professional organization in the field of criminal justice education, research, and policy analysis, has a membership subsection devoted to security and crime prevention

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College Education and Private Security (cont’d.)

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 Joseph W. Koletar, Director of Forensic and Investigative Services for Deloitte and Touche LLP, proposed the development of a researched body of knowledge in academia to equip the security practitioners of the future.

 Koletar advised the following coursework should be required as part of a security degree:

 oral and written communication

 criminal justice operations, criminal and civil law and procedure,

 statistics and quantitative methods,

 business operations and risk management,

 business economics, marketing, and

 technical courses such as access-control systems or fire and safety

 Today, PhD programs in security are increasing

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Ethical Conduct of Security Firms

and Their Employees 29

 Basic ethics are the broad moral principles that govern all conduct; however, ethical decisions are not always governed by existing laws

 Applied ethics focuses those broad principles on specific applications

 Consider some practical applications of ethical standards as they relate to the following situations:

1. An anonymous letter regarding employee theft

2. A vendor/contractor ethical issue

3. An off-duty police officer moonlighting as a private security officer

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Ethical Conduct of Security Firms

and their Employees (cont’d.) 30

 Violations of ethics can be criminal if:

A criminal statute is violated

 If the violation is noncriminal, but in violation of ethical or value standards, including policy and procedural violations, the violator can be subject to

Administrative sanctions and termination

 According to the Law Commission of Canada, four core principles ought to support democratic policing (both public and private): justice, equality, accountability, and efficiency

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Ethical Conduct of Security Firms

and Their Employees 31

 The quality of professional security activity depends upon the willingness of practitioners to observe special standards of conduct in their day to day behaviors

 Many private security organizations and associations have issued their own ethics codes or values statements to guide members of their organizations

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Homeland Security and the

Professionalization of Private Security 32

 The tragic events of 9/11, the terrorist attacks on the United States of America, brought about the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the Transportation Security Administration and a dramatic increase in homeland security measures by federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies and private security agencies

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