The "sacred experiment" carried out near present-day san diego

A N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y

G I V E M E L I B E RT Y !

W . W . N O R T O N & C O M P A N Y

N E W Y O R K . L O N D O N

★ E R I C F O N E R ★

Bn

SEAGULL FIFTH EDITION

Volume 1: To 1877

Victoria

Vancouver

Spokane Tacoma

Seattle

Olympia

Eugene

Salem

Portland

Salinas

Reno

Fresno

Oakland

Sacramento

San Francisco

San Jose

Carson City

Tijuana

Bakersfield

Escondido

Lancaster

Oceanside

Oxnard Pasadena

Long Beach Los Angeles

San Diego

Las Vegas

Tucson

Phoenix

Salt Lake City

Boise

Helena

Calgary

Regina

Saskatoon

Winnipeg

Bismarck

Sioux Falls

Pierre

Lincoln

Omaha

Pueblo

Colorado Springs

Denver

Cheyenne

Albuquerque

El Paso Ciudad Juárez

Santa Fe

MatamorosMonterrey

Nuevo Laredo

Brownsville

Laredo Corpus Christi

Austin

San Antonio Houston

Abilene

Beaumont

Lubbock

Waco

Fort Worth Dallas

Amarillo

Baton Rouge

Lafayette

Shreveport Jackson

New Orleans

Little Rock

Wichita

Oklahoma City

Tulsa

Kansas City Topeka Independence

Jefferson City

Springfield

St. Louis

Peoria

Springfield

Cedar Rapids

Des Moines

Madison Milwaukee

Chicago

Gary

Minneapolis St. Paul

Green Bay

Lansing

Fort Wayne

Toledo

Detroit

Toronto

Akron

Erie

Buffalo

Cleveland

Cincinnati Indianapolis

Columbus

Lexington Louisville Frankfort

Mobile

Montgomery

Birmingham

Columbus

Macon

Atlanta

Miami Fort Lauderdale

Tampa

Orlando

Tallahassee Jacksonville

Savannah

Columbia

Charlotte

Raleigh

Chattanooga

Knoxville

Memphis

Nashville

Norfolk

Richmond Charleston

Washington, D.C.

Baltimore Annapolis

Dover

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia Harrisburg

Trenton

Ottawa Montréal

Albany

Concord

Montpelier

Hartford New Haven

Providence

Newark

Boston

New York

Québec

Fredericton

Augusta

Nassau

Santa Barbara

Monterey

Walla Walla

Coeur d'Alene

Pocatello

Idaho Falls Jackson

St. George

Moab

Flagstaff

Missoula

Billings

Casper

Laramie

Steamboat Springs

Glenwood Springs

Odessa

Galveston

Huron

Williston

Fargo

International Falls

Duluth

Oshkosh

Sault Ste. Marie

Traverse City

Port Huron

Sioux City

Hannibal

Jonesboro

Texarkana

Natchitoches

Biloxi

Tupelo

Pensacola

Key West

Charleston

Wilmington

Asheville

Roanoke

Atlantic City

Watertown

Burlington

Portland

Bangor

Mulege

Hermosillo

Anchorage

Fairbanks

Juneau

Hilo

Honolulu

San Juan

WASHINGTON

OREGON

NEVADA

CALIFORNIA

ARIZONA

UTAH

COLORADO

IDAHO

MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH DAKOTA

MINNESOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA

IOWA NEBRASKA

KANSAS

WISCONSIN

MICHIGAN

INDIANAILLINOIS

MISSOURI

KENTUCKY

OHIO

NEW YORK

CONNECTICUTPENNSYLVANIA

MARYLANDWEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA

NEW JERSEY

DELAWARE

VT

MAINE

NH

MASS.

