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06499_fm_rev04.indd 1 9/19/12 10:27 AM

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Modern East Asia

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Modern East Asia: From 1600 A Cultural, Social, and Political History Third Edition

PATRICIA EBREY University of Washington—Seattle

ANNE WALTHALL University of California—Irvine

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This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.

© 2014, 2009, 2006 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2012941790

ISBN-13: 978-1-133-60649-9

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Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History From 1600, Third Edition Ebrey/Walthall

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Maps and Figures xv

Preface xvii

Conventions xxi

Chapter 15 Joseon Korea (1392–1800) 247

Chapter 16 The Creation of the Manchu Empire (1600–1800) 270

Chapter 17 Edo Japan (1603–1800) 288

PART FOUR The Age of Western Imperialism (1800–1900) 305

Chapter 18 China in Decline (1800–1900) 314

Chapter 19 Japan in Turmoil (1800–1867) 333

Chapter 20 Meiji Transformation (1868–1900) 347

Chapter 21 Korea in the Turbulent Nineteenth Century (1800–1895) 363

PART FIVE East Asia in the Modern World 381

Chapter 22 Rise of Modern Japan (1900–1931) 382

Chapter 23 Modernizing Korea and Colonial Rule (1896–1945) 400

Chapter 24 Remaking China (1900–1927) 415

Chapter 25 War and Revolution, China (1927–1949) 439

PART SIX Intensified Contact and Divergent Paths 455

Chapter 26 War and Aftermath in Japan (1931–1964) 456

Chapter 27 China Under Mao (1949–1976) 472

Chapter 28 Korea (1945 to the Present) 490

Chapter 29 Contemporary Japan (1965 to the Present) 510

Chapter 30 China Since Mao (1976 to the Present) 524

Index I-1

B R I E F C O N T E N T S

vii

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Maps and Figures xv

Preface xvii

Conventions xxi

Chapter 15 Joseon Korea (1392–1800) 247 Yi Seonggye’s Rise to Power 247

Kings and Yangban Confucian Officials 249

Dynastic Decline and the Japanese Invasion 251

MATERIAL CULTURE: Yangban Children’s Board Games 252

BIOGRAPHY: Interpreter Jeong Myeongsu 253

Relations with the Manchus 254

Internal Politics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 255

Economic Growth and the Decline of Slavery 257

DOCUMENTS: Lady Hyegyeong’s Memoirs 258

Cultural Developments 258 Literature 258 Northern Learning 260 Christianity and Western Learning 260

The Family and Women in the Confucian Age 261

Making Comparisons: Women’s Situations 264

Connections: Europe Enters the Scene 265

Chapter 16 The Creation of the Manchu Empire (1600–1800) 270

The Manchus 271

Ming Loyalism 272

The Qing at Its Height 273 Kangxi 274

BIOGRAPHY: Jiang Chun, Salt Merchant 275 Qianlong 276 The Banner System 277

DOCUMENTS: Fang Bao’s “Random Notes from Prison” 278

Contacts with Europe 280

Social and Cultural Crosscurrents 281 The Conservative Turn 281 The Dream of Red Mansions 281

MATERIAL CULTURE: Jin Nong’s Inscribed Portrait of a Buddhist Monk 282

The Less Advantaged and the Disaffected 283

Chapter 17 Edo Japan (1603–1800) 288 Tokugawa Settlement (Seventeenth Century) 288

Government 289 Agricultural Transformations and the

Commercial Revolution 291

MATERIAL CULTURE: Night Soil 294 Urban Life and Culture 294

DOCUMENTS: Ihara Saikaku’s “Sensible Advice on Domestic Economy” 296 Intellectual Trends 296

BIOGRAPHY: Tadano Makuzu 299

Maturation and Decay (Eighteenth Century) 299 Popular Culture 300 Hard Times and Rural Uprisings 301

Making Comparisons: Neo-Confucianism 304

C O N T E N T S

ix

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PART FOUR The Age of Western Imperialism (1800–1900) 305

Connections: Western Imperialism (1800–1900) 306

Chapter 18 China in Decline (1800–1900) 314 Economic and Fiscal Problems 314

Midcentury Crises 315 The Opium War 315

MATERIAL CULTURE: The Grand Canal 316 Taiping Rebellion 318

BIOGRAPHY: Manchu Bannerman Guancheng 319 Other Rebellions 321 The Second Opium War 321

Self-Strengthening 322 Empress Dowager Cixi 324

Foreigners in China 325

The Failures of Reform 326

DOCUMENTS: Comparing the Power of China and Western Nations 328

The Boxer Rebellion 328

The Decline of the Qing Empire in Comparative Perspective 330

Chapter 19 Japan in Turmoil (1800–1867) 333 Domestic Discontents (1800–1842) 333

Domain Reforms 334 Religion and Play 335

DOCUMENTS: Kohei’s Lawsuit 336

Foreign Affairs (1793–1858) 338 The Closing of Japan 338 Unequal Treaties with the United States 339 Debates on the Foreign Threat 339

MATERIAL CULTURE: From Palanquin to Rickshaw 341

Political Turmoil (1858–1864) 342

BIOGRAPHY: Kusaka Genzui, Radical Samurai 343

The Fall of the Shogunate (1864–1867) 343

Chapter 20 Meiji Transformation (1868–1900) 347 The Meiji State (1868–1900) 347

MATERIAL CULTURE: New Food for a New Nation 348 Reforms and Opposition 350

BIOGRAPHY: Deguchi Nao, Founder of a New Religion 352 Constitution and National Assembly 353 Industrialization 355 Civilization and Enlightenment 357

Conservative Resurgence (1880s–1900) 358

Imperialism and Modernity (1870s–1895) 359

DOCUMENTS: Fukuzawa Yukichi’s “Leaving Asia” 360

Chapter 21 Korea in the Turbulent Nineteenth Century (1800–1895) 363

Politics and Society Under Child Rulers (1800–1864) 363

Social Change and New Social Policies 364 Social Ferment and Popular Culture 364 Economic Developments and Rebellion 366

MATERIAL CULTURE: Gimchi 367

DOCUMENTS: Donghak Beliefs 368 Choe Jeu and the Donghak Religion 369

Attempts at Reform and External Pressure (1864–1894) 369

Reaction to Reforms 370 Military Pressure from the West 370

BIOGRAPHY: Queen Min 372 The Ganghwa Treaty of 1876 373

x Contents

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Contents xi

Chapter 23 Modernizing Korea and Colonial Rule (1896–1945) 400

Attempts at Reform (1896–1910) 400 Russia’s Interests 401 Nationalist Movements 401

DOCUMENTS: Louise Yim’s Writings on Female Independence 402

The Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) 403

Japanese Colonial Rule (1910–1945) 404 Japan’s Impact on Rural Korea 405 The Growth of Korean Industry 406 Education and Modern Mass Culture 407 Militant Nationalism 408 The Rise of Communism 409 Manchuria 410

BIOGRAPHY: Kim San, Communist Revolutionary 411

Korea During the Asia-Pacific War 411

MATERIAL CULTURE: A Colonial Gold Mine 413

Chapter 24 Remaking China (1900–1927) 415

The End of Monarchy 416 Local Activism 416 The Anti-Manchu Revolutionary

Movement 417 The Manchu Reform Movement 418 The 1911 Revolution 418

The Presidency of Yuan Shikai and the Emergence of the Warlords 419

Toward a More Modern China 420 The New Culture Movement 420

MATERIAL CULTURE: Shanghai’s Great World Pleasure Palace 421 Industrial Development 422

DOCUMENTS: Lu Xun’s “Sudden Notions” 423

BIOGRAPHY: Sophia Chen and H. C. Zen, a Modern Couple 424

First Attempts at Modern Diplomacy 373 Abortive Reform and the 1884 Gapsin

Coup 374 Qing Control 375 Introducing Modern Institutions and Modern

Technology 375 Protestant Christianity 376

The Donghak Rebellion and the Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) 376 Gabo Cabinet Reforms 377

Making Comparisons: Slavery 380

PART FIVE East Asia in the Modern World 381

Chapter 22 Rise of Modern Japan (1900–1931) 382

Japan’s Drive for Great Power Status 382 Japan and Korea 383 Japan and China 383 Japan and the West 385

Economic Development 385 World War I and the 1920s 385

Constitutional Government 386 Imperial Democracy 387 Women and Democracy 388 Mass Movements 388

DOCUMENTS: Negotiations Between Strike Group Representatives and Company Directors 392

Minorities 393 Radicals 394

Modern Urban Culture 395

MATERIAL CULTURE: Houses for the Middle Class 396

BIOGRAPHY: Kobayashi Ichizō, Entrepreneur 397

Alternatives to Modernity 398

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The May Fourth Incident 425 The Women’s Movement 426

Reunification by the Nationalists 428

Connections: World War II 430

Chapter 25 War and Revolution, China (1927–1949) 439

The Chinese Communist Party 439 Mao Zedong’s Emergence as a Party Leader 441

The Nationalist Government in Nanjing 442

BIOGRAPHY: Yuetsim, Servant Girl 443 Shanghai 444 Relocating the Communist Revolution 445

DOCUMENTS: Wang Shiwei’s Wild Lilies 446

MATERIAL CULTURE: Qipao 448

The Japanese Invasion and the Retreat to Chongoing 448

The Chinese Communist Party During the War 451

The Civil War and the Communist Victory 452

PART SIX Intensified Contact and Divergent Paths 455

Chapter 26 War and Aftermath in Japan (1931–1964) 456

Road to War (1931–1937) 456 Junior Officers and the Citizenry 457 Social Reform 457

Wartime Mobilization (1937–1945) 458

DOCUMENTS: Excerpts from the Diary of Hayashi Toshimasa 460

Occupation (1945–1952) 461 Despair and Liberation 462 Occupation Goals 462 Occupation Reforms 463

Economic Developments 464 Labor and the Reverse Course 464

Political Settlement and Economic Recovery (1952–1964) 465

Political and Social Protest 466 Post-Occupation Economic Development 467 Postwar Culture 468

MATERIAL CULTURE: The Transistor 469

BIOGRAPHY: Daimatsu Hirobumi, Soldier and Volleyball Coach 470

Chapter 27 China Under Mao (1949–1976) 472 The Party in Power 473

Ideology and Social Control 474

MATERIAL CULTURE: The Monument to the People’s Heroes 475

The Korean War and the United States as the Chief Enemy 475

Collectivizing Agriculture 476 Minorities and Autonomous Regions 477

BIOGRAPHY: Jin Shuyu, Telephone Minder 478 Intellectuals and the Hundred Flowers

Campaign 479

Departing from the Soviet Model 480 The Great Leap Forward 480 The Sino-Soviet Split 483

The Cultural Revolution 484 Phase 1: 1966–1968 484

DOCUMENTS: Big Character Poster 485 Phase 2: 1968–1976 487

The Death of Mao 487

Chapter 28 Korea (1945 to the Present) 490 National Division and the Korean War

(1945–1953) 490

The Korean War (1949–1953) 491

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (1953 to the Present) 494

xii Contents

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The Roaring 1980s 516 The Good Life 518

MATERIAL CULTURE: Manga 519

Twenty Years Without Progress 520 Social Problems for the Twenty-First Century 521

Chapter 30 China Since Mao (1976 to the Present) 524

Political Transformation 525

DOCUMENTS: Bloggers on Corruption 526

The Economic Miracle 527 Encouraging Capitalist Tendencies 527 Shrinking the State Sector 529 Regional Disparities and Internal

Migration 529

Environmental Degradation 530 Consumer Culture 530

BIOGRAPHY: Cheng Junyu, Migrant Worker 531

Social and Cultural Changes 532 Education 532 The Arts 532 Gender Roles 533

MATERIAL CULTURE: High-Speed Railways 534 Population Control and the One-Child Family 535 Family Life 536

Critical Voices 536

Taiwan 538

China in the World 539

Connections: East Asia in the Twenty-First Century 540

Index I-1

Economic Development 494 State and Society 495 Expansion of Personal Power 495

BIOGRAPHY: Kang Chol-hwan, Survivor of a North Korean Prison Camp 497 International Relations 497 North Korea’s Nuclear Challenge 498

The Republic of Korea: Dictatorship and Protest (1953–1987) 498 The Dictators 499 Building a New Economy 500 Social Change and Official Arts 501 International Relations 501

MATERIAL CULTURE: Modern Traditional Handicrafts 502

Democracy in South Korea (1987 to the Present) 503 Economic Crisis and Recovery 503 Opening Up International Relations 504

The Korean Inflection of Modernity 504

DOCUMENTS: South Korean Women Workers and the International Monetary Fund 506

Making Comparisons: Popular Religion 509

Chapter 29 Contemporary Japan (1965 to the Present) 510

Political Protest and Environmental Pollution 510

Strains of the 1970s 512

DOCUMENTS: Fujita Mariko, “‘It’s All Mother’s Fault’: Child-Care and the Socialization of Working Mothers in Japan” 514

Continuing Social Issues 514

Contents xiii

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Map 15.1 Joseon Dynasty, 1392–1910 250

Map C5.1 Seaborne Trading Empires in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 266

Map 16.1 The Manchu Empire at Its Height 272

Map 17.1 Tokugawa Japan, 1600–1868 292

Map C6.1 Western Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century 312

Map 18.1 Grand Canal During the Ming and Qing Dynasties 316

Map 18.2 Internal and External Conflicts During the Nineteenth Century 320

Map 19.1 Location of Shimoda relative to Edo 339

Map 20.1 Modern Japan 350

Map 21.1 Military Pressure from the West, 1866 and 1871 371

Map 22.1 Japanese Imperial Expansion, 1868–1910 384

Map 22.2 Modern Tokyo 389

Map 24.1 Northern Expedition and Warlords 416

Map C7.1 World War II in Asia and the Pacific 435

Map 25.1 China in 1938 449

Map 27.1 Languages Spoken in China 479

Map 28.1 Korean War 493

Map 30.1 Population Density in China 529

M A P S A N D F I G U R E S

xv

Figure 15.1 Hangul Chart 248

Figure 29.1 Hourly Wages for Japanese Workers, by Age, 1989 513

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There are many reasons to learn about East Asia. A fifth of the world’s population lives there. Every day newspapers carry articles on the rapid transformations of the world economy that make China, Japan, and Korea a growing presence in our lives. Globalization means not only that people are crossing the Pacific in ever-increasing numbers but also that U.S. popular culture is drawing from many sources in East Asia, from Korean martial arts to Japanese anime and Chinese films.

But why approach East Asia through its history rather than, say, its economy or contemporary cul- ture? Many reasons suggest themselves. We cannot gain an adequate understanding of modern phe- nomena without knowing the stages and processes that led up to them. Moreover, the peoples of East Asia are strongly historically minded. To a much greater extent than in the United States, they know and identify with people and events of a thousand or more years ago. In all three countries, readers still enjoy The Three Kingdoms, a novel written in fourteenth-century China about the leaders of three contending states in third-century China. Historical consciousness also underlies the strong sense of sep- arate identities among the people of China, Korea, and Japan. The fact that time and again Korea was able to protect its independence despite the attempts of both China and Japan to conquer it is a central part of Korean identity today. Yet another reason to learn about East Asia’s past is its comparative value. As a region that developed nearly independently of the West, East Asia sheds light on the variety of ways human beings have found meaning, formed communities, and governed themselves, expanding our understanding of the human condition.

What makes this East Asian history book distinc- tive? In it we cover all three countries from a broad range of perspectives, from the earliest signs of human civilization to the present, and we balance the big picture with specific cases. While availing our- selves of the framework provided by politics, we also focus on culture, social issues, and economic change.

