The struggle for democracy 2016 election edition pdf

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The Struggle for Democracy 2016 Presidential Election Edition

Edward S. Greenberg

University of Colorado, Boulder

Benjamin I. Page

Northwestern University

with assistance by

David Doherty

Loyola University Chicago

Scott L. Minkoff

SUNY New Paltz

Josh M. Ryan

Utah State University

330 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10013

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Greenberg, Edward S., -author. | Page, Benjamin I.

Title: The struggle for democracy/Edward S. Greenberg, Benjamin I. Page. Description: Twelfth editon. | Hoboken, NJ : Pearson Education in Hobokoen, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016017148 | ISBN 9780134571706 | ISBN 0134571703

Subjects: LCSH: United States—Politics and government—Textbooks. | Democracy—United States.

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Classification: LCC JK276 .G74 2017 | DDC 320.473—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016017148

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Student Edition

ISBN 10: 0-13-457170-3

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-457170-6

Revel Access Code Card

ISBN 10: 0-13-455176-1

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-455176-0

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https://lccn.loc.gov/2016017148
Brief Contents 1. To the Student xiii

2. To the Instructor xv

1. Part I Introduction: Main Themes

1. 1 Democracy and American Politics 1

2. Part II Structure

1. 2 The Constitution 17

2. 3 Federalism: States and Nation 44

3. 4 The Structural Foundations of American Government and Politics 73

3. Part III Political Linkage

1. 5 Public Opinion 101

2. 6 The News Media 135

3. 7 Interest Groups and Business Power 161

4. 8 Social Movements 193

5. 9 Political Parties 219

6. 10 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections 250

4. Part IV Government and Governing

1. 11 Congress 286

2. 12 The Presidency 323

3. 13 The Executive Branch 353

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4. 14 The Courts 382

5. Part V What Government Does

1. 15 Civil Liberties: The Struggle for Freedom 416

2. 16 Civil Rights: The Struggle for Political Equality 447

3. 17 Domestic Policies 475

4. 18 Foreign and National Defense Policies 512

1. Appendix 545

2. Glossary 574

3. Endnotes 585

4. Photo Credits 619

5. Index 621

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Contents 1. To the Student xiii

2. To the Instructor xv

1. Part I Introduction: Main Themes

1. 1 Democracy and American Politics 1

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Robert Moses and the Struggle of African Americans for Voting Rights 2

1. What Is Democracy? 2

1. The Origins of Democracy 3

2. Direct Versus Representative Democracy 5

3. The Benchmarks of Representative Democracy 5

4. Objections to Representative Democracy 10

2. How Do Government and Politics Work? 12

1. Identifying the Factors That Influence Government and Politics 12

2. Connecting the Factors That Influence Government and Politics: An Application 14

3. Understanding Government and Politics Holistically 15

2. Part II Structure

1. 2 The Constitution 17

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Does the “Advice and Consent” of the Senate Matter? 18

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1. The American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence 19

1. Key Ideas in the Declaration of Independence 20

2. Key Omissions in the Declaration of Independence 22

2. The Articles of Confederation: Our First Constitution 22

1. Provisions of the Articles 23

2. Shortcomings of the Articles 23

3. Factors Leading to the Constitutional Convention 24

1. What Worried American Notables and Why 24

4. The Constitutional Convention and a New Framework for Government 28

1. Who Were the Framers? 28

2. Consensus and Conflict at the Constitutional Convention 29

3. What the Framers Created at the Constitutional Convention 32

5. The Struggle to Ratify the Constitution 37

6. The Changing Constitution, Democracy, and American Politics 38

1. Changing the Constitution Through Formal Amendment 39

2. Changing the Constitution Through Judicial Review 39

3. Changing the Constitution Through Political Practices 40

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7. Using the Democracy Standard: The Constitution: How Democratic? 41

2. 3 Federalism: States and Nation 44

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Health Care For All? What Role Should Federalism Play? 45

1. Federalism as a System of Government 46

1. Federalism Defined 47

2. Comparing American Federalism 48

2. Federalism in the Constitution 48

1. Federal, State, and Concurrent Powers 48

2. The Roles of States in the National Government 50

3. Relations Among the States 51

3. The Evolution of American Federalism 52

1. The Ascendant Power of the National Government 53

2. Federalism Before the Civil War 54

3. Expansion of National Power Following the Civil War 57

4. Expansion of National Power in the Twentieth Century 57

5. The Devolution and the Rethinking of Federal Power 59

6. The Reassertion of Federal Power After 2000 61

7. Recent Pushback Against National Power 62

4. Fiscal Federalism 63

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1. Origin and Growth of Federal Grants 63