RHODE ISLAND

NEW MEXICO

OKLAHOMA

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

ARKANSAS

TENNESSEE

MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA

GEORGIA

FLORIDA

SOUTH CAROLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

ALASKA

HAWAII

PUERTO RICO

CANADA

MEXICO

CANADA

BAHAMAS

C A

S C

A D

E

R A

N G

E

C O

A S

T

R A

N G

E S

S

I E

R R

A

N E

V A

D A

Death Valley MOJAVE

DESERT

SONORAN

DESERT

G R E A T

B A S I N

Great Salt Lake

Desert

C O L O R A D O

P L AT E A U

C O

L U

M B

I A

P

L

A T

E A

U

B i

t t

e r

r o

o t

B lack Hil ls

G R

E A

T

P L

A I

N S

R O

C K

Y

M O

U N

T A

I N

S

E d w a r d s

P l a t e a u C

O

A S

T A L

P

L

A

I N

C E N T R A L L O W L A N D

U p p e r P e n i n

s u l a

L o w e r P e n

i n s u

l a

O

z a

r k P

l a t e a

u

H i

g h

P

l a

i n

s

L l a n o

E s t a c a d o

Okefeno kee Swamp

F l o r i d

a Ke

ys

G reat Dismal Swamp

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

M

O U

N T

A I

N S

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

P

L A

T E

A U

Great Smoky Mountains

P I

E D

M O

N T

Ad i ro ndack M o unt a ins

Whi t e M t ns

Cape Co d

Lo ng I s land

Cape Canavera l

Cape Hat t eras

Cape Lo o ko ut

Cape Fear

Cape Sab le

Cape San B las

Channe l I s lands

Po int Concept ion

Po int Reyes

Cape Mendoc ino

Cape B lanco

Cape Disappo intment

Cape F lat te ry

Vancouver I s land

C A

N A

D I A N S

H I

E

L D

Niagara Fa l l s

L A

U R

E N

T I

D E

S

C A

R P

S

I E R

R A

M A

D R

E O

C C

I D E

N T

A L

S I E R

R A

M A

D R E O

R I E N TA L

B A

J A

C

A L

I F

O R

N I

A

I s l e Roya le

The Ev e rg lade sQueen

Charlotte Islands

Alexander Archipelago

A l a s k a

P e n

i n

s u l a

A L A

S K A R

A N G E

B R O O K S R A N G E

N o r t h S l o p e

Seward Pen insu l a

Ku sk

ok w

im M

ou nt

a i

ns

St . E l ias Mounta ins Kena i

Pen insu la

Kod iak I s land

St . La w r ence

I s la nd

Nun iva k I s land

Aleu t ian

I s lan d s

Hawaii

Maui

Molokai

Oahu

Kauai Nihau

Lanai

Kahoolawe

Mauna Kea

Mauna Loa

+

+

St. Croix

St. Thomas

St. John

Tortola

U.S. Virgin Islands

Colum bia R.

Sa cr

a m

en to

R .

G re

en R

.

C ol

ora do

R.

Platte R .

Lo up R.

N. Platte R.

S. P l a tte

R.

K la

math R.

W il la

m ette R

.

Salm o

n R.

C ol

um b

ia R

.

K ooten

a y

R .

M iss

our i R.

Milk R.

Yell owston e R

.

B ig

h orn

R .

O

wyhee R .

Snake R .

Snake R.

S. S

as katchewan R.

B ow

R . Qu'Appe lle R.

Sou ris R

. A

s s i n iboine R.

Li tt

le M

is so

u ri

R . Ja

m es R

.

Chey enne

R.

Be lle

Fo ur

ch e

R.

Niobrara R.

Georgian Ba y

Osage R .

M issou

ri R .

Des M oines R.

R ed

R . o f th

e N orth

M innesota R.

Mississippi R .

W isc

onsin

R .

Il

lin ois R.

W

ab

ash R.

C um

ber land R.

Ohio R.

O h

io R

.

St . L

aw re

nc e R

.

Ottawa R.

H u

d son

R .

C on

n ec t i cu

t R .

