The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is __________.

1)

True or False. Sociologists are in agreement that virtual communities—that is online communities of various types—fit the sociological definition of a community.

(1pts)

True False

2)

True or False. The Milgram study provides evidence that obedience to even seemingly unreasonable authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe.

(1pts)

True False

3)

A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.​

(1pts)

social group

aggregate

kinship group

primary group

4)

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.​

(1pts)

aggregate

secondary group

primary group

work group

5)

The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________.

(1pts)

personalized others

primary others

generalized others

significant others

6)

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.​

(1pts)

secondary group

outgroup

ingroup

aggregate

7)

A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

(1pts)

reference group

personal group

primary group

ingroup

8)

__________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.

(1pts)

functionalist theorists

conflict theorists

symbolic theorists

evolutionary theorists

9)

Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a __________.

(1pts)

coalition

triad

affiliation

dyad

10)

Gina is a member of a group working on a research project for a class assignment. Whenever the group meets, other members are easily sidetracked and Gina is always trying to keep the group focused on the assignment. Gina would be considered the __________ leader of the group.​

(1pts)

laissez faire

instrumental

figurehead

expressive

11)

Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________.

(1pts)

acclimation

alienation

conformity

social control

12)

Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent–teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of this one of Etzioni's types of organizations: __________________.

(1pts)

normative

ultilitarian

coercive

totalitarian

13)

True or False. From the functionalist perspective, a certain amount of deviance is necessary for the smooth functioning of society.

(1pts)

True False

14)

True or False. Higher-income households are more likely than lower-income households to be the victims of property crimes and burglary.

(1pts)

True False

15)

__________ is the term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.​

(1pts)

deviance

violence

stigma

crime

16)

​The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is __________.

(1pts)

crime

label

stigma

peer pressure

17)

​__________ refers to the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists.

(1pts)

socialization

external social control

stigmatization

internal social control

18)

In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is __________.​

(1pts)

family system

criminal justice system

school system

peer groups

19)

A group of protestors appeals their arrest on the grounds that police officers overstepped their authority. The case goes to court. This scenario best illustrates which of these functions of deviance?​

(1pts)

Deviance unites a group.

Deviance clarifies rules.

Deviance promotes social change.

Deviance prevents social chaos.

20)

​According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

(1pts)

conformity

ritualism

innovation

rebellion

21)

Gangs provide members with a means of attaining higher status and material rewards that may otherwise seem unavailable to them. Cloward and Ohlin have coined the concept of __________ to refer to this.​

(1pts)

strain theory

deviant careers

illegitimate opportunity structures

differential opportunity theory

22)

Research shows that __________ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.​

(1pts)

young, single, rural males

young, married, rural males

young, single, urban males

young, married, urban males

23)

A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of __________.​

(1pts)

socialization by people who have criminal backgrounds

the capitalist economic system

the strain between the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals

labeling

24)

__________ focus on social processes, such as how people develop a self-concept and learn conforming behavior through socialization. According to this approach, deviance is learned in the same way as conformity—through engagement with others.​

(1pts)

conflict theorists

symbolic interactionist theorists

functionalist theorists

emancipation theorists

25)

Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.​

(1pts)

social control

strain

differential association

labeling

26)

True or False. A person’s ability to succeed and his or her position in the class structure is determined largely by the stratification system of the society.​

(1pts)

True False

27)

__________ is the sociological term for the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on the control of basic resources.​

(1pts)

bureaucracy

ethnocentrism

cultural relativism

stratification

28)

The sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another is __________.​

(1pts)

stratification

life chances

social mobility

meritocracy

29)

The U.S. State Department estimates that about __________ foreigners are brought to the United States and enslaved annually.​

(1pts)

2500

9500

11500

17500

30)

Until the 1990s, white South Africans controlled the government, the police, and the military by enforcing __________, the term used in South Africa for “the separation of the races."​

(1pts)

apartheid

classification

alienation

slavery

31)

In a class system_____________________________.​

(1pts)

status is based on access to and ownership of resources

the boundaries are more distinct than in a caste system

mobility is as closed as a caste system

one’s status is entirely ascribed

32)

Becky's mother is an architect and her father is a college professor. Becky left home at age 16 to live with her boyfriend. When their relationship ended, Becky no longer communicated with her parents and did not return to high school. After working briefly at a fast food restaurant, Becky resorted to asking passersby at a local shopping area for money. Becky's story illustrates the concept of __________.

(1pts)

vertical mobility

collateral mobility

horizontal mobility

structural mobility

33)

Sociologist Karl Marx believed that the workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying the workers less than the resale values of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called __________.

(1pts)

alienation

anomie

verstehen

self-actualization

34)

Whereas Marx defined class in purely economic terms, sociologist __________ developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and power.

(1pts)

Emile Durkheim

Max Weber

Auguste Comte

Georg Simmel

35)

According to sociologist Max Weber’s system of stratification, __________ is the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.

(1pts)

wealth

power

prestige

merit

36)

The upper-middle class is comprised of highly educated professionals, such as physicians, attorneys, stockbrokers, and corporate managers, which make up about __________ of the population.

(1pts)

67%

20%

14%

33%

37)

In 2012, the top 5 percent of households in the United States received more than 20 percent of all income—an amount greater than that received by the bottom __________ of all households.​

(1pts)

25

40

60

75

38)

True or False. Throughout the world the countries that have been most successful in moving from low- to middle-income status have been those that are most centrally involved in the global capitalist economy.

(1pts)

True False

39)

Global stratification_________________________________________.

(1pts)

involves the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a worldwide basis

refers only to inequality among the nations of the world

ultimately ends up with people having remarkably similar lifestyles and life chances

results in some countries being more democratic than others

40)

The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population_______________________.​

(1pts)

has significantly decreased

continues to widen

is beginning to decline

is wider in the United States than in most other countries of the world

41)

Low-income countries are primarily __________, and have little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.​

(1pts)

service-oriented nations

agrarian nations

egalitarian nations

urbanized nations

42)

The terms “First World,” “Second World,” and “Third World” categorize countries according to __________.​

(1pts)

rates of literacy

the status of women relative to that of men

degree of economic development

population size

43)

The __________, named after a U.S. Secretary of State, provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.​

(1pts)

Rice Plan

Marshall Plan

Allbright Plan

Clinton Plan

44)

The movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another is termed __________.​

(1pts)

deskilling

downsizing

capital flight

divestment

45)

__________ poverty is measured by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods and services.​

(1pts)

absolute

cultural

residual

relative

46)

_________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.​

(1pts)

subjective poverty

absolute poverty

relative poverty

residual poverty

47)

Based on the Gini coefficient, which of these countries has the least economic inequality?​

(1pts)

United States

Egypt

Sweden

Namibia

48)

In 1990, the United Nations introduced the __________, establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross national income, for measuring the level of development in a country.​

(1pts)

human development index (HDI)

personal satisfaction index (PSI)

gross national product (GNP)

national resource product (NRP)

49)

The bottom three countries in human development are located in __________.

(1pts)

southeast Asia

central America

eastern Europe

subsaharan Africa

50)

According to __________, the low-income, less-developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s beliefs, values, and attitudes toward work.​

(1pts)

modernization theory

world systems theory

dependency theory

the new international division of labor theory