2. Types of Federal Grants 64

3. Federal Grants: Money and Control 65

5. Strong States Versus A Strong National Government 67

1. Strong States: Diversity of Needs 68

2. Strong National Government: The Importance of National Standards 68

3. Strong States: Closeness to the People 68

4. Strong National Government: Low Visibility of State Officials 68

5. Strong States: Innovation and Experimentation 68

6. Strong National Government: Spillover Effects and Competition 69

6. Using the Democracy Standard: American Federalism: How Democratic? 70

3. 4 The Structural Foundations of American Government and Politics 73

1. The Struggle for Democracy: The Walmartization of American Manufacturing: Where Will All the Good Jobs Go? 74

1. America’s Population 76

1. America’s Population Is Growing 76

2. America’s Population Is Becoming More Diverse 76

3. America’s Population Is Moving West and South 80

4. America’s Population Is Growing Older 81

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5. America’s Population Is Becoming Economically More Unequal 82

2. America’s Economy 87

1. Main Tendencies of Capitalism 87

2. Globalization, Technological Change, and Hypercompetition 88

3. America’s Political Culture 93

1. Individualistic 93

2. Distrustful of Government 94

3. Believers in Democracy and Freedom 96

4. Populist 96

5. Religious 97

4. Using The Democracy Standard: American Society, Economy, and Political Culture: How Democratic? 99

3. Part III Political Linkage

1. 5 Public Opinion 101

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Vietnam: A Matter of Opinion? 102

1. Measuring Public Opinion 103

1. Public Opinion Polls 104

2. Challenges of Political Polling 104

2. Political Socialization: Learning Political Beliefs and Attitudes 107

3. How and Why People’s Political Attitudes Differ 109

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1. Party Identification 109

2. Race and Ethnicity 110

3. Social Class 114

4. Geography 115

5. Education 115

6. Gender 116

7. Age 117

8. Religion 119

4. The Contours of American Public Opinion: Are the People Fit to Rule? 120

1. The People’s Knowledge About Politics 121

2. The People’s Attitudes About the Political System 123

3. The People’s Liberalism and Conservatism 126

4. The People’s Policy Preferences 126

5. The People’s “Fitness to Rule” Revisited 130

5. Using the Democracy Standard: Public Opinion: Does It Determine What Government Does? 131

2. 6 The News Media 135

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Big Stories Without Legs 136

1. How News Organizations Operate 137

1. The Functions of the News Media in a Democracy 137

2. News Media Organizations 138

3. Profit Motives of the News Media 140

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4. News-Gathering and Production Operations 142

5. Online News Media 148

2. Bias in the News 152

1. Ideological Bias 152

2. Nonideological Bias 154

3. Effects of the News Media on Politics 155

1. Agenda Setting 155

2. Priming 156

3. Framing 156

4. Fueling Cynicism 156

5. Fragmenting Comprehension 157

4. Using The Democracy Standard: The News Media: Do They Help or Hinder Democracy 158

3. 7 Interest Groups and Business Power 161

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Disaster in the Gulf 162

1. Interest Groups in a Democratic Society: Contrasting Viewpoints 164

1. The Evils-of-Faction Argument 164

2. The Pluralist Argument 164

2. The Universe of Interest Groups 166

1. Private Interest Groups 166

2. Public Interest Groups 169

3. Interest Group Formation and Proliferation 170

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1. The Constitution 170

2. Diverse Interests 171

3. A More Active Government 171

4. Disturbances 172

4. What Interest Groups Do 173

1. The Inside Game 173

2. The Outside Game 177

5. Interest Groups, Corporate Power, and Inequality in American Politics 179

1. Representational Inequality 181

2. Resource Inequality 181

3. Access Inequality 183

4. The Privileged Position of Corporations 184

6. Curing the Mischief of Factions 188

7. Using the Democracy Standard: Interest Groups: Do They Help or Hinder American Democracy? 190

4. 8 Social Movements 193

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Women Win the Right to Vote: Why Did It Take So Long 194

1. What Are Social Movements? 195

2. Major Social Movements in the United States 197

1. The Abolitionist Movement 197

2. The Populist Movement 198

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3. The Women’s Suffrage Movement 198