WHAT IS NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION

Our first goal in revising this book has been to bring it up to date—to cover the last few years and take account of new scholarship. But we have also put a lot of thought into how we can best serve our audience. Teachers and students who used the first and second editions of this book have told us how much they liked our coverage of social and cultural history, our mini-chapter “Connections,” and our boxed features—the Documents, Biogra- phies, Material Culture, and Making Comparisons features. With their encouragement, we continue to scrutinize our choices and in this edition offer sev- eral new ones, including new Material Culture fea- tures on Japanese portrait statues and matchlocks and China’s recent high-speed trains; new biogra- phies of a Korean interpreter, a Japanese radical samurai, and a Chinese geomancer; and new docu- ments from the Book of Songs for the Zhou period and “Wild Lilies,” for the twentieth century. We also have added an additional Making Compari- sons feature on languages.

Two more pervasive changes also deserve mention. On the advice of instructors who have used this book in class, we have added two ped- agogical aids. The first is pronunciation glosses aimed to give students the courage to pronounce foreign words in their heads while reading, and out loud in class. These glosses do not aim for linguistic precision; their sole purpose is to help U.S. students approximate the sounds of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean words.

The second addition we have made is to add criti- cal thinking questions at the end of all the documents and biographies. It is our hope that these questions will encourage students to pause and think about what they are reading. Teachers might also consider asking students to prepare answers to them.

The overall conception of this book remains the same as it was from the first edition. The following distinctive characteristics are worth underlining.

P R E F A C E

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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

COMPARABLE COVERAGE OF KOREA

Part of our original plan for this book was to cover Korea in comparable depth as China and Japan (we ended up giving China about 50 percent of the space, Japan 30 percent, and Korea 20 percent). We know that many teachers have been frustrated in their at- tempts to cover Korea in their East Asia courses for lack of suitable materials and hope that our efforts prove useful to both them and their students.

A BROAD FOCUS: CONNECTIONS CHAPTERS

It is often difficult to keep the larger whole in mind as we tell the separate stories of China, Korea, and Japan. Our solution has been to periodically zoom out to look at the wider region from a global or world-historical perspective. Thus, after every few chapters we have inserted a mini-chapter on devel- opments that link the societies of East Asia both to each other and to the larger global context. We have labeled these mini-chapters “Connections” be- cause they emphasize the many ways each society was connected to outside events and people. For in- stance, the origins and spread of Buddhism are of great importance to all the societies of East Asia, but much of the story can be told as a common narra- tive that connects East Asia with the rest of Asia. Similarly, many books write about World War II in East Asia in entirely different ways in their China and Japan chapters. By stepping back and writing about the war from a more global perspective, we help students see the larger picture.

BALANCED CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL HISTORY

This book strives for balanced coverage of the differ- ent strands of history. A basic political narrative is essential to give students a firm sense of chronology and to let them think about issues of change. More- over, there is no denying that the creation of state structures has much to do with how people lived their lives. Even the fact that people think of them- selves as “Chinese,” “Korean,” or “Japanese” is largely a by-product of political history.

We also believe students should gain an under- standing of the philosophies and religions of East Asia. Confucianism and Buddhism have both been of great importance throughout the region, but in very diverse ways, as the historical context has con- tinually changed. Other elements of high culture also deserve coverage, such as the arts of poetry and calligraphy.

Yet we did not want to neglect topics in social, cultural, and economic history, where much of our own work has been concentrated. Even if the state is important to understanding how people lived, so were families, villages, and religious sects. We also wanted to bring in the results of scholarship on those who had been marginalized in the traditional histories, from laborers and minorities to women at all social levels.

MAKING COMPARISONS

There are many similarities among the cultures of East Asia, often because of their direct influence on each other and the wide circulation of some core philosophical, religious, and literary texts. Yet dif- ferences are at least as significant and interesting. To help students take stock of what they have learned, from time to time we provide a brief, one-page dis- cussion placed between chapters that compares features of the three countries. The topics in the third edition are languages, food cultures, monarchical institutions, women’s situations, neo-Confucianism, slavery, and popular religion.

A SPECIFIC FOCUS: BIOGRAPHIES, DOCUMENTS, AND MATERIAL CULTURE

The potential danger of trying to cover so much is a high level of generalization. To keep our readers en- gaged and bring our story down to earth, we devote three or four pages per chapter to closer looks at specific people, documents, and material objects.

Biographies

Most chapters have a one-page biography, often about someone who would not normally be mentioned

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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.