D elaw

are R .

St. John R

.

K e

n nebec R .

Penob scot R .

Al ba

ny R

.

M is

si na

ibi R.

Kansa

s R.

O uachita R

.

Red R.

W hit e R.

Arka

n s as R.

Can a d i a n R

.

M is

si ss

ip pi

R .

T om

bigb e e R

.

A la

ba m

a R.

Te nn

e s

se e

R .

R o anoke R .

Savannah R .

P e e D

ee R

.

A ltam aha R.

C ha

tt a

ho oc

he e

R .

S t. Joh

n ' s R .

R io

G ra

nd e

P ec

os R

.

R io G

rande

C olorado R .

Brazos R . Sabine R.

S a

n Joaqu

in

R .

G ila R .

Little C olorado R.

Yuk o n R

.

Lake Superior

L a

ke M

ic h

ig an

Lake H uron

La ke

Er ie

Lak e On

tari o

Lake Mead

Lake Tahoe

Great Salt Lake

Lake Powell

Lake of the Woods

Lake Winnebago

Lake St. Clair

Lake of the Ozarks

Lake Champlain

Monterey Bay

James Bay

Lake Pontchartrain

Lake Okeechobee

Salton Sea

Iliamna Lake

Gulf of Mexico

G ul

f o f S

t. La

wr ence

G u

lf o

f M ai

ne

Delaware Bay

Breton Sound

Mississippi River Delta

Apalachee Bay

G u

lf of C a

liforn ia

Vizcaíno Bay

Str. of Juan de Fu c a

C h

esa p

ea k

e B ay

Galveston Bay Atchafala

ya Ba y

Gulf of Alaska

B erin

g S ea

Chukchi Sea

Beaufort Sea

Bristol Bay

Kuskokwim Bay

Norton Sound

Kotzebue Sound

C oo

k I

n le

t

A le

nu ih

ah a C

han nel

Ka iw

i C ha

nn el

K au

ai C

ha nn

el

K a

u la

k ahi C

hannel

Caribbean Sea

P a

cific O cea

n

A tl

an ti

c O

ce an

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

0

0

200

200

400 miles

400 kilometers

0

0

100 miles

100 kilometers

0

0

50 miles

50 kilometers

0

0

150

150

300 miles

300 kilometers

PHYSICAL/POLITICAL MAP OF THE

UNITED STATES

Victoria

Vancouver

Spokane Tacoma

Seattle

Olympia

Eugene

Salem

Portland

Salinas

Reno

Fresno

Oakland

Sacramento

San Francisco

San Jose

Carson City

Tijuana

Bakersfield

Escondido

Lancaster

Oceanside

Oxnard Pasadena

Long Beach Los Angeles

San Diego

Las Vegas

Tucson

Phoenix

Salt Lake City

Boise

Helena

Calgary

Regina

Saskatoon

Winnipeg

Bismarck

Sioux Falls

Pierre

Lincoln

Omaha

Pueblo

Colorado Springs

Denver

Cheyenne

Albuquerque

El Paso Ciudad Juárez

Santa Fe

MatamorosMonterrey

Nuevo Laredo

Brownsville

Laredo Corpus Christi

Austin

San Antonio Houston

Abilene

Beaumont

Lubbock

Waco

Fort Worth Dallas

Amarillo

Baton Rouge

Lafayette

Shreveport Jackson

New Orleans

Little Rock

Wichita

Oklahoma City

Tulsa

Kansas City Topeka Independence

Jefferson City

Springfield

St. Louis

Peoria

Springfield

Cedar Rapids

Des Moines

Madison Milwaukee

Chicago

Gary

Minneapolis St. Paul

Green Bay

Lansing

Fort Wayne

Toledo

Detroit

Toronto

Akron

Erie

Buffalo

Cleveland

Cincinnati Indianapolis

Columbus

Lexington Louisville Frankfort

Mobile

Montgomery

Birmingham

Columbus

Macon

Atlanta

Miami Fort Lauderdale

Tampa

Orlando

Tallahassee Jacksonville

Savannah

Columbia

Charlotte

Raleigh

Chattanooga

Knoxville

Memphis

Nashville

Norfolk

Richmond Charleston

Washington, D.C.

Baltimore Annapolis

Dover

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia Harrisburg

Trenton

Ottawa Montréal

Albany

Concord

Montpelier

Hartford New Haven

Providence

Newark

Boston

New York

Québec

Fredericton

Augusta

Nassau

Santa Barbara

Monterey

Walla Walla

Coeur d'Alene

Pocatello

Idaho Falls Jackson

St. George

Moab

Flagstaff

Missoula

Billings

Casper

Laramie

Steamboat Springs

Glenwood Springs

Odessa

Galveston

Huron

Williston

Fargo

International Falls

Duluth

Oshkosh

Sault Ste. Marie

Traverse City

Port Huron

Sioux City

Hannibal

Jonesboro

Texarkana

Natchitoches

Biloxi

Tupelo

Pensacola

Key West

Charleston

Wilmington

Asheville

Roanoke

Atlantic City

Watertown

Burlington

Portland

Bangor

Mulege

Hermosillo

Anchorage

Fairbanks

Juneau

Hilo

Honolulu

San Juan

WASHINGTON

OREGON

NEVADA

CALIFORNIA

ARIZONA

UTAH

COLORADO

IDAHO

MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH DAKOTA

MINNESOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA

IOWA NEBRASKA

KANSAS

WISCONSIN

MICHIGAN

INDIANAILLINOIS

MISSOURI

KENTUCKY

OHIO

NEW YORK

CONNECTICUTPENNSYLVANIA

MARYLANDWEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA

NEW JERSEY

DELAWARE

VT

MAINE

NH

MASS.

RHODE ISLAND

NEW MEXICO

OKLAHOMA

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

ARKANSAS

TENNESSEE

MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA

GEORGIA

FLORIDA

SOUTH CAROLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

ALASKA

HAWAII

PUERTO RICO

CANADA

MEXICO

CANADA

BAHAMAS

C A

S C

A D

E

R A

N G

E

C O

A S

T

R A

N G

E S

S I

E R

R A

N

E V

A D

A

Death Valley MOJAVE

DESERT

SONORAN

DESERT

G R E A T

B A S I N

Great Salt Lake

Desert

C O L O R A D O

P L AT E A U

C O

L U

M B

I A

P

L

A T

E A

U

B i

t t

e r

r o

o t

B lack Hil ls

G R

E A

T

P L

A I

N S

R O

C K

Y

M O

U N

T A

I N

S

E d w a r d s

P l a t e a u

C

O

A S

T A L

P

L

A

I N

C E N T R A L L O W L A N D

U p p e r P e n i n

s u l a

L o w e r P e n

i n s u

l a

O

z a

r k P

l a t e a

u

H i

g h

P

l a

i n

s

L l a n o

E s t a c a d o

O kefenokee Swamp

F l o r i d

a Ke

ys

G r eat Dis mal Swamp

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

M

O U

N T

A I

N S

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

P

L A

T E

A U

Great Smoky Mountains

P I

E D

M O

N T

Ad i r ondack Mounta ins

W h i te Mtns

Cap e Cod

Long I s land

Cap e Ca navera l

Ca p e Hattera s

Cap e Lookout

Cap e Fear

Cap e Sab le

Cape San B las

Channe l I s lands

Po int Concept ion

Po int Reyes

Ca p e Mendoc ino

Cape B lanco

Cape Disappo intment

Cape F lat te ry

Vancouver I s land

C A

N A

D I A N S

H I

E

L D

N iagara Fa l l s

L A

U R

E N

T I

D E

S

C A

R P

S I E

R R

A M

A D

R E

O C

C I D

E N

T A

L

S I E R

R A

M A

D R E O

R I E N TA L

B A

J A

C

A L

I F

O R

N I

A

I s l e Roya le

The Everg ladesQueen

Charlotte Islands

Alexander Archipelago

A l a s k a

P e n

i n

s u l a

A L A

S K A R

A N G E

B R O O K S R A N G E

N o r t h S l o p e

S eward Pen i n su la

Ku sk

ok w

im M

ou nt

a i

ns

St . E l ias Mounta ins Kena i

Pen insu la

Kod iak I s land

St . Lawrence

I s land

Nun ivak I s land

Aleu t ian

I s lan d s

Hawaii

Maui

Molokai

Oahu

Kauai Nihau

Lanai

Kahoolawe

Mauna Kea

Mauna Loa

+

+

St. Croix

St. Thomas

St. John

Tortola

U.S. Virgin Islands

Colum bia R.

Sa cr

a m

en to

R .

G re

en R

.

C ol

ora do

R.

Platte R .

Lo up R.

N. Platte R.

S. P l a tte

R.

K la

math R.

W il la

m ette R

.

Salm o

n R.

C ol

um b

ia R

.

K ooten

a y

R .

M iss

our i R.

Milk R.

Yell owston e R

.

B ig

h orn

R .

O

wyhee R .

Snake R .

Snake R.

S. S

as katchewan R.

B ow

R . Qu'Appe lle R.

Sou ris R

. A

s s i n iboine R.

Li tt

le M

is so

u ri

R . Ja

m es R

.

Chey enne

R.

Be lle

Fo ur

ch e

R.

Niobrara R.

Georgian Ba y

Osage R .

M issou

ri R .

Des M oines R.

R ed

R . o f th

e N orth

M innesota R.

Mississippi R .

W isc

onsin

R .

Il

lin ois R.

W

ab

ash R.

C um

ber land R.

Ohio R.

O h

io R

.

St . L

aw re

nc e R

.

Ottawa R.

H u

d son

R .

C on

n ec t i cu

t R .

D elaw

are R .

St. John R

.

K e

n nebec R .

Penob scot R .

Al ba

ny R

.

M is

si na

ibi R.

Kansa

s R.

O uachita R

.

Red R.

W hit e R.

Arka

n s as R.

Can a d i a n R

.

M is

si ss

ip pi

R .

T om

bigb e e R

.

A la

ba m

a R.

Te nn

e s

se e

R .

R o anoke R .

Savannah R .

P e e D

ee R

.

A ltam aha R.

C ha

tt a

ho oc

he e

R .

S t. Joh

n ' s R .

R io

G ra

nd e

P ec

os R

.

R io G

rande

C olorado R .

Brazos R . Sabine R.

S a

n Joaqu

in

R .

G ila R .

Little C olorado R.

Yuk o n R

.

Lake Superior L

a ke

M ic

h ig

an

Lake H uron

La ke

Er ie

Lak e On

tari o

Lake Mead

Lake Tahoe

Great Salt Lake

Lake Powell

Lake of the Woods

Lake Winnebago

Lake St. Clair

Lake of the Ozarks

Lake Champlain

Monterey Bay

James Bay

Lake Pontchartrain

Lake Okeechobee

Salton Sea

Iliamna Lake

Gulf of Mexico

G ul

f o f S

t. La

wr ence

G u

lf o

f M ai

ne

Delaware Bay

Breton Sound

Mississippi River Delta

Apalachee Bay

G u

lf of C a

liforn ia

Vizcaíno Bay

Str. of Juan de Fu c a

C h

esa p

ea k

e B ay

Galveston Bay Atchafala

ya Ba y

Gulf of Alaska

B erin

g S ea

Chukchi Sea

Beaufort Sea

Bristol Bay

Kuskokwim Bay

Norton Sound

Kotzebue Sound

C oo

k I

n le

t

A le

nu ih

ah a C

han nel

Ka iw

i C ha

nn el

K au

ai C

ha nn

el

K a

u la

k ahi C

hannel

Caribbean Sea

P a

cific O cea

n

A tl

an ti

c O

ce an

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

0

0

200

200

400 miles

400 kilometers

0

0

100 miles

100 kilometers

0

0

50 miles

50 kilometers

0

0

150

150

300 miles

300 kilometers

PHYSICAL/POLITICAL MAP OF THE

UNITED STATES

New York

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Toronto

Montréal

Dallas

Chicago Barcelona

Rio de Janeiro

Johannesburg

Sydney

Kabul

Algiers

Luanda

Buenos Aires Canberra, A.C.T.

Nassau Dhaka

Thimphu

Gaborone

Brasília

Ottawa

N’Djamena

Santiago

Beijing

Bogotá

Havana

Quito

Cairo

Reykjavik

New Delhi

Jakarta

Tehr ̄an Tokyo

Nairobi

Maseru

Tripoli

Antananarivo

Nouakchott Mexico City

Ulan Bator

Rabat

Windhoek

Kathmandu

Muscat

Islamabad

Asunción

Lima

Manila

Lisbon

Pretoria

Seoul

Mogadishu

Khartoum

Dar es Salaam

Nuku’alofa

Tunis

Washington, D.C.

Moscow

Caracas

Cape Town

Pago PagoApia

Papeete

Adamstown

Astana

Adis Ababa

La Paz

Sucre

Montevideo

London

Paris

Rome

Berlin

Oslo Stockholm

Madrid

BAHAMAS

BARBADOS

BELIZE

COSTA RICA

DOMINICA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EL SALVADOR

French Guiana (Fr.)

GUATEMALA

GUYANA

HAITI

HONDURAS

JAMAICA

NICARAGUA

PANAMA

PARAGUAY

ST. LUCIA ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

SURINAME

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

URUGUAY

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

BOTSWANA

TANZANIA

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

CO NG

O

CAMEROON

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

BEN IN

TO G

O

BURKINA

G H

A N

A

DJIBOUTI GAMBIA

GABON

GUINEAGUINEA-BISSAU CÔTE

D’IVOIRE (Ivory Coast)

LESOTHO

LIBERIA

M OZ

AM BI

Q UE

NAMIBIA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SWAZILAND

KENYA UGANDA

Western Sahara (Mor.)

COMOROS

TUNISIA

DEMOCRATIC REP. OF CONGO

RWANDA

BURUNDI

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

CENTRAL AFRICAN

REP.

PAKISTAN

OM AN

SRI LANKA

MYANMAR

BANGLADESH

AFGHANISTAN

VIETNAM

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BRUNEI

TAIWAN

NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

NEPAL

BHUTAN

SOLOMON ISLANDS

FIJI

SINGAPORE MALDIVES

MAURITIUS

ICELAND

AUSTRIA

BEL. LUX.

GERMANY

ROMANIA MOLDOVA

GEORGIA

AZERBAIJAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN

TAJIKISTAN ARMENIA

BELARUS

LITHUANIA LATVIA

ESTONIA

RUS.

PORTUGAL

DENMARK

GREECE

BULGARIA SERBIA

MONT.

B.H.

SL. CROATIA

NETH. IRELAND

SWITZ.

CZECH REP.

SLOVAKIA

HUNGARY

ALBANIA

CYPRUS

JORDAN

ISRAEL LEBANON

SYRIA

UNITED ARAB

EMIRATES

YEMEN

QATAR BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

SAMOA

VANUATU

PALAU FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

MAC.

ERITREA

TONGA

FIJI

TUVALU

NAURU

MARSHALL ISLANDS

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE

CAPE VERDE

SEY CHE

LLES

ARGENTINA

BOLIVIA

CHILE

COLOMBIA

CUBA MEXICO

PERU

VENEZUELA

ALGERIA

ANGOLA

CHAD

EGYPT

ETHIOPIA

LIBYA MO

RO CC

O

NIGERIA

SO MA

LIA

SOUTH AFRICA

MAURITANIA

SUDAN

NIGERMALI

MONGOLIA

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

MALAYSIA

PHILIPPINES

JAPAN

NEW ZEALAND

FRANCE

SPAIN

NO RW

AY

SW ED

EN FINLAND

POLAND

UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN

ITALY

UNITED KINGDOM

SAUDI ARABIA

TURKEY

IRAQ IRAN

KIRIBATI

KIRIBATI

RUSSIA

Greenland (Denmark)

BRAZIL

CANADA

UNITED STATES

INDIA

CHINA

AUSTRALIA

INDONESIA

RUSSIA

Alaska (U.S.)

Hawaii (U.S.)

ANTARCTICA

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

EUROPE

SOUTH AMERICA

EAST TIMOR

Crozet I s land s

Kergué len I s lands

Pr ince Edward I s lands (So. Af r i ca)

Tr i s tan Da Cunha Group (U.K . )

St . He lena (U.K . )

Ascens ion (U.K . )

South Georg ia

South Sandwich I s lands

South Orkney I s lands

South Shet land I s lands

Juan Fernandez Arch ipe lago (Ch i l e)

Easte r I s land (Ch i l e)

Marquesas I s lands

(Fr. )

P hoen ix I s l ands

Jan Mayen (Nor way)

Kermadec I s lands (N .Z . )

Nor fo lk I s land (Aus . )

Wrange l I s land

Faroe I s lands (Denmark)

Puer to R ico (U.S . )

Bermuda (U.K . )

Canar y I s lands (Sp. )

Azores (Por. )

Made i ra I s lands (Por. )

Andaman Is lands ( Ind ia)

Guam (U.S . )

Northern Mar iana I s lands (U.S . )

New Ca ledon ia (Fr. )

Timor

Tasmania

Java

Sumatra

Borneo

Réun ion (Fr. )

Ga lapagos I s lands

(Ecuador)

K i r i t imat i (K i r ibat i )

P i tca i rn I s lands (U.K . )

North I s land

South I s land

Heard I s land and McDona ld I s lands (Aus . )

French Southern and Antarct ic Lands (Fr. )

Socot ra (Yemen)

Diego Garc ia

Chagos Arch ipe lago (U.K . )

Queen E l i zabeth I s lands

Severnaya Zemlya

New S iber ian I s lands

A leut ia n I s la

nds

Sva lbard (Norway)

No va

ya Z

em lya

Franz Jose f Land

Cook I s lands French Po lynes ia (Fr. )

Fa lk land I s lands (U.K . )

E l l e smere I s land

Baff in I s land

V ic tor ia I s land

Banks I s land

A l e u t i a n I s l a n d s

Ku r i l I

s l a nd

s

0° 30°

60° 90°

30°

60 °

90 °

180°

150°W

120°

150 °E

12 0°

75°S

60°S

0°

30°

60°

90 °

30°

60 °

90°

180° 150°E

120°

150 °W

12 0°

75°N

60°N

Great Australian

Bight

Hudson Strait

Foxe Basin

Gulf Of

Ad en

Lake Balkhash

Aral Sea

Baltic Sea

Celtic Sea

En glis

h C han

nel

Lake Baikal

Sea of Japan

South China

Sea

East China

Sea

Philippine Sea

Timor Sea

Yellow Sea

Coral Sea

Arafura Sea

Java Sea

Celebes Sea

Gulf of Thailand

De nm

ar k S

tra it

M oz

a m

bi qu

e C

ha nn

el

R ed Sea

Amundsen Gulf

Persian G u lf

C aspian

S ea

Chukchi Sea

Gulf of Alaska

Hudson Bay

Beaufort Sea

Bering Sea

Gulf of Mexico

Caribbean Sea

Scotia Sea

Gulf of Guinea

Norwegian Sea

North Sea

Labrador Sea

Baffin Bay Barents Sea

Kara Sea

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

Sea of Okhotsk

Bering Sea

Tasman Sea

Laptev Sea

East Siberian Sea

South Pacific Ocean

North Atl a n t i c O cean

North Paci f ic O c e an

Ind ian Ocean

South Atl antic O cean

North Paci f ic O cean

S o u t h Paci f ic O c ean

Arc t i c O c e anArct ic Oce a n

Southern Ocea n

Southern O c e an

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Southern Ocean

Southern Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

0

0

750

750

1,500 miles

1,500 kilometers

Scale at equator

0

0

1,500 miles

1,500 kilometers

POLITICAL MAP of the WORLD

THE POLES

New York

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Toronto

Montréal

Dallas

Chicago Barcelona

Rio de Janeiro

Johannesburg

Sydney

Kabul

Algiers

Luanda

Buenos Aires Canberra, A.C.T.

Nassau Dhaka

Thimphu

Gaborone

Brasília

Ottawa

N’Djamena

Santiago

Beijing

Bogotá

Havana

Quito

Cairo

Reykjavik

New Delhi

Jakarta

Tehr ̄an Tokyo

Nairobi

Maseru

Tripoli

Antananarivo

Nouakchott Mexico City

Ulan Bator

Rabat

Windhoek

Kathmandu

Muscat

Islamabad

Asunción

Lima

Manila

Lisbon

Pretoria

Seoul

Mogadishu

Khartoum

Dar es Salaam

Nuku’alofa

Tunis

Washington, D.C.

Moscow

Caracas

Cape Town

Pago PagoApia

Papeete

Adamstown

Astana

Adis Ababa

La Paz

Sucre

Montevideo

London

Paris

Rome

Berlin

Oslo Stockholm

Madrid

BAHAMAS

BARBADOS

BELIZE

COSTA RICA

DOMINICA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EL SALVADOR

French Guiana (Fr.)

GUATEMALA

GUYANA

HAITI

HONDURAS

JAMAICA

NICARAGUA

PANAMA

PARAGUAY

ST. LUCIA ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

SURINAME

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

URUGUAY

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

BOTSWANA

TANZANIA

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

CO NG

O

CAMEROON

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

BEN IN

TO G

O

BURKINA

G H

A N

A

DJIBOUTI GAMBIA

GABON

GUINEAGUINEA-BISSAU CÔTE

D’IVOIRE (Ivory Coast)

LESOTHO

LIBERIA

M OZ

AM BI

Q UE

NAMIBIA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SWAZILAND

KENYA UGANDA

Western Sahara (Mor.)

COMOROS

TUNISIA

DEMOCRATIC REP. OF CONGO

RWANDA

BURUNDI

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

CENTRAL AFRICAN

REP.

PAKISTAN

OM AN

SRI LANKA

MYANMAR

BANGLADESH

AFGHANISTAN

VIETNAM

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BRUNEI

TAIWAN

NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

NEPAL

BHUTAN

SOLOMON ISLANDS

FIJI

SINGAPORE MALDIVES

MAURITIUS

ICELAND

AUSTRIA

BEL. LUX.

GERMANY

ROMANIA MOLDOVA

GEORGIA

AZERBAIJAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN

TAJIKISTAN ARMENIA

BELARUS

LITHUANIA LATVIA

ESTONIA

RUS.

PORTUGAL

DENMARK

GREECE

BULGARIA SERBIA

MONT.

B.H.

SL. CROATIA

NETH. IRELAND

SWITZ.

CZECH REP.

SLOVAKIA

HUNGARY

ALBANIA

CYPRUS

JORDAN

ISRAEL LEBANON

SYRIA

UNITED ARAB

EMIRATES

YEMEN

QATAR BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

SAMOA

VANUATU

PALAU FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA