The "sacred experiment" carried out near present-day san diego

A N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y

G I V E M E L I B E RT Y !

W . W . N O R T O N & C O M P A N Y

N E W Y O R K . L O N D O N

★ E R I C F O N E R ★

Bn

SEAGULL FIFTH EDITION

Volume 1: To 1877

Victoria

Vancouver

Spokane Tacoma

Seattle

Olympia

Eugene

Salem

Portland

Salinas

Reno

Fresno

Oakland

Sacramento

San Francisco

San Jose

Carson City

Tijuana

Bakersfield

Escondido

Lancaster

Oceanside

Oxnard Pasadena

Long Beach Los Angeles

San Diego

Las Vegas

Tucson

Phoenix

Salt Lake City

Boise

Helena

Calgary

Regina

Saskatoon

Winnipeg

Bismarck

Sioux Falls

Pierre

Lincoln

Omaha

Pueblo

Colorado Springs

Denver

Cheyenne

Albuquerque

El Paso Ciudad Juárez

Santa Fe

MatamorosMonterrey

Nuevo Laredo

Brownsville

Laredo Corpus Christi

Austin

San Antonio Houston

Abilene

Beaumont

Lubbock

Waco

Fort Worth Dallas

Amarillo

Baton Rouge

Lafayette

Shreveport Jackson

New Orleans

Little Rock

Wichita

Oklahoma City

Tulsa

Kansas City Topeka Independence

Jefferson City

Springfield

St. Louis

Peoria

Springfield

Cedar Rapids

Des Moines

Madison Milwaukee

Chicago

Gary

Minneapolis St. Paul

Green Bay

Lansing

Fort Wayne

Toledo

Detroit

Toronto

Akron

Erie

Buffalo

Cleveland

Cincinnati Indianapolis

Columbus

Lexington Louisville Frankfort

Mobile

Montgomery

Birmingham

Columbus

Macon

Atlanta

Miami Fort Lauderdale

Tampa

Orlando

Tallahassee Jacksonville

Savannah

Columbia

Charlotte

Raleigh

Chattanooga

Knoxville

Memphis

Nashville

Norfolk

Richmond Charleston

Washington, D.C.

Baltimore Annapolis

Dover

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia Harrisburg

Trenton

Ottawa Montréal

Albany

Concord

Montpelier

Hartford New Haven

Providence

Newark

Boston

New York

Québec

Fredericton

Augusta

Nassau

Santa Barbara

Monterey

Walla Walla

Coeur d'Alene

Pocatello

Idaho Falls Jackson

St. George

Moab

Flagstaff

Missoula

Billings

Casper

Laramie

Steamboat Springs

Glenwood Springs

Odessa

Galveston

Huron

Williston

Fargo

International Falls

Duluth

Oshkosh

Sault Ste. Marie

Traverse City

Port Huron

Sioux City

Hannibal

Jonesboro

Texarkana

Natchitoches

Biloxi

Tupelo

Pensacola

Key West

Charleston

Wilmington

Asheville

Roanoke

Atlantic City

Watertown

Burlington

Portland

Bangor

Mulege

Hermosillo

Anchorage

Fairbanks

Juneau

Hilo

Honolulu

San Juan

WASHINGTON

OREGON

NEVADA

CALIFORNIA

ARIZONA

UTAH

COLORADO

IDAHO

MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH DAKOTA

MINNESOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA

IOWA NEBRASKA

KANSAS

WISCONSIN

MICHIGAN

INDIANAILLINOIS

MISSOURI

KENTUCKY

OHIO

NEW YORK

CONNECTICUTPENNSYLVANIA

MARYLANDWEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA

NEW JERSEY

DELAWARE

VT

MAINE

NH

MASS.