4. The Labor Movement 198

5. The Civil Rights Movement 198

6. Contemporary Antiwar Movements 198

7. The Women’s Movement 201

8. The Environmental Movement 201

9. The Gay and Lesbian Movements 201

10. The Religious Conservative Movement 201

11. The Anti-Globalization Movement 202

12. The Tea Party Movement 202

13. The Occupy Wall Street Movement 203

14. The “Black Lives Matter” Movement 204

3. The Role of Social Movements in a Democracy 205

1. Encouraging Participation 205

2. Overcoming Political Inequality 206

3. Creating New Majorities 206

4. Overcoming Constitutional Inertia 206

4. Factors That Encourage the Formation of Social Movements 207

1. Real or Perceived Distress 207

2. Availability of Resources for Mobilization 208

3. A Supportive Environment 208

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4. A Sense of Efficacy Among Participants 209

5. A Spark to Set Off the Flames 210

5. Tactics of Social Movements 210

6. Why Do Some Social Movements Succeed and Others Fail? 211

1. Low-Impact Social Movements 212

2. Repressed Social Movements 212

3. Partially Successful Social Movements 213

4. Successful Social Movements 214

7. Using the Democracy Standard: Social Movements: Do Social Movements Make America More or Less Democratic? 216

5. 9 Political Parties 219

1. The Struggle for Democracy: The 2016 Election and the Fracturing of the Republican Party 220

1. Political Parties in Democratic Systems 222

2. The American Two-Party System 223

1. The Rules of the Game 223

2. Minor Parties in American Politics 225

3. The American Two-Party System Since the Great Depression 227

1. The New Deal Party Era 228

2. The Dealignment Era 229

3. The Polarization Era 231

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4. The Three Functions of Today’s Political Parties 232

1. Parties as Ideological Organizations 233

2. Parties as Electoral Organizations 237

3. Parties as Governing Organizations 241

5. Using the Democracy Standard: Political Parties: How Do Our Two Major Political Parties Affect Democracy? 247

6. 10 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections 250

1. The Struggle for Democracy: An Historic End to a Contentious Campaign 251

1. Elections and Democracy 253

1. The Prospective (or Responsible Party) Voting Model 253

2. The Electoral Competition Voting Model 253

3. The Retrospective (or Reward and Punishment) Voting Model 255

4. Imperfect Electoral Democracy 255

5. Which Party Model Works Best? 256

2. The Unique Nature of American Elections 257

1. Elections Are Numerous and Frequent 257

2. Election Procedure and Vote-Counting Inconsistencies 257

3. “First-Past-the-Post” Wins 258

3. Voting in the United States 258

1. Expansion of the Franchise 258

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2. Direct Partisan Elections 259

3. Barriers to Voting and Low Voter Turnout 260

4. Reform Proposals and New Struggles over Voting 262

4. Who Votes? 263

1. Income and Education 263

2. Race and Ethnicity 264

3. Age 265

4. Gender 266

5. Does It Matter Who Votes? 266

5. The Presidential Campaign 266

1. Preparing to Run 267

2. The Presidential Primary System 269

3. The General Election Campaign 271

4. Money in General Elections 273

6. Election Outcomes 279

1. How Voters Decide 279

2. The Electoral College 280

7. Using The Democracy Standard: Voting, Campaigns, and Elections: Do Voting, Campaigns, and Elections Make Government Leaders Listen to the People? 283

4. Part IV Government and Governing

1. 11 Congress 286

1. The Struggle for Democracy: A Dysfunctional Congress?

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287

1. Constitutional Foundations of Congress 288

1. Enumerated and Implied Powers of Congress 288

2. Constraints on Congress 288

3. Basis for Representation in Congress 289

4. Is Congress Capable of Solving Big Problems? 290

2. Representation and Democracy in Congress 291

1. Two Styles of Representation 291

2. Member Demographics 292

3. Representation in the House: Reapportionment and Redistricting 294

4. Representation in the Senate 298

5. How Representative Is Congress? A Look Back at the Arguments 299

3. Congressional Elections 299

1. The Congressional Election Process 300

2. Who Runs for Congress? 300

3. Money and Congressional Elections 300

4. The Incumbency Factor 302

5. Do Congressional Elections Ensure Representation? 303

4. The Congressional Legislative Process 304

1. Introducing a Bill 306

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2. Referral to Committee 306

3. The Rules Committee 307

4. Floor Action on a Bill 307

5. Resolving Bicameral Differences 310

6. Presidential Action on a Bill 311

7. Party and Leader Influences on the Passage Process 311

5. Voting in Congress 313

1. Procedural and Substantive Votes 314

2. Parties and Party-Line Voting in Congress 314

6. Congressional Oversight of the Executive Branch 316

1. Nominee Confirmations 316

2. Hearings and Investigations 316

3. Impeachment 318

7. Using the Democracy Standard: Congress: Is Congress Out of Touch with the American People? 319

2. 12 The Presidency 323

1. The Struggle For Democracy: President Obama Uses His Unitary Powers 324

1. The Expanding Presidency 325

1. The Framers’ Conception of the Presidency 326

2. The Dormant Presidency 327

3. The Twentieth Century Transformation 328

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4. How Important Are Individual Presidents? 330

2. The Powers and Roles of the President 331

1. Chief of State 332

2. Domestic Policy Leader 332

3. Chief Executive 333

4. Foreign Policy and Military Leader 335

5. Party Leader 339

3. The President’s Support System 339

1. The White House Staff 339

2. The Executive Office of the President 340

3. The Vice Presidency 341

4. The Cabinet 342

4. The President and Congress: Perpetual Tug-of-War 342

1. Conflict by Constitutional Design 343

2. What Makes a President Successful with Congress? 344

5. The President and the People: An Evolving Relationship 346

1. Getting Closer to the People 346

2. Leading Public Opinion 347

3. Responding to the Public 347

4. Presidential Popularity 348

6. Using the Democracy Standard: The Presidency: Presidents

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and the American People 350

3. 13 The Executive Branch 353

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Is the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau an Effective Regulatory Agency or More Bureaucratic Red Tape? 354

1. How the Executive Branch Is Organized 355

1. Cabinet-Level Departments 356

2. Independent Regulatory Commissions 358

3. Independent Executive Agencies 358

4. Other Federal Bureaucracies 360

2. What Do Bureaucracies and Bureaucrats Do? 360

1. Executing Programs and Policies 360

2. Exercising Discretion 361

3. Regulating 361

4. Adjudicating 362

5. Discretion and Democracy 363

3. Who Are the Bureaucrats? 363

1. The Merit System 364

2. Political Appointees 365

3. How Different Are Civil Servants from Other Americans? 366

4. Political and Governmental Influences on Bureaucratic Behavior 366

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1. The President and the Bureaucracy 367

2. Congress and the Bureaucracy 369

3. The Courts and the Bureaucracy 370

4. The Public and the Press 371

5. Interest Groups 371

5. The American Bureaucracy: Controversies and Challenges 372

1. Hostile Political Culture 373

2. Incoherent Organization 374

3. Divided Control 374

6. Reforming the Federal Bureaucracy 374

1. Scaling Back Its Size 375

2. Becoming More Businesslike 377

3. Protecting Against Bureaucratic Abuses of Power 378

4. Increasing Presidential Control 378

7. Using the Democracy Standard: The Executive Branch: Does the Bureaucracy Advance or Hinder Democracy? 379

4. 14 The Courts 382

1. The Struggle for Democracy: The Battle for the Courts 383

1. The Foundations of Judicial Power 385

1. Constitutional Design 385

2. Judicial Review 385

2. The Federal Court System: Jurisdiction and Organization

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388

1. The Jurisdiction of the Federal Court 389

2. The Organization of the Federal Court System 389

3. Appointment to the Federal Bench 393

1. Who Are the Appointees? 393

2. The Appointment Process 395

4. The Supreme Court in Action 398

1. The Norms of Operation 398

2. Control of the Agenda 398

3. Deciding Cases 399

4. Outside Influences on Supreme Court Decisions 402

5. The Supreme Court as a National Policy Maker 405

1. Structural Change and Constitutional Interpretation 405

2. The Debate over Judicial Activism 409

6. Using the Democracy Standard: The Courts: Does the Supreme Court Enhance American Democracy? 413

5. Part V What Government Does

1. 15 Civil Liberties: The Struggle for Freedom 416

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Digital Surveillance and the War on Terror 417

1. Civil Liberties in the Constitution 418

1. Explicit Protections in the Constitution 418

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2. Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 420

2. First Amendment Freedoms 421

1. Freedom of Speech 423

2. Freedom of the Press 426

3. Religious Freedom 428

3. Rights of the Accused 432

1. Unreasonable Searches and Seizures 433

2. Right to Counsel and Protections Against Self- Incrimination 434

3. Capital Punishment 436

4. Terrorism and the Rights of the Accused 439

4. Right to Privacy 441

1. Private Decisions 442

2. Private Communications 443

5. Using the Democracy Standard: Civil Liberties: So, Has the State of American Freedom Improved? 444

2. 16 Civil Rights: The Struggle for Political Equality 447

1. The Struggle for Democracy: Civil Rights, African Americans, and the Police 448

1. The Status of Civil Rights Before 1900 449

1. An Initial Absence of Civil Rights in the Constitution 449

2. Civil Rights After Ratification of the Civil War Amendments 450

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2. The Contemporary Status of Civil Rights for Racial and Ethnic Minorities 453

1. The End of Government-Sponsored Segregation and Discrimination 453

2. The Beginning of Government-Sponsored Remedies to Right Past Wrongs 455

3. The Contemporary Status of Civil Rights for Women 462

1. Intermediate Scrutiny 463

2. Abortion Rights 464

3. Sexual Harassment and Hostile Environments 465

4. American Women by Comparison 466

4. Broadening the Civil Rights Umbrella 467

1. The Elderly and People with Disabilities 467

2. Gays and Lesbians 468

5. Using the Democracy Standard: Civil Rights: Is Equal Citizenship a Reality in the United States? 472

3. 17 Domestic Policies 475

1. The Struggle for Democracy: The 2008 Economic Crisis and the Federal Government’s Response 476

1. Why Does the Federal Government Do So Much? 478

1. Managing the Economy 478

2. Providing a Safety Net 478

2. Economic Policy 479

1. The Goals of Economic Policy 479

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2. The Tools of Economic Policy 482

3. The Federal Budget 485

1. The Budgeting Process 485

2. Federal Spending 486

3. Federal Revenues 488

4. Budget Deficits and the National Debt 489

4. Regulation 492

1. The Role of Regulation 492

2. The Recent History of Regulation 492

5. Federal Safety Net Programs 494

1. Types of Federal Safety Net Programs 494

2. Social Insurance Programs 495

3. Means-Tested Anti-Poverty Programs 498

4. Poverty in the United States 501

6. Health Care Policy 503

1. Key Components of the ACA 503

2. Challenges to the ACA 504

7. The American Safety Net in Context 505

1. Factors That Have Shaped the American Safety Net 506

8. Using The Democracy Standard: Domestic Policies: Do Americans Get the Economic Policies and Safety Net Programs They Want from Government? 508

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4. 18 Foreign and National Defense Policies 512

1. The Struggle for Democracy: The Syrian Nightmare 513

1. Foreign and National Security Policies and Democracy 514

2. Dimensions of America’s Superpower Status 516

1. American Superpower: Structural Foundations 516

3. American Superpower: Strategic Alternatives 524

1. What Goals for American Power? 524

2. How to Use American Power? Competing Viewpoints 525

4. Problems of the Post–Cold War World 526

1. Security Issues 526

2. Economic and Social Issues 534

5. Who Makes Foreign and National Defense Policies? 536

1. The President and the Executive Branch 537

2. Congress 540

6. Using The Democracy Standard: Foreign and National Defense Policies: What Role Do the People Play in Foreign and Defense Policy Making? 542

1. Appendix 545

2. Glossary 574

3. Endnotes 585

4. Photo Credits 619

5. Index 621

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To the Student Why study American government and politics, and why read this textbook to do it? Here’s why: Only by understanding how our complex political system operates and how government works can you play a role in deciding what government does. Only by understanding the obstacles that stand in your way as you enter the political fray, as well as the abundant opportunities you have to advance your ideas and values in the political process, can you play an effective role.

You can learn this best, we believe, by studying what political scientists have discovered about American politics and government. Political science is the systematic study of the role that people and groups play in determining what government does; how government goes about implementing its policy decisions; and what social, economic, and political consequences flow from government actions. The best political science research is testable, evidence-based, and peer-reviewed—as free as possible from ideological and partisan bias as it can be.

The Struggle for Democracy not only introduces you to that research but also gives you tools to decode the American political system, analyze its pieces, consider its linkages, and identify opportunities to make a difference. A simple but powerful framework will guide you in discovering how government, politics, and the larger society are intertwined and how government policies are a product of the interactions of actors and institutions across these domains.

Our hope and expectation is that The Struggle for Democracy will enable your success in your introduction to American government and politics course. But we are interested in more than your classroom experiences. We believe that knowing how politics and government work and how closely they conform to our democratic values will also enable a lifetime of productive choices. Put all naïveté aside, however. Making a mark on public policies is never easy. Like-minded individuals need to do more than vote. Those who gain the most from government policies have, after all, substantial resources to make certain that government treats them well.