RHODE ISLAND

NEW MEXICO

OKLAHOMA

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

ARKANSAS

TENNESSEE

MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA

GEORGIA

FLORIDA

SOUTH CAROLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

ALASKA

HAWAII

PUERTO RICO

CANADA

MEXICO

CANADA

BAHAMAS

C A

S C

A D

E

R A

N G

E

C O

A S

T

R A

N G

E S

S

I E

R R

A

N E

V A

D A

Death Valley MOJAVE

DESERT

SONORAN

DESERT

G R E A T

B A S I N

Great Salt Lake

Desert

C O L O R A D O

P L AT E A U

C O

L U

M B

I A

P

L

A T

E A

U

B i

t t

e r

r o

o t

B lack Hil ls

G R

E A

T

P L

A I

N S

R O

C K

Y

M O

U N

T A

I N

S

E d w a r d s

P l a t e a u C

O

A S

T A L

P

L

A

I N

C E N T R A L L O W L A N D

U p p e r P e n i n

s u l a

L o w e r P e n

i n s u

l a

O

z a

r k P

l a t e a

u

H i

g h

P

l a

i n

s

L l a n o

E s t a c a d o

Okefeno kee Swamp

F l o r i d

a Ke

ys

G reat Dismal Swamp

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

M

O U

N T

A I

N S

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

P

L A

T E

A U

Great Smoky Mountains

P I

E D

M O

N T

Ad i ro ndack M o unt a ins

Whi t e M t ns

Cape Co d

Lo ng I s land

Cape Canavera l

Cape Hat t eras

Cape Lo o ko ut

Cape Fear

Cape Sab le

Cape San B las

Channe l I s lands

Po int Concept ion

Po int Reyes

Cape Mendoc ino

Cape B lanco

Cape Disappo intment

Cape F lat te ry

Vancouver I s land

C A

N A

D I A N S

H I

E

L D

Niagara Fa l l s

L A

U R

E N

T I

D E

S

C A

R P

S

I E R

R A

M A

D R

E O

C C

I D E

N T

A L

S I E R

R A

M A

D R E O

R I E N TA L

B A

J A

C

A L

I F

O R

N I

A

I s l e Roya le

The Ev e rg lade sQueen

Charlotte Islands

Alexander Archipelago

A l a s k a

P e n

i n

s u l a

A L A

S K A R

A N G E

B R O O K S R A N G E

N o r t h S l o p e

Seward Pen insu l a

Ku sk

ok w

im M

ou nt

a i

ns

St . E l ias Mounta ins Kena i

Pen insu la

Kod iak I s land

St . La w r ence

I s la nd

Nun iva k I s land

Aleu t ian

I s lan d s

Hawaii

Maui

Molokai

Oahu

Kauai Nihau

Lanai

Kahoolawe

Mauna Kea

Mauna Loa

+

+

St. Croix

St. Thomas

St. John

Tortola

U.S. Virgin Islands

Colum bia R.

Sa cr

a m

en to

R .

G re

en R

.

C ol

ora do

R.

Platte R .

Lo up R.

N. Platte R.

S. P l a tte

R.

K la

math R.

W il la

m ette R

.

Salm o

n R.

C ol

um b

ia R

.

K ooten

a y

R .

M iss

our i R.

Milk R.

Yell owston e R

.

B ig

h orn

R .

O

wyhee R .

Snake R .

Snake R.

S. S

as katchewan R.

B ow

R . Qu'Appe lle R.

Sou ris R

. A

s s i n iboine R.

Li tt

le M

is so

u ri

R . Ja

m es R

.

Chey enne

R.

Be lle

Fo ur

ch e

R.

Niobrara R.

Georgian Ba y

Osage R .

M issou

ri R .

Des M oines R.

R ed

R . o f th

e N orth

M innesota R.

Mississippi R .

W isc

onsin

R .

Il

lin ois R.

W

ab

ash R.

C um

ber land R.

Ohio R.

O h

io R

.

St . L

aw re

nc e R

.

Ottawa R.

H u

d son

R .

C on

n ec t i cu

t R .

D elaw

are R .

St. John R

.

K e

n nebec R .

Penob scot R .

Al ba

ny R

.

M is

si na

ibi R.

Kansa

s R.

O uachita R

.

Red R.

W hit e R.

Arka

n s as R.

Can a d i a n R

.

M is

si ss

ip pi

R .

T om

bigb e e R

.

A la

ba m

a R.

Te nn

e s

se e

R .

R o anoke R .

Savannah R .

P e e D

ee R

.

A ltam aha R.

C ha

tt a

ho oc

he e

R .

S t. Joh

n ' s R .

R io

G ra

nd e

P ec

os R

.

R io G

rande

C olorado R .

Brazos R . Sabine R.

S a

n Joaqu

in

R .

G ila R .

Little C olorado R.

Yuk o n R

.

Lake Superior

L a

ke M

ic h

ig an

Lake H uron

La ke

Er ie

Lak e On

tari o

Lake Mead

Lake Tahoe

Great Salt Lake

Lake Powell

Lake of the Woods

Lake Winnebago

Lake St. Clair

Lake of the Ozarks

Lake Champlain

Monterey Bay

James Bay

Lake Pontchartrain

Lake Okeechobee

Salton Sea

Iliamna Lake

Gulf of Mexico

G ul

f o f S

t. La

wr ence

G u

lf o

f M ai

ne

Delaware Bay

Breton Sound

Mississippi River Delta

Apalachee Bay

G u

lf of C a

liforn ia

Vizcaíno Bay

Str. of Juan de Fu c a

C h

esa p

ea k

e B ay

Galveston Bay Atchafala

ya Ba y

Gulf of Alaska

B erin

g S ea

Chukchi Sea

Beaufort Sea

Bristol Bay

Kuskokwim Bay

Norton Sound

Kotzebue Sound

C oo

k I

n le

t

A le

nu ih

ah a C

han nel

Ka iw

i C ha

nn el

K au

ai C

ha nn

el

K a

u la

k ahi C

hannel

Caribbean Sea

P a

cific O cea

n

A tl

an ti

c O

ce an

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

0

0

200

200

400 miles

400 kilometers

0

0

100 miles

100 kilometers

0

0

50 miles

50 kilometers

0

0

150

150

300 miles

300 kilometers

PHYSICAL/POLITICAL MAP OF THE

UNITED STATES

Victoria

Vancouver

Spokane Tacoma

Seattle

Olympia

Eugene

Salem

Portland

Salinas

Reno

Fresno

Oakland

Sacramento

San Francisco

San Jose

Carson City

Tijuana

Bakersfield

Escondido

Lancaster

Oceanside

Oxnard Pasadena

Long Beach Los Angeles

San Diego

Las Vegas

Tucson

Phoenix

Salt Lake City

Boise

Helena

Calgary

Regina

Saskatoon

Winnipeg

Bismarck

Sioux Falls

Pierre

Lincoln

Omaha

Pueblo

Colorado Springs

Denver

Cheyenne

Albuquerque

El Paso Ciudad Juárez

Santa Fe

MatamorosMonterrey

Nuevo Laredo

Brownsville

Laredo Corpus Christi

Austin

San Antonio Houston

Abilene

Beaumont

Lubbock

Waco

Fort Worth Dallas

Amarillo

Baton Rouge

Lafayette

Shreveport Jackson

New Orleans

Little Rock

Wichita

Oklahoma City

Tulsa

Kansas City Topeka Independence

Jefferson City

Springfield

St. Louis

Peoria

Springfield

Cedar Rapids

Des Moines

Madison Milwaukee

Chicago

Gary

Minneapolis St. Paul

Green Bay

Lansing

Fort Wayne

Toledo

Detroit

Toronto

Akron

Erie

Buffalo

Cleveland

Cincinnati Indianapolis

Columbus

Lexington Louisville Frankfort

Mobile

Montgomery

Birmingham

Columbus

Macon

Atlanta

Miami Fort Lauderdale

Tampa

Orlando

Tallahassee Jacksonville

Savannah

Columbia

Charlotte

Raleigh

Chattanooga

Knoxville

Memphis

Nashville

Norfolk

Richmond Charleston

Washington, D.C.

Baltimore Annapolis

Dover

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia Harrisburg

Trenton

Ottawa Montréal

Albany

Concord

Montpelier

Hartford New Haven

Providence

Newark

Boston

New York

Québec

Fredericton

Augusta

Nassau

Santa Barbara

Monterey

Walla Walla

Coeur d'Alene

Pocatello

Idaho Falls Jackson

St. George

Moab

Flagstaff

Missoula

Billings

Casper

Laramie

Steamboat Springs

Glenwood Springs

Odessa

Galveston

Huron

Williston

Fargo

International Falls

Duluth

Oshkosh

Sault Ste. Marie

Traverse City

Port Huron

Sioux City

Hannibal

Jonesboro

Texarkana

Natchitoches

Biloxi

Tupelo

Pensacola

Key West

Charleston

Wilmington

Asheville

Roanoke

Atlantic City

Watertown

Burlington

Portland

Bangor

Mulege

Hermosillo

Anchorage

Fairbanks

Juneau

Hilo

Honolulu

San Juan

WASHINGTON

OREGON

NEVADA

CALIFORNIA

ARIZONA

UTAH

COLORADO

IDAHO

MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH DAKOTA

MINNESOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA

IOWA NEBRASKA

KANSAS

WISCONSIN

MICHIGAN

INDIANAILLINOIS

MISSOURI

KENTUCKY

OHIO

NEW YORK

CONNECTICUTPENNSYLVANIA

MARYLANDWEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA

NEW JERSEY

DELAWARE

VT

MAINE

NH

MASS.

RHODE ISLAND

NEW MEXICO

OKLAHOMA

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

ARKANSAS

TENNESSEE

MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA

GEORGIA

FLORIDA

SOUTH CAROLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

ALASKA

HAWAII

PUERTO RICO

CANADA

MEXICO

CANADA

BAHAMAS

C A

S C

A D

E

R A

N G

E

C O

A S

T

R A

N G

E S

S I

E R

R A

N

E V

A D

A

Death Valley MOJAVE

DESERT

SONORAN

DESERT

G R E A T

B A S I N

Great Salt Lake

Desert

C O L O R A D O

P L AT E A U

C O

L U

M B

I A

P

L

A T

E A

U

B i

t t

e r

r o

o t

B lack Hil ls

G R

E A

T

P L

A I

N S

R O

C K

Y

M O

U N

T A

I N

S

E d w a r d s

P l a t e a u

C

O

A S

T A L

P

L

A

I N

C E N T R A L L O W L A N D

U p p e r P e n i n

s u l a

L o w e r P e n

i n s u

l a

O

z a

r k P

l a t e a

u

H i

g h

P

l a

i n

s

L l a n o

E s t a c a d o

O kefenokee Swamp

F l o r i d

a Ke

ys

G r eat Dis mal Swamp

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

M

O U

N T

A I

N S

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

P

L A

T E

A U

Great Smoky Mountains

P I

E D

M O

N T

Ad i r ondack Mounta ins

W h i te Mtns

Cap e Cod

Long I s land

Cap e Ca navera l

Ca p e Hattera s

Cap e Lookout

Cap e Fear

Cap e Sab le

Cape San B las

Channe l I s lands

Po int Concept ion

Po int Reyes

Ca p e Mendoc ino

Cape B lanco

Cape Disappo intment

Cape F lat te ry

Vancouver I s land

C A

N A

D I A N S

H I

E

L D

N iagara Fa l l s

L A

U R

E N

T I

D E

S

C A

R P

S I E

R R

A M

A D

R E

O C

C I D

E N

T A

L

S I E R

R A

M A

D R E O

R I E N TA L

B A

J A

C

A L

I F

O R

N I

A

I s l e Roya le

The Everg ladesQueen

Charlotte Islands

Alexander Archipelago

A l a s k a

P e n

i n

s u l a

A L A

S K A R

A N G E

B R O O K S R A N G E

N o r t h S l o p e

S eward Pen i n su la

Ku sk

ok w

im M

ou nt

a i

ns

St . E l ias Mounta ins Kena i

Pen insu la

Kod iak I s land

St . Lawrence

I s land

Nun ivak I s land

Aleu t ian

I s lan d s

Hawaii

Maui

Molokai

Oahu

Kauai Nihau

Lanai

Kahoolawe

Mauna Kea

Mauna Loa

+

+

St. Croix

St. Thomas

St. John

Tortola

U.S. Virgin Islands

Colum bia R.

Sa cr

a m

en to

R .

G re

en R

.

C ol

ora do

R.

Platte R .

Lo up R.

N. Platte R.

S. P l a tte

R.

K la

math R.

W il la

m ette R

.

Salm o

n R.

C ol

um b

ia R

.

K ooten

a y

R .

M iss

our i R.

Milk R.

Yell owston e R

.

B ig

h orn

R .

O

wyhee R .

Snake R .

Snake R.

S. S

as katchewan R.

B ow

R . Qu'Appe lle R.

Sou ris R

. A

s s i n iboine R.

Li tt

le M

is so

u ri

R . Ja

m es R

.

Chey enne

R.

Be lle

Fo ur

ch e

R.

Niobrara R.

Georgian Ba y

Osage R .

M issou

ri R .

Des M oines R.

R ed

R . o f th

e N orth

M innesota R.

Mississippi R .

W isc

onsin

R .

Il

lin ois R.

W

ab

ash R.

C um

ber land R.

Ohio R.

O h

io R

.

St . L

aw re

nc e R

.

Ottawa R.

H u

d son

R .

C on

n ec t i cu

t R .

D elaw

are R .

St. John R

.

K e

n nebec R .

Penob scot R .

Al ba

ny R

.

M is

si na

ibi R.

Kansa

s R.

O uachita R

.

Red R.

W hit e R.

Arka

n s as R.

Can a d i a n R

.

M is

si ss

ip pi

R .

T om

bigb e e R

.

A la

ba m

a R.

Te nn

e s

se e

R .

R o anoke R .

Savannah R .

P e e D

ee R

.

A ltam aha R.

C ha

tt a

ho oc

he e

R .

S t. Joh

n ' s R .

R io

G ra

nd e

P ec

os R

.

R io G

rande

C olorado R .

Brazos R . Sabine R.

S a

n Joaqu

in

R .

G ila R .

Little C olorado R.

Yuk o n